两种腹带在腹膜透析外接短管固定中的应用效果比较

目的探讨改良式腹带对比传统腹带在腹膜透析患者外接短管固定中的应用效果。方法接受腹膜透析治疗的82例终末期肾功能衰竭患者依据随访号顺序将其分为2组,观察组41例给予改良式腹带固定,对照组41例采用传统腹带固定。比较2组患者术后窦道情况、窦道出口处情况及导管相关并发症发生情况,运用健康调查简表(SF-36)评价2组生活质量。结果观察组患者窦道出口处红肿、牵拉疼痛及短管脱落率低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组SF-36总评分改善显著高于对照组(P0.05)。结论改良式腹带固定能够减少腹膜透析患者导管相关并发症风险,提高患者生活质量。     

保赫曼妙贴预防腹透导管出口处感染效果观察

目的观察腹膜透析患者使用保赫曼妙贴覆盖腹透导管出口处其感染预防的临床效果。方法选择2008年10月2009年3月首次行腹膜透析置管手术患者60例,按行腹膜透析置管手术单双日分为两组,观察组：腹透导管出口处使用保赫曼妙贴（8cm×10cm）;对照组：使用传统敷料（6cm×7cm的12层无菌纱布）,并用纸胶布固定。观察两组患者术后腹透导管出口处敷料固定情况及感染发生率。结果术后7d,观察组腹透导管出口处敷料固定良好,优于对照组（P〈0.05）;术后6周内,观察组腹透导管出口处感染率低于对照组（P〈0.05）,差异有统计学意义。结论保赫曼妙贴能有效预防腹透导管出口处感染,使用简便,值得推广。     

腹膜透析外接短管更换用治疗围裙的设计及应用

目的 探讨自行设计的一种腹膜透析外接短管更换用治疗围裙在终末期肾病腹膜透析患者中的应用效果。方法 选取2020年1月—2021年12月新疆乌鲁木齐市某三级甲等医院的104例腹膜透析患者为研究对象，按照时间顺序将2020年1月—12月进行腹膜透析外接短管更换的患者作为对照组，2021年1月—12月进行腹膜透析外接短管更换的患者作为试验组，对照组使用传统治疗巾更换腹膜透析外接短管，试验组使用自行设计的治疗围裙更换腹膜透析外接短管。比较两组患者72 h内腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎发生率、两组护士在更换单个患者腹膜透析外接短管操作中的用时、两组治疗巾或治疗围裙移位发生率、两组护士在更换单个患者腹膜透析外接短管操作中的肢体疲劳度、两组患者在外接短管更换过程中的满意度和舒适度。结果 两组间72 h内均未发生腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎；使用治疗围裙可以减少护士对单个患者换管的用时(P<0.001);治疗围裙移位发生率明显低于对照组；使用治疗围裙后护士肢体疲劳度明显减轻(P<0.001)。患者舒适度及满意度均优于对照组(P<0.001)。结论 治疗围裙的使用可以减少护士对单个患者换管的用时，增加...     

应用水胶体敷料预防腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果观察

目的探讨应用水胶体敷料预防腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果,为腹膜透析患者导管出口处提供更有效的护理方法。方法将66例腹膜透析患者随机分为观察组34例和对照组32例,观察组腹膜透析导管出口处用无菌生理盐水清洗出口,再用无菌棉签轻轻吸干,然后用康乐保公司生产的4 cm×7 cm水胶体敷料(透明贴)粘贴在导管出口处,5~7 d更换1次。对照组腹膜透析导管出口处用无菌生理盐水清洗出口,距离导管出口处2 cm以外的周围皮肤用0.3%碘伏擦洗,再用无菌棉签轻轻吸干,然后用7 cm×10 cm的4层无菌纱布覆盖,3 M透明胶带固定,每周换药2~3次。观察12个月,比较两组出口处感染发生率。结果观察组34例患者12个月随访520次,对照组32例患者12个月随访435次。对照组发生导管出口处感染8例次,发生率为0.25次/患者年;观察组发生出口处感染3例次,发生率为0.09次/患者年,两组出口处感染发生率比较,χ2=48.72,P<0.01,差异有统计学意义。观察组导管出口处感染发生率明显低于对照组。结论使用康惠尔水胶体敷料(透明贴)能降低导管出口处感染发生率,是目前用于导管出口处较为理想的敷料。     

改良式腹膜透析外接短管更换法的效果评价

目的探讨改良式腹膜透析外接短管更换法的临床效果。方法选择2013年1月~2014年1月需更换腹膜透析外接短管并在本院门诊固定随访的54例患者,随机分为对照组和观察组各27例。分别采用传统方法和改良式方法进行操作。比较两组换管所用时间及人力、患者舒适度、因换管操作不当所致腹膜炎的发生率及外接短管再次更换率。结果观察组换管用时(13±2.1)min,明显少于对照组(25±8.4)min,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。观察组仅需一人即可完成所有操作,而对照组需要两名操作人员配合才能完成。观察组患者的舒适状况量表评分为(96±1.3)分,明显高于对照组(78±12.8)分,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。因换管操作不当所致腹膜炎的发生率两组均为0,因换管所致外接短管再次更换率观察组为0,对照组为4%。结论改良式换管方法在同样安全的情况下大大减少了换管时间,节省了人力,提高了工作效率,增加了患者的舒适度,降低了因换管所致外接短管再次更换率,减少了患者的经济负担,值得临床推广与应用。     

美皮康敷料在预防腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果研究

目的 探讨美皮康敷料在预防腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果.方法 将腹膜透析患者60例随机分为观察组30例(使用美皮康敷料覆盖)和对照组30例(使用传统的无菌纱布敷料覆盖),比较两组出口处感染发生率.结果 观察组导管出口处感染率明显低于对照组,差异有显著意义(P＜0.01).结论 美皮康敷料覆盖腹膜透析导管出口处,能明显减少出口处感染的几率,并能促进出口处良好愈合,值得临床推广应用.     

