组织多普勒成像评价慢性心力衰竭患者心肌运动

心力衰竭患者30例，正常对照组30例，应用组织多普勒技术中的组织速度成像，测量左心室各节段长轴方向的收缩达峰时间（TS），舒张早期达峰时间（TE）。计算12节段，TS和TE的标准差（TS-SD和TE—sD）和极差（TSmax—min和TEmax—min），评价左心室收缩舒张同步性。发现心衰组TS-SD、TSmax．min、TE—SD和TEmax-min均明显大于正常组。提示心衰患者左心室室壁收缩舒张运动失同步；组织多普勒成像技术能直观了解心脏机械活动情况，精确评价心衰患者心肌收缩舒张运动。     

组织追踪显像评估扩张型心肌病患者心肌收缩失同步化

目的探讨组织追踪成像(TTI)评价扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者心肌收缩失同步化的价值.方法应用TTI分析19例扩张型心肌病但QRS间期无明显增宽的心力衰竭患者和23例正常人的左室壁运动位移曲线,测量QRS波起始至左室壁12个节段收缩期位移峰的时间并除以 R-R间期进行校正(Ts).计算最大Ts与最小Ts的差值(Ts-MD)及Ts的标准差(Ts-SD)和变异系数(Ts-CV)用以评估两组试验对象的心肌收缩同步性.结果扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者各室壁收缩期峰位移均明显减低(P＜0.001),约57.9%的患者存在左室收缩失同步化,且最大收缩延迟部位亦不完全相同.结论左室收缩失同步化在QRS间期无明显延长的扩张型心肌病心力衰竭患者中亦常见,TTI能够评价左室收缩失同步化.     

组织多普勒成像技术对肥厚型心肌病心室间和右心室内心肌收缩同步运动的评价

目的:应用组织多普勒成像技术评价肥厚型心肌病(HCM)心室间和右心室内心肌收缩同步性。方法:连续观察肥厚型心肌病(HCM组)患者33例和健康志愿者(正常对照组)23例的动态组织多普勒图像,取样容积分别置于心尖四腔心切面房室瓣水平的左心室游离壁、室间隔、右心室游离壁,以及右心室游离壁基底段、中间段,测量从QRS波起始点到收缩期峰值的时间,并对两组结果进行分析。结果:HCM组与正常对照组比较,达峰时间在左心室游离壁、室间隔、右心室游离壁、右心室游离壁中间段及基底段均显著延迟,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01);右心室游离壁与左心室游离壁达峰时间的差值、右心室游离壁与室间隔达峰时间的差值、室间隔与左心室游离壁达峰时间的差值、右心室游离壁基底段与中间段达峰时间的差值均显著增加,差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05或P<0.01)。结论:HCM患者存在心室间和右心室内心肌收缩不同步性。     

左心室心肌运动异常患者的多普勒组织成像分析

2001年5月至2003年12月，我们应用多普勒组织成像(DTI)技术对冠心病(CAD)患者的左心室壁心肌运动速度进行检测。现报告如下。     

多普勒组织成像检测冠心病患者梗死心肌的研究

目的　测算比较正常室壁心肌和梗死心肌的运动速度 ,评估多普勒组织成像 (DTI)对冠心病梗死心肌的诊断价值。方法　心肌梗死患者 4 6例 ,分成前壁梗死组 2 9例和下壁梗死组 17例 ,健康人 4 8例作对照 ;在心尖左室长轴切面 (alax)上测得室壁节段厚度 ;于心尖四腔心切面(ap4cv)、心尖二腔心切面 (ap2cv)、胸骨旁左室长轴切面(pslax)和alax应用DTI ,按左室壁 16节段 ,测量各室壁节段心肌运动曲线的速度指标 :收缩期峰值运动速度 (Sm) ;舒张早期峰值运动速度 (Em) :收缩期峰值速度梯度 (PVGs) :舒张早期峰值速度梯度 (PVGe) :收缩期跨壁速度梯度 (MVGs) :舒张早期跨壁速度梯度 (MVGe) ,并分别作组间和组内比较。结果　 (1)心梗患者内膜下心肌绝大多数节段性的室壁运动速度降低 ,与对照组存在显著差异 (P <0 0 1或 <0 0 5 ) :(2 )前壁梗死患者前间隔峰值速度梯度 (PVG)与跨壁速度梯度、(MVG)降低 ,中间段明显降低 (P <0 0 1或 <0 0 5 ) ,后壁基底段的MVGs 显著升高 (P <0 0 5 ) ;前间隔PVG、MVG明显小于后壁 (P <0 0或 <0 0 5 ) ;(3)下壁梗死患者各室壁节段舒张早期峰值速度梯度 (PVGe)除后壁基底段外均降低 ;同水平节段内膜下心肌峰值运动速度 (Sm、Em)趋于一致。结论　梗死心肌运动速度明显低于正常     

