249名老年人中甲状腺疾病的发生及转归临床分析

目的研究老年人甲状腺疾病的患病率和发生发展特点。方法249例来自我国辽宁省、河北省的老年人(男102名,女147名;年龄60~88岁)参加了1999年的横断面调查,5年后进行了随访。初访和随访时均测定血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)和甲状腺球蛋白抗体(TgAb),TSH异常者加测游离甲状腺激素(FT3、FT4)。结果该研究人群TSH正常范围为0.28~4.75mU/L。甲状腺功能异常(含临床和亚临床型)的总患病率10.84%,TPOAb和TgAb的阳性率分别为12.85%和11.65%。初访时确定为正常甲状腺功能的老年人(n=222,随访率79.7%),5年后新发临床甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢)1例、亚临床甲亢2例(均为男性),亚临床甲减3例(均为女性)。初访时甲状腺自身抗体阴性者,随访时有6例出现抗体的阳转,但未伴有甲状腺功能的异常。结论老年人甲状腺疾病患病率较高,应当开展甲状腺疾病筛查;老年人的亚临床甲状腺疾病多数可自行缓解,可采取以观察为主的处理方式。     

亚临床甲状腺功能异常的治疗

亚临床甲状腺功能异常对血脂代谢、骨骼、心脏甚至神经系统等都具有潜在危害。需要权衡利弊进行个体化治疗。目前认为应对促甲状腺激素(TSH)0.1mU/L的亚临床甲亢患者,TSH10.0mU/L或TSH4.0～10.0mU/L伴有高血脂或甲状腺自身抗体阳性的亚临床甲减患者进行治疗。     

缺氧对慢性肺心病患者甲状腺功能的影响

目的　探讨缺氧对慢性肺心病急性发作期患者甲状腺功能的影响。方法　对 83例不同缺氧程度的慢性肺心病患者血清TT3、TT4和TSH进行检测 ,观察TT3、TT4和TSH的变化 ,并分析慢性肺心病患者Pa(O2 )与TT3、TT4和TSH的相关关系。结果　血清TT3、TT4和TSH轻度缺氧组患者分别为 ( 0 71± 0 16) μg/L、( 62 6± 12 3 ) μg/L、( 4 4± 0 8)mU/L ;中度缺氧组分别为 ( 0 4 9± 0 13 ) μg/L、( 3 3 2± 8 5 ) μg/L、( 5 3± 0 7)mU/L ;重度缺氧组分别为 ( 0 2 4± 0 0 7) μg/L、( 18 4± 4 5 ) μg/L、( 13 1± 1 2 )mU/L ;对照组分别为 ( 0 91±0 3 6) μg/L、( 84 1± 15 6) μg/L、( 3 7± 0 6)mU/L。肺心病患者 Pa(O2 )与TT3、TT4呈显著性正相关 ,与TSH呈显著性负相关 ,r分别为 0 5 671、0 5 3 4 6和 - 0 4 93 5 ,P <0 0 5。结论　缺氧是导致慢性肺心病患者甲状腺激素变化的重要因素之一 ,肺心病患者甲状腺功能减退是继发、短暂和可逆的     

亚临床甲状腺功能减退与冠状动脉粥样硬化关系初探

目的探讨亚临床甲状腺功能减退的临床特点及其与冠状动脉硬化的相关性、是否干预等问题。方法对141例亚临床甲状腺功能减退病人的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果促甲状腺素(TSH)>10mU/L的亚临床甲状腺功能减退组与血脂增高相关,但未证实对心脑血管病发病率增加有影响;TSH<10mU/L的亚临床甲状腺功能减退组与血脂关系不大。结论TSH明显增高的亚临床甲状腺功能减退可考虑早期用L-T4干预,对TSH增高较低的亚临床甲状腺功能减退者仅随访监测。     