医用腹膜透析管路护理腰带的改良设计与应用

目的对传统护理腰带进行改良设计,解决长期腹膜透析患者透析管路的护理问题。方法本着方便、安全、可靠的原则,对传统的腹膜透析腰带进行改进。选择2013年5月-2015年5月在西安某院肾病内科长期行腹膜透析治疗的终末期肾脏病患者90例为研究对象。将其中2013年5月-2014年4月接受治疗的45例患者设为对照组,采用传统护理腰带进行护理;将2014年5月-2015年5月接受治疗的45例患者设为观察组,采用改良的腹膜透析护理腰带进行护理。观察比较两组患者腹膜透析期间的透析管出口处感染、导管脱落及隧道炎的发生情况。结果经改良的腹膜透析护理腰带设计合理,能妥善固定腹膜透析管路,安全方便。观察组患者的出口处感染和导管脱落明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);观察组无隧道炎发生,也明显低于对照组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论经过改良的腹膜透析管路护理腰带使长期腹膜透析患者的护理更方便、安全、有效,它能减少腹膜透析相关性腹膜炎的发生率,值得临床推广应用。     

爱康肤银敷料治疗腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果观察及护理

目的探讨爱康肤银敷料治疗腹膜透析导管出口处感染的疗效。方法将80例在本院长期随访的腹膜透析导管出口处感染患者,按随机数字法随机分为观察组和对照组,每组各40例。观察组患者导管出口处感染应用爱康肤银敷料换药,对照组患者导管出口感染处应用碘伏、庆大霉素换药。比较两组患者导管出口处感染治愈率、治愈时间情况。结果两组患者导管出口处感染治疗效果及治愈时间比较,均P0.05,差异具有统计学意义,观察组患者导管出口处感染治愈率明显高于对照组,治愈时间明显短于对照组。结论爱康肤银敷料能有效控制腹膜透析导管出口处感染,缩短治疗时间,减少换药次数,是导管出口处感染治疗的有效方法,值得临床推广应用。     

腹膜透析立体腹带的改良设计与临床应用

目的:腹膜透析外接短管固定带立体设计改良与临床应用效果评价。方法:选择我院2013年1月~2015年4月收治的连续性不卧床腹膜透析(CAPD)患者50例为试验组,使用自行研制的立体腹带;选择2010年9月~2012年12月我院收治的CAPD患者44例为对照组,使用百特公司腹带。比较两组患者隧道出口感染率、出血率、滑脱比例、舒适度的差异。结果:两组外接短管受牵拉导致的隧道出口感染、出血率、滑脱比例、舒适度均有显著差异(P0.01)。结论:腹膜透析外接短管立体固定袋能很好保护腹透短管,避免外接短管移动脱出,降低隧道口出血、感染率。     

爱康肤银敷料与传统方法处理腹膜透析患者导管出口处感染的效果研究

目的比较爱康肤银敷料与传统方法处理腹膜透析导管出口处感染的效果。方法选择2014年1月~2015年3月在我院行腹膜透析置管术符合条件的导管出口处感染患者86例,按随机数字表法分为观察组和对照组,各43例。观察组给予爱康肤银敷料换药。对照组给予传统碘伏、庆大霉素、莫匹罗星软膏局部处理。比较两组导管出口处感染治愈率、愈合时间、再次感染率的差异。结果观察组导管出口处感染治愈率95.35%,较对照组81.39%显著升高(P0.05)。观察组愈合时间(13.27±5.14)d,显著短于对照组(20.05±4.76)d(P0.05)。两组再次感染率比较无显著性差异(P0.05)。结论爱康肤银敷料与传统换药方法比较,可明显提高腹膜透析导管出口处感染治愈率,缩短愈合时间及降低再次感染发生率。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

Dissociable correlates of two classes of retrieval processing in prefrontal cortex

Although substantial evidence suggests that the prefrontal cortex (PFC) implements processes that are critical for accurate episodic memory judgments, the specific roles of different PFC subregions remain unclear. Here, we used event-related functional magnetic resonance imaging to distinguish between prefrontal activity related to operations that (1) influence processing of retrieval cues based on current task demands, or (2) are involved in monitoring the outputs of retrieval. Fourteen participants studied auditory words spoken by a male or female speaker and completed memory tests in which the stimuli were unstudied foil words and studied words spoken by either the same speaker at study, or the alternate speaker. On "general" test trials, participants were to determine whether each word was studied, regardless of the voice of the speaker, whereas on "specific" test trials, participants were to additionally distinguish between studied words that were spoken in the same voice or a different voice at study. Thus, on specific test trials, participants were explicitly required to attend to voice information in order to evaluate each test item. Anterior (right BA 10), dorsolateral prefrontal (right BA 46), and inferior frontal (bilateral BA 47/12) regions were more active during specific than during general trials. Activation in anterior and dorsolateral PFC was enhanced during specific test trials even in response to unstudied items, suggesting that activation in these regions was related to the differential processing of retrieval cues in the two tasks. In contrast, differences between specific and general test trials in inferior frontal regions (bilateral BA 47/12) were seen only for studied items, suggesting a role for these regions in post-retrieval monitoring processes. Results from this study are consistent with the idea that different PFC subregions implement distinct, but complementary processes that collectively support accurate episodic memory judgments.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.