多普勒组织成像技术对正常胎儿心肌运动的初步研究

目的　运用多普勒组织成像技术研究胎儿心肌运动的可行性。方法　 40例不同胎龄的正常妊娠的胎儿进行了多普勒组织成像检查 ,运用速度图模式测量室间隔及二尖瓣环的收缩及舒张运动速度 ,比较不同孕期和不同部位的心肌运动速度。结果　胎儿心肌的峰值运动速度随胎龄的增长而增大 ,室间隔的运动速度明显低于二尖瓣环的速度。结论　运用多普勒组织成像技术研究胎儿心肌的运动是可行的且有价值的 ,可作为一种新的评价胎儿心功能的方法 ,值得进一步研究。     

多普勒组织显像技术评价高血压患者左心室舒张功能

目的　探讨多普勒组织显像 (DTI)技术评价高血压患者左心室舒张功能的临床应用价值。方法　对 40例高血压患者和 3 0例年龄相似正常人 ,分别应用二尖瓣血流脉冲多普勒 (PW)与二尖瓣环 DTI技术评价其左心室舒张功能。结果　高血压左心室舒张功能受损 ,DTI表现为 e峰下降 ,常小于 7.5 cm /s,a峰上升 ,e/a≤ 1,且 DTI比 PW检测更为敏感。结论　 DTI可作为一种评价高血压左心室舒张功能的技术 ,具有临床应用价值     

组织多普勒显像指导心脏再同步化治疗

心脏再同步化治疗(CRT)是治疗顽固性心力衰竭的有效手段,但仍有20%~30%对此无反应,影响因素主要有病例选择、左室电极位置以及起搏器参数设置等。众多研究表明组织多普勒显像技术能准确反映心室不同步并预测CRT疗效,可用于指导病例选择。同时此技术可指导左室电极定位以及最佳房室间期及室间间期的设置,优化CRT治疗。     

二维斑点追踪成像联合组织多普勒成像技术评价左束支起搏术后早期室间同步性

目的 采用二维斑点追踪成像联合组织多普勒成像技术对左束支起搏术后早期室间同步性进行评价,比较两种方法评价室间同步性的效果.方法 选取2019年5月—2020年5月于成都市第三人民医院心内科行左束支起搏的患者30例作为病例组,行右室流出道起搏的患者24例作为对照组.术后1个月行经胸超声心动图检查,采集至少三个心动周期的心...     

多普勒组织声像图对冠心病室壁运动的评价

目的　运用多普勒组织成像技术 (DTI)观察冠心病病变节段收缩波特征。方法　用DTI检测经冠脉造影确诊的 2 8例冠心病患者 (其中 15例心肌梗死 )室壁运动频谱。结果　心肌缺血段 :收缩波速度降低 ;心肌坏死段 :收缩波速度明显降低 ,可有时相缩短或延迟 ;也可有频谱紊乱 ,各波群难以区分 :收缩波也可出现负向。结论　多普勒组织成像技术 (DTl)可作为直观、有效、可靠的反映冠心病病变节段收缩波特征。     

Tissue Doppler imaging adds incremental value in predicting exercise capacity in patients with congestive heart failure

Left ventricular (LV) systolic and diastolic parameters derived from Doppler echocardiography have been used widely to predict functional capacity but diastolic filling is affected by various factors. Tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) that records systolic and diastolic velocities within the myocardium and at the corners of the mitral annulus, has been shown to provide additional information about regional and global LV function. The goal of this study was to examine whether TDI-derived parameters add incremental value to other standard Doppler echocardiographic measurements in predicting exercise capacity. The study enrolled 59 consecutive patients with stable congestive heart failure (CHF). The etiology of heart failure was coronary artery disease in 42 patients and dilated cardiomyopathy in 17. Twenty-three age-matched healthy subjects were recruited as controls. Conventional echocardiographs and TDI were obtained. Early (Ea) and late (Aa) diastolic and systolic (Sa) mitral annulus velocities, the Ea/Aa and E/Ea ratios, were measured by pulsed wave TDI placed at the septal side of the mitral annulus and results were compared with results of cardiopulmonary exercise testing. Systolic and early diastolic velocities of mitral annulus were decreased and the E/Ea ratio was increased in the restrictive group as compared to controls (P = 0.02, P = 0.03, P < 0.001, respectively) but there was no significant difference in late diastolic velocity and the Ea/Aa ratio between the restrictive group and controls. The average peak VO₂ of the patients were 14.9 ± 4.9 ml/min per kg. Achieved peak VO₂ of the patients with E/Ea ratio ≤7.5 was 17.4 ± 5 vs 12.2 ± 3 ml/min per kg for those with E/Ea >7.5 (P < 0.001). Interestingly, the patients with the nonrestrictive pattern and E/Ea ratio >7.5 had reduced exercise capacity, as did the group with restrictive LV filling patterns (12.8 ± 3.3 vs 12.9 ± 4.0 ml/min per kg, P = 0.9). Similarly, there was no significant difference in the mean exercise capacity between the patients with a nonrestrictive pattern vs restrictive pattern with E/Ea ratio ≤7.5 (16.1 ± 5.0 vs 15.4 ± 5.1 ml/min per kg, P = 0.78). Univariate analysis demonstrated that the peak Sa (r = 0.30, P = 0.03), peak Ea (r = 0.38, P = 0.004) and peak Aa (r = 0.35, P = 0.009) correlated significantly with maximum exercise capacity. No relationship was observed between the Ea/Aa ratio and peak VO₂ (r = −0.09, P = 0.48). By multivariate analysis, including age and heart rate, the E/Ea ratio was found to be an independent prognostic factor at peak VO₂ (P < 0.001. In contrast, the comparison of the maximum transmitral early diastolic velocity and the mitral annulus TDI velocity, that is E/Ea ratio, had strong correlation with peak VO₂ (r = −0.46, P < 0.001). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) analysis was performed for prediction of limited exercise capacity from the E/Ea ratio. An E/Ea ratio ≤7.5 was able to predict peak VO₂ ≤14 ml/min per kg with a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 74%. If restrictive pattern or an E/Ea ratio >7.5 was used, 21 out of 24 patients in the reduced exercise capacity group were identified with 16 false positives in the preserved exercise capacity group (P = 0.001). Mitral annular systolic and diastolic velocities of TDI were associated with cardiopulmonary exercise capacity in patients with LV systolic dysfunction. Index of the E/Ea ratio was found to be the most powerful predictor of peak oxygen uptake.     

Tissue Doppler velocities of mitral annulus and NT-proBNP in patients with heart failure

BACKGROUND: It has been shown that pulsed wave tissue Doppler velocities of mitral annulus correlate well with left ventricular (LV) diastolic and systolic functions. It is not yet clear whether these velocities can be used to estimate left ventricular dysfunction in an unselected population of patients with clinical signs and symptoms of heart failure (HF). AIM: To determine whether LV mitral annulus velocities measured by tissue Doppler imaging (TDI) correlate with plasma N-terminal pro-brain natriuretic peptide (NT-proBNP) levels in patients with HF. METHODS AND RESULTS: Early diastolic (E(m)) and systolic (S(m)) TDI velocities of septal and lateral mitral annulus were measured in 50 patients with HF together with other conventional echocardiographic parameters, and compared with plasma NT-proBNP levels. Significant correlations were found between NT-proBNP level and E(m) velocity (r=-0.79), S(m) velocity (r=-0.43), early transmitral to E(m) velocity ratio (r=0.38), LV end diastolic diameter (r=0.29), LV ejection fraction (r=-0.44) and tricuspid regurgitant velocity (r=0.31). In multiple regression model (R(2)=0.733), the E(m) velocity was the most important predictor of NT-proBNP level. CONCLUSIONS: Early diastolic mitral annulus velocity measured by TDI correlates strongly with plasma NT-proBNP levels, and provides a simple, accurate and reproducible echocardiographic index of heart failure.     

Comparison between Tissue Doppler Imaging (TDI) and Tissue Synchronization Imaging (TSI) in Evaluation of Left Ventricular Dyssynchrony in Patients with Advanced Heart Failure

Background: Assessment of left ventricular (LV) dyssynchrony has an important role in optimizing the selection of cardiac resynchronization therapy (CRT) candidates. We compared a new semiautomatic echocardiographic modality, tissue synchronization imaging (TSI) with a manual method, color-coded tissue Doppler imaging (TDI), in the assessment of LV dyssynchrony in patients with heart failure (HF). Methods: Ninety-five patients (age = 54.5 ± 17.1 years, 66.3% male) with advanced HF (NYHA functional class ≥III and ejection-fraction ≤35%) were included in the study and evaluated echocardiographically. The time to regional peak systolic velocity (Ts) in six basal and six middle segments of the LV was measured manually using velocity curves from TDI and semiautomatically using TSI and seven parameters of systolic dyssynchrony were computed. Results: Overall, a moderate-to-good association was found between Ts derived by these two modalities, whereas the mean of Ts via TSI was significantly lower than that measured by TDI in many LV segments. The agreement between these two modalities in identifying LV dyssynchrony varied from weak to moderate according to various dyssynchrony indices. In comparison to the TDI-derived dyssynchrony indices, TSI showed a high sensitivity of more than 90% using Ts delay at the basal/all LV segments and the indices for their standard deviations (SD) for identifying LV dyssynchrony, whereas the highest specificity of 80% was achieved using the septal-lateral dyssynchrony index in the prediction of LV dyssynchrony. Conclusion: With the aid of selected LV dyssynchrony indices, the TSI method may confer enough sensitivity for a speedy evaluation and initial screening of LV dyssynchrony in HF patients; however, the current technology of TSI does not seem specific enough to replace TDI in the evaluation of dyssynchrony. (Echocardiography 2012;29:7-12).     

Improvement of left ventricular wall synchronization with multisite ventricular pacing in heart failure: a prospective study using Doppler tissue imaging

We sought to assess right, left and biventricular pacing effects on myocardial function by using pulsed-Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) and automated border detection (ABD) techniques which provide electromechanical delay (EMD) assessment of the different left ventricular walls. METHODS: 15 patients (67+/-7 years) with drug-resistant primitive dilated cardiomyopathy and QRS> or =140 ms received a pacemaker for multisite ventricular pacing. Echocardiography was performed after 1 month of biventricular pacing (BVP). Echocardiographic measurements were recorded during spontaneous rhythm (SpR), right ventricular pacing (RVP), left ventricular pacing (LVP) and BVP. RESULTS: LV ejection fraction was statistically similar between the four rhythms. BVP showed a significant EMD decrease for the lateral LV wall vs. SpR, RVP and even LVP. LVP resulted in significantly longer aortic pre-ejection time vs. BVP while the EMD temporal dispersion (time between the shortest regional EMD and the longest one) was similar in the two modes. CONCLUSIONS: BVP and LVP substantially reduce the EMD temporal dispersion of the four LV walls, but with a longer aortic pre-ejection time for LVP. In RVP, LVP and BVP, the septal LV wall is always activated later than during SpR. BVP and LVP are associated with a mitral regurgitation reduction.     

Doppler tissue imaging in congestive heart failure patients due to diastolic or systolic dysfunction: a comparison with Doppler echocardiography and the atrio-ventricular plane displacement technique

BACKGROUND: Doppler tissue imaging (DTI) is an echocardiographic technique by which regional contractility, relaxation properties and time intervals are obtained easily. DTI has been reported to be relatively pre-load independent and could, in comparison with the commonly used mitral pulse wave Doppler (MPWD) method, be of clinical interest for identification of patients with diastolic dysfunction. The atrio-ventricular plane displacement (AVPD) method is an established technique to assess left ventricular systolic function. AIMS: To determine the pulsed Doppler DTI-pattern in patients with heart failure and to examine whether it has a similar capacity as MPWD and AVPD to diagnose diastolic dysfunction. METHODS: We studied 15 controls without congestive heart failure (CHF), 15 patients with diastolic (EF>45%+CHF) and 15 patients with systolic (EF<35%+CHF) left ventricular dysfunction and CHF. RESULTS: The DTI maximal velocities during systole (s), early filling wave (e) and atrial filling wave (a), decrease with reduced left ventricular ejection fraction, r=0.75, r=0.56 and r=0.66 (P<0.001) and regional isovolumetric contraction and intraventricular relaxation time measured by DTI are prolonged, r=0.59 and r=0.73, respectively (P<0.001). The 15 patients with diastolic heart failure were identified by MPWD or DTI but only 11 by AVPD with 8, 10 and 9 false-positive, respectively (P<0.01, P<0.05 and NS). CONCLUSIONS: Regional DTI show a consistent pattern in patients with left ventricular dysfunction and heart failure. Regional DTI has similar accuracy as MPWD in identifying diastolic heart failure patients and is superior to the AVPD technique. DTI may be a useful diagnostic tool in diastolic heart failure patients.     

组织多普勒评价心力衰竭患者双心室优化起搏与同步起搏即刻室壁运动不同步性

目的应用组织多普勒超声(TDI)同步化显像(TSI)、组织速度显像(TVI)比较双心室同步起搏与双心室优化起搏左心室室壁运动不同步性的即刻变化。方法对接受双心室优化起搏治疗的10例原发性扩张型心肌病患者,分别记录起搏器植入术前双心室同步起搏与优化起搏即刻状态下的左心室射血分数(LVEF)、左心室舒张末期内径(LVEDd)、每搏量(SV)主动脉瓣口的速度时间积分(VTI)、计算TVI模式下左心室12个节段的QRS时间起始点距左心室各节段收缩峰值时间的标准差(Ts-SD),根据TSI的色彩计算TSI指数(TSI-Index)。同时记录起搏器植入术前后6min步行实验(6MHW)和心功能NYHA分级。结果双心室优化起搏即刻Ts-SD、TSI指数与主动脉瓣VTI优化起搏状态(45.21±18.35ms,1.71±0.29,25.44±5.36cm)均明显优于同步起搏(50.16±19.72ms,1.87±0.31,22.44±5.43cm)(P<0.05)。SV优化起搏即刻(48.0±14.7ml)比术前(36.0±14.9ml)增加(P<0.05)。结论双心室优化起搏治疗重度充血性心力衰竭,能改善左心室室壁运动的不同步性并提高左心室射血量。在改善左心室射血和组织运动不同步性,术后优化起搏即刻显著优于同步起搏。     

心脏再同步治疗对慢性心力衰竭的临床疗效观察

目的观察心脏再同步治疗（CRT）对慢性心力衰竭的长期临床疗效。方法24例接受CRT的慢性心力衰竭患者,心功能Ⅲ～Ⅳ级（NYHA分级）,左心室射血分数（LVEF）≤0．35,左心室舒张末内径（LVEDD）／〉55mm,QRS时限≥120／TIS。植入前超声心动图及组织多普勒检查以评价心功能及心脏收缩不同步指标,并指导左心室电极导线的植入。植入后3、6个月及随后的每6个月进行随访,随访内容包括临床症状、心电图、LVEDD、LVEF及多普勒超声评价心脏收缩同步性指标。结果随访时间（12．0±4．6）个月,结果显示患者临床症状明显改善,QRS时限植入后较植入前缩短[（137．50±38．96）ms对（144．60±45．78）ms,P=0．67],但差异无统计学意义。植人后LVEDD较植入前明显缩小[（6．24±0．89）cm对（6．78±0．42）cm,P=0．03];LVEF则明显提高（0．36±0．09对0．31±0．03,P〈0．01）,左心房内径（LAD）也较术前明显缩小[（4．22±8．43）cm对（5．32±7．63）cm,P=0．01]。心脏收缩不同步指标与植入前相比也明显改善。结论对慢性心力衰竭的患者,CRT治疗可改善左心室功能,逆转左心室重构。     

Clinical value of B-type natriuretic peptide for the assessment of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with systolic heart failure and inconclusive tissue Doppler indexes

Invasive hemodynamic monitoring with Swan-Ganz catheterization to guide treatment decisions in heart failure may be hazardous and may lack prognostic value. We assessed the clinical utility of B-type natriuretic peptide (BNP) in estimating left ventricular filling pressures in patients with inconclusive tissue Doppler indexes. In this study, 50 patients with systolic heart failure and an early transmitral velocity to early diastolic mitral annular velocity ratio (E/Ea) between 8 and 15 were studied. Among them, 25 had been admitted for acutely decompensated heart failure (group A) and the remainder were clinically stable outpatients (group B). All patients underwent simultaneous invasive pulmonary capillary wedge pressure (PCWP) determination, BNP measurement, and echocardiography. In group A, BNP correlated with PCWP (r = 0.803, P < 0.001), deceleration time (DT, r = -0.602, p = 0.001), and end-systolic wall stress (SWS, r = 0.565, P = 0.003). In multivariate analysis, BNP was the only parameter independently associated with PCWP (P = 0.023). In group B, no correlation was found between BNP and PCWP or SWS, while DT correlated significantly with both PCWP (r = -0.817, P < 0.001) and BNP (r = -0.8, P < 0.001). We conclude that BNP may be a useful noninvasive tool for the assessment of left ventricular filling pressures in patients with acutely decompensated heart failure and inconclusive tissue Doppler indexes.     

组织多普勒成像与血浆脑钠肽对舒张性心衰患者右心功能的评估

目的通过组织多普勒超声与血浆脑钠肽（BNP）水平测定,了解左室收缩功能正常的心衰患者（HFNEF）的右室功能,评估无创检查对观察HFNEF患者右心功能的价值。方法选取HFNEF的心衰患者30例,健康对照组28名,分别进行血浆BNP水平测定与组织多普勒超声检查。通过测定右室射血分数（RVEF）、舒张早期和晚期三尖瓣血流峰值速度（E与A）、三尖瓣舒张早期和晚期峰值运动速度（Et与At）,计算E／A、Et／At、E／Et值和右室Tei指数。结果与对照组相比,HFNEF组患者RVEF值明显降低（49．79±5．49比56．35±6．43,P〈0．01）;E／Et明显升高（8．81±3．23比4．87±0．70,P〈0．01）;Tei指数显著增高（0．44±0．10比0．33±0．08,P〈0．01）。两组间血浆BNP水平差异无统计学意义。结论左室收缩功能正常的心衰患者右室收缩和舒张功能均受损。多普勒超声的无创检查对左室收缩功能正常的心衰患者右心功能的评估要优于BNP测定。     

Left ventricular electromechanical delay in patients with heart failure and normal QRS duration and in patients with right and left bundle branch block.

AIMS: We sought to define the reference values of intra-left ventricular (LV) electromechanical delay (EMD), and to assess the prevalence (and pattern) of intra-LV dyssynchrony in patients with heart failure (HF) and normal QRS and in patients with right and left bundle branch block. METHODS AND RESULTS: We used tissue Doppler imaging echocardiography and a six-LV wall model to study LV EMD in 103 patients [41 with HF and normal QRS, 22 with right bundle branch block (RBBB), and 40 with left bundle branch block (LBBB)