腹腔镜右半结肠切除术相关血管的活体解剖学观察

目的阐明腹腔镜右半结肠切除术(laparoscopic right hemicolectomy,LRH)相关血管的活体解剖学特点。方法对36例接受LRH的肿瘤病人进行术中观察和术后录像复习。结果肠系膜上静脉(superior mesenteric vein,SMV)为起于右髂窝上缘,位于小肠系膜和升结肠系膜交界部的蓝色条纹。肠系膜上动脉在系膜内难以目视辨认,走行于SMV左侧。回结肠血管出现率100%,为升结肠系膜内、十二指肠水平部下缘附近、搏动的条索。胃结肠干出现率77.8%(28/36),包含上右结肠静脉/右结肠静脉者占比为89.3%(25/28);后者亦可直接注入SMV。胃结肠干于胰切迹右缘的横结肠后间隙汇入SMV右壁。右结肠动脉在胰颈下缘起始,常与胃结肠干伴行或交叉。结论正确的间隙(肠系膜内间隙)、标志和线索(肠系膜上静脉),是LRH中血管定位的解剖学基础。     

腹腔镜下活体胃周血管的解剖观察及临床意义

目的 探讨腹腔镜辅助远端胃切除加D2淋巴结清扫术中胃周血管解剖学特点及临床意义。 方法　按照腹腔镜辅助远端胃癌D2切除术的标准化手术步骤,对100例胃癌患者进行腹腔镜下活体胃周血管解剖学观察。 结果　胃周血管虽然存在于不同的平面内,但血液流动的内在联系性使它们围绕胰腺构成了胃周血管网络。在胰尾上缘的胰前间隙,脾动脉第三段可定位胃网膜左血管。在胰颈下缘的胰后间隙,胰腺钩突及十二指肠水平部前方,可定位肠系膜上静脉。在幽门下方与胰头之前的网膜内可定位胃网膜右血管。在胰体上缘的胰后间隙,可定位腹腔干及其分支。胃胰襞、脾胰襞和肝胰襞是分别定胃左动脉、脾动脉和肝总动脉的解剖标志。 结论　胃周血管多存在变异,腹腔镜远端胃癌D2根治术中应以胰腺为中心标志,同时以胃周主要血管及其分叉为参考,“顺藤摸瓜”解剖定位血管。     

胰头钩突的解剖学观察

目的 为相关临床学科提供解剖学资料。方法 利用40例成人尸体和断层标本，对胰头钩突进行解剖学观察测量。结果 钩突的形态和大小个体差异较大，尤其是在肠系膜上静脉处的上下径和前后径，没有一例胰头钩突越过肠系膜上动脉的后方达其左侧，结论 本文提出了钩突范围的界定，钩突与肠系膜上动脉的关系及其临床意义。     

肠系膜上静脉胰后干的观测及其临床意义

目的　为肠系膜上静脉胰后干切除及血管重建提供形态学基础。 方法　选取男、女性标本各50例，切除胰十二指肠后，测量肠系膜上静脉胰后干的长度和向上纵向折叠长度，以推算肿瘤手术时可切除的静脉的最大长度。 结果　肠系膜上静脉胰后干长度男、女性分别为（3.5±0.8）cm和（3.3±0.6）　cm；长度大于3.0 cm的分别为80%（40例）和76.0%（38例）。切除胰十二指肠后，胰腺钩突以下肠系膜上静脉向上纵向折叠长度为4.0~5.1cm。 结论　胰头肿瘤合并受浸润胰后干切除后，血管重建是可行的。     

胰头的动脉分布及其临床意义

目的：为胰头和十二指肠的分部切除提供应用解剖学依据.方法：选取9例动脉灌注乳胶的胰头标本和3例胰头铸型标本对胰头的动脉分布进行解剖学观测.结果：胰头的动脉主要来源于前后动脉弓;其内部动脉可分为浅深两层和钩突部动脉.浅层动脉4条,以第1支最粗大;深层动脉主要由后动脉弓最上的3条分支营养,其中第3分支是最主要营养支;乳头动脉为后上动脉第3分支上发出的二级分支;钩突部的内部血供主要来自胰下动脉的下降支;在胰头内部浅深层及钩突部营养动脉间有着丰富的交通支,形成广泛的吻合.结论：胰十二指肠后上动脉在胰头与十二指肠血供中占据十分重要的位置,在术中保护好该动脉是手术成功与否的重要一环.     