水源性高碘摄入对学龄儿童甲状腺功能和甲状腺疾病的影响

目的探讨高碘摄入对儿童甲状腺功能和甲状腺抗体及甲状腺疾病的影响。方法在3个高水碘浓度的村庄对学龄儿童进行流行病学调查和样本采集。触诊甲状腺,检测饮用水碘含量和尿碘水平,测定垂体-甲状腺激素(TSH、FT3、FT4)水平和甲状腺自身抗体(TPOAb、TGAb)水平。结果 3个调查点的水碘中位数分别156.95μg/L、241.26μg/L和433.63μg/L;MUI为319.30μg/L、473.17μg/L和764.17μg/L;TSH为3.22 mU/L、4.27 mU/L和3.27 mU/L;FT3为6.00 pmol/L、5.83 pmol/L和5.96 pmol/L;FT4为17.29 pmol/L、17.62 pmol/L和16.36 pmol/L。TSH水平在水碘241.26μg/L、UI为200～299μg/L即超过适宜量情况下较高。3个调查点TSH高于正常值上限的异常率分别为18.2%、36.1%和14.7%;FT3分别为21.2%、5.6%和14.7%;TSH和FT3均无检测出低于正常值下限的。103名被检者的TGR为18.4%,发现亚甲减患者24例,亚甲减检出率为23.3%。100～199μg/L尿碘组无亚甲减患者,200～299μg/L尿碘组亚甲减检出率43.7%,≥300μg/L组的检出率20.7%。TPOAb、TGAb阳性率各为2.1%。结论水源性高碘摄入可导致高碘性甲状腺肿流行,引起部分机体甲状腺功能异常,造成亚甲减发病率升高。建议对此开展深入研究。     

高龄老年人甲状腺功能检测正常参考值

目的确立80岁以上老年人甲状腺功能正常参考值：方法健康老人81名,分为A组80～89岁高龄老人52名,B组印～69岁老人29名。测定各组血清中三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、血清总甲状腺素(TT4)、血清游离甲状腺素(FT4)、血清游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)及促甲状腺激素(TSH)的含量。结果和结论 80岁以上老年人血TT3为1.22～2．52nmol／L,TT4为59．31～152．49nmol／L,FT4为11．11～22．51pmol／L,FT3为3．28～5．75pmol／L;80岁以上老年男性TSH为0.8～4．2mU/L．女性TSH为0．7-6．1mU/L。     

太原地区健康体检人群甲状腺功能紊乱患病情况调查

目的　调查太原地区人群中甲状腺功能紊乱的患病率。方法　测定太原地区 812 5名体检人群的TSH ,然后再测定FT3、FT4 和甲状腺抗体。结果　在此体检人群中 ,甲状腺功能亢进(甲亢 )患病率为 1.2 0 % ,亚临床甲亢患病率为 0 .87% ,甲状腺功能减退 (甲减 )患病率为 1.0 3 % ,亚临床甲减患病率为 0 .95 %。各种甲状腺功能紊乱的患病率女性均高于男性 (P <0 .0 5～ <0 .0 1)。结论　报道太原地区人群中甲状腺功能紊乱的患病率 ,无论是甲亢和亚临床甲亢或甲减和亚临床甲减 ,女性的患病率均高于男性     

新生儿脐带血TT4、TSH与产妇血清TT3、TT4、TSH的比较浅析

目的阐明新生儿期母婴甲状腺功能的变化.方法采用免放法检测72例产妇甲状腺激素水平及其新生儿脐带血TT4、TSH.结果新生儿脐带血TT4、TSH值测定结果正常.产妇血清检测结果TT3、TSH均正常,有23.6%的产妇血清TT4值偏高.结论①产妇TT4水平受甲状腺球蛋白的影响较大,建议检测FT4;②新生儿血TSH标准值为≤5 mU/L,不能完全反映新生儿TSH水平,此标准值值得商榷.     

河北某水源性高碘地区成人甲状腺疾病的流行病学调查

目的：调查水源性高碘地区－河北省黄骅市歧口村、高头村≥14岁人群甲状腺疾病的流行状况,方法：入户问卷调查4230人的基础上,采样调查1074人,所有采样调查对象均详细填与甲状腺疾病调查表,接受体检查和B超检查,测定血清促甲状腺激素（TSH）、甲状腺自身抗体（TAA）和甲状腺球蛋白（TG）,留取空腹尿样测量尿碘、TSH异常者测定甲状腺激素和TSH受体抗体（TRAb）。结果：采样人群的尿碘中位数为614．61μg/L。临床甲状腺功能亢进症（甲亢）和亚临床甲亢的患病率分别为1．21％和1．12％;临床甲亢中92．3％为Graves病所致,亚临床甲亢中75％TRAb阳性;回顾性分析普遍食盐碘化前后临床甲亢平均年发病率差异无显著性,临床甲状腺功能减低症（甲减）和亚临床甲减的患病率分别为1．96％和6．05％,患者TAA阳性率分别为85．71％和29．23％。采样人群甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体（TPOAb）和甲状腺球蛋白抗体（TGAb）阳性率分别为11．6％和9．3％。弥漫性甲状腺肿,结节性甲状腺肿、单发结节和多发结节的患病率分别为3．26％、2．61％、1．77％和6．4％。甲状腺癌病率为91．58／10万,结论：在尿磺中位数为614．61μg/L的碘营养状态下,甲状腺功能减退症和甲状腺癌患病率显著增高,提示这一碘摄入量并不安全。     

不同孕期孕妇甲状腺功能相关指标分析

目的 探讨不同孕期孕妇甲状腺激素水平变化及其与抗甲状腺过氧化物酶抗体(TPOAb)之间的关系.方法 377例不同孕期的孕妇,采用固相化学发光酶免疫分析法( ICMA)测定血清促甲状腺激素(TSH)、游离甲状腺激素(FT4)、游离三碘甲状腺原氨酸(FT3)、总甲状腺素(TT4)、总三碘甲状腺原氨酸(TT3)、TPOAb.结果 正常组孕妇早、中、晚期TSH中位数依次上升(均P＜0.05).TPOAb阳性组TSH中位数高于TPOAb阴性组(P＜0.05),TPOAb阳性组中临床和亚临床甲状腺功能减退症(甲减)的患病率高于TPOAb阴性组(P＜0.05).采用FT4及TT4诊断法诊断亚临床甲减患病率分别为18.04％及23.61％;采用TT4及FT4诊断临床甲减的患病率分别为0.27％及5.84％( P＜0.05).结论 应当重视FT4和TT4在妊娠中晚期甲减诊断的差异;应建立孕期正常的甲状腺激素切点值并开展TPOAb的筛查.     

Tissue-Specific Actions of Thyroid Hormone: Insights From Animal Models

The major developmental targets for thyroid hormone are the brain, small intestine, and bone. Clear defects in gene regulation and tissue function as a consequence of TR gene inactivation can additionally be shown in the pituitary, hypothalamus, heart, and liver. TR gene knockout models show a clear distinction between thyroid hormone requirements for development and those that are required for functions in the adult animal. T3-mediated gene repression appears especially important in a number of tissues including brain, pituitary, and the heart. Preliminary evaluation of the combined TR knockout models suggests that hypothyroidism is associated with more significant abnormalities than receptor deficiency, indicating that the repressive action of the unliganded receptor may have physiological relevance. These various animal models should be very useful to design and test thyroid hormone analogues to selectively stimulate desired thyroid hormone actions.     

糖尿病住院患者434例甲状腺疾病患病率分析

目的 探讨江苏地区糖尿病患者中甲状腺疾病的现患情况.方法 横向断面调查2006年10月至2007年6月于南京医科大学第一附属医院就诊的长期居住于江苏地区的434例糖尿病患者的甲状腺功能,其中109例患者作了甲状腺超声检查.结果 (1)糖尿病患者合并甲状腺疾病的患病率为23.27%,女性多见(P＜0.05),其中甲状腺功能减退者占16.36%(临床甲减4.15%,亚临床甲减12.21%),明显高于甲状腺功能亢进者6.91%(临床甲亢4.61%,亚临床甲亢2.30%),两者差异有统计学意义.(2)糖尿病患者中,甲状腺功能减退的患病率随患者年龄和糖尿病病程的增加而增加(P＜0.01);甲状腺功能亢进的患病率随糖尿病痛程的增加而降低(P＜0.05),随年龄的增加患病率改变无统计学意义.(3)糖尿病患者中甲状腺结节患病率为40.37%,性别差异无统计学意义,患病率随年龄的增加而增加(P＜0.05),不随糖尿病痛程的增加而增加.结论 糖尿病患者合并甲状腺疾病较常见,可能影响糖尿病患者的病情和预后,筛查和随访糖尿病患者的甲状腺功能及形态学状态具有重要的临床意义.     

Medical Management of Thyroid Ectopia: Report of Three Cases

Thyroid ectopia (TE) is an embryological aberration of the thyroid gland migration most commonly observed in the lingual region followed by the sublingual, hyoid, and mediastinal regions. TE is often complicated by local compressive symptoms resulting in dysphagia, dysphonia, and dyspnea. Surgical removal of TE is frequently complicated by difficulties in intubation, increased perioperative bleeding, and severe primary hypothyroidism; on the other hand, I131 ablation is limited by high doses needed and the concern for long-term effects especially in children. We report three children with TE who all presented with compressive symptoms and were managed conservatively with levothyroxine resulting in resolution of compressive symptoms and favorable outcomes. Levothyroxine supplementation is effective and has an important role in managing TE, not only in correcting the associated hypothyroidism but also in resolving the associated compressive symptoms by reducing the size of the ectopic thyroid tissue.Conflict of interest:None declared.     

324例分化型甲状腺癌的临床分析

目的探讨分化型甲状腺癌的诊断和治疗方法。方法回顾性分析324例分化型甲状腺癌的临床资料及随访结果。结果本组病例中,乳头状癌236例(72.84%),滤泡状腺癌88例(27.16%),淋巴结转移者57例(17.59%);手术方式包括单侧病变行患侧腺叶、峡部及对侧大部切除199例,甲状腺全切40例,功能性颈淋巴结清除术62例,姑息性手术或活检7例;术后随访5年,生存率97.53%。结论对于分化型甲状腺癌,应根据临床分期决定手术方式,以提高生存期,改善生活质量。     

Multiple simple cystic metastases in the lateral neck at presentation with papillary thyroid microcarcinoma: A case report

Introduction:Metastasis of a papillary thyroid microcarcinoma (PTMC) in the lateral neck is characterized primarily by solid lymphadenopathy, although some cases may rarely present with a cervical cystic mass. We report a case of lateral cervical lymph node metastases of PTMC that appeared as a cystic lymphangioma of the lateral neck.Patient concerns:A 55-year-old man with a painless egg-sized mass in the right side of the neck that had been present for 1 month underwent physical examination, ultrasonography, computed tomography (CT), fine needle aspiration biopsy (FNAB), and intraoperative fast-frozen pathological examination, which indicated that the cystic masses in the neck were benign. However, the final pathology report identified the lateral neck masses as lymph node metastases of thyroid carcinoma.Diagnosis:The patient was diagnosed with PTMC of the right lobe of the thyroid gland with lateral neck metastases.Interventions:The patient underwent right cervical neck dissection together with a right thyroidectomy, followed by levothyroxine therapy and routine follow-up.Outcomes:No postoperative complications were reported, and the thyroid-stimulating hormone inhibition target was <0.1 mmol/L; there was no detectable tumor recurrence on routine clinical follow-up for up to 16 months.Conclusions:This case report emphasizes the need to consider cervical lymph node metastases of thyroid carcinoma in the differential diagnosis for patients with large, multiple, simple cystic neck masses.     

The Missense Alteration A5T of the Thyroid Peroxidase Gene is Pathogenic and Associated with Mild Congenital Hypothyroidism

Congenital hypothyroidism (CH) occurs with a prevalence of approximately 1:4000 live births. Defects of thyroid hormone synthesis account for 15-20% of these cases. Thyroid peroxidase (TPO) gene is the most common cause for dyshormonogenesis. So far, more than 60 mutations in the TPO gene have been described, resulting in a variable decrease in TPO bioactivity. We present an 8-day-old male with mild CH who was identified to have a G to A transition in the fifth codon of the TPO gene (c.13G>A; p.Ala5Thr). The unaffected family members were heterozygous carriers of the mutation, whereas 400 healthy individuals of the same ethnic background did not have the mutation. Mutation analysis of 11 known causative CH genes and 4 of our own strong candidate genes with next-generation sequencing revealed no mutations in the patient nor in any other family members. The results of in silico functional analyses indicated partial loss-of-function (LOF) in the resulting enzyme molecule due to mutation. The patient’s clinical finding s were consistent with the effect of this partial LOF of the mutation. In conclusion, we strongly believe that A5T alteration in the TPO gene is actually pathogenic and suggest that it should be classified as a mutation.     

Lingual thyroid with severe hypothyroidism: A case report

Introduction:Ectopic thyroid tissue presenting at the base of the tongue, called lingual thyroid, is a clinical rarity. Clinical presentation varies depending upon either the severity of regional symptoms associated with the enlargement of gland size, or the features related to thyroid dysfunction.Patient concerns:We reported a case of a 29-year-old female who presented with symptoms of easy fatigue and depression for 3 months.Diagnosis:After a series of diagnostic workup, the lingual thyroid with severe hypothyroidism was diagnosed.Intervention and outcome:She received conservative treatment with thyroid hormone replacement and the symptoms improved significantly.Lessons:Lingual thyroid is a rare entity that needs careful diagnostic workup including clinical examination, biochemical tests, imaging methods such as ultrasonography, scintigraphy, computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and fine-needle aspiration cytology to plan the management. Lingual thyroid with hypothyroidism and no neck regional symptoms can be conservatively treated and requires regular follow-up for the prevention of potential risk of malignant transformation.