胰动脉伴胃网膜右动脉变异一例

<正>笔者在解剖1具成年男性尸体时,见其胰动脉伴胃网膜右动脉变异,此种变异较少见,为积累国人解剖学资料,现报道如下。肠系膜上动脉在距其起始部25.84 mm处发出胰-空肠动脉干。胰-空肠动脉干(起始部管径为4.22 mm)自发出后走行5.70 mm分为胰背动脉、胰十二指肠下后动脉和第一空肠动脉(起始部管径分别为2.64 mm、1.28 mm、3.10 mm):胰背动脉上行至胰体后方分为左右2支,分布于胰体、胰尾和胰头;胰十二指肠下后动脉向右横行于胰头的后方,营养胰头及十二指肠;第一空肠动脉行向右下,发出胰十二指肠下前动脉后,主干继而转向左下至空肠上段。     

胰十二指肠下动脉来源变异1例

笔者在局部解剖学解剖1具成年男性尸体标本时,发现其胰十二指肠下动脉起点高,行程复杂,现报道如下. 该例标本的胰十二指肠下动脉起于腹腔干,垂直向下走行1.7 cm,在胰颈背面分出2个分支,经左肾静脉前方,于胰颈下缘穿出,其中右支向右下行,经肠系膜上动、静脉后方分布于胰头及十二指肠降部;左支偏左下行,分出下级分支分布于十二指肠水平部.     

肝总动脉起始、分支与腹腔干分支变异一例

2010年5月在解剖1具约70岁女性尸体标本时发现腹腔干分支与肝总动脉起始部变异,现报道如下.肝总动脉由肠系膜上动脉后壁距其根部49.35mm处发出,起始部外径5.96mm,行向右上经胰颈、胰头、十二指肠上部后方入肝十二指肠韧带.     

胃网膜右动脉异常起始一例

在解剖一成年男尸时发现胃网膜右动脉起始异常。本例肠系膜上动脉平第一腰椎高度由腹主动脉前壁发出,经膜与十二指肠水平部之间进入小肠系膜内。距该动脉根部4.35cm处由其后外侧壁发出一短干(长度:0.85cm,直径:0.90cm),再由短干发出三个分支,其中一个分支为胃网膜右动脉,该动脉首先经肠系膜上静脉的后方行向右上达幽门下缘,然后沿胃大弯     

基于CT血管成像及图像融合技术的胃结肠静脉干的解剖学研究

目的 运用CT血管成像(CTA)及图像融合技术研究活体状态下胃结肠静脉干(GCT)解剖学特点。方法 回顾性分析南京医科大学附属无锡市第二医院2017年1月—2018年2月收治的80例术前诊断为胃癌、胰腺癌或右半结肠癌的患者的影像学资料,其中男46例、女34例,年龄39~83(68±10.1)岁。80例均行腹部CT平扫及增强扫描,将原始图像进行CTA和CT结肠成像(CTC)重建,并将图像融合,得到血管及肠道的三维图像。观测指标:(1)GCT的长度、管径、走行及其GCT的组成;(2)中结肠静脉汇入上级静脉的分布情况;(3)胰十二指肠上前静脉汇入上级静脉的分布情况。结果 (1)69例(86.25%)患者出现GCT,长度为2.5~25.2(9.2±3.6)mm;管径为3.3~7.2(4.8±0.9)mm。GCT均自腹侧至头侧向右走行,其属支共有右结肠静脉、中结肠静脉、胃网膜右静脉和胰十二指肠上前静脉4个来源。其中,35例(50.73%)由胃网膜右静脉和右结肠静脉、中结肠静脉构成“2支”型或“3支”型胃结肠干,7例(10.14%)由胃网膜右静脉和胰十二指肠上前静脉构成“2支”型胃胰干,27例(39.13%)由右结肠静脉、中结肠静脉、胃网膜右静脉和胰十二指肠上前静脉构成“3支”或“4支”型胃胰结肠干。(2)77例患者出现中结肠静脉,其中53例(68.83%)汇入肠系膜上静脉,20例(25.97%)汇入GCT,2例(2.60%)汇入肠系膜下静脉,2例(2.60%)汇入脾静脉。(3)46例(57.50%)胰十二指肠上前静脉直接汇入肠系膜上静脉;34例(42.50%)胰十二指肠上前静脉参与了GCT的组成,其中汇入胃网膜右静脉者12例,汇入右结肠静脉者10例,汇入胃网膜右静脉与右结肠静脉合干者7例,直接汇入GCT者5例。结论 CTA及图像融合技术可以直观地显示GCT血管解剖及变异,为临床腹部血管术前评估提供可靠的信息,具有较高的临床应用价值。     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

The case for allele‐specific recognition by the TCR

There is a sharp difference in how one views TCR structure–function–behaviour dependent on whether its recognition of major histocompatibility complex‐encoded restriction elements (R) is germline selected or somatically generated. The generally accepted or Standard model is built on the assumption that recognition of R is by the V regions of the αβ TCR, which is not driven by allele specificity, whereas the competing model posits that recognition of R is allele‐specific. The establishing of allele‐specific recognition of R by the TCR would rule out the Standard model and clear the road to a consideration of a competing construct, the Tritope model. Here, the case for allele‐specific recognition (germline selected) is detailed making it obvious that the Standard model is untenable.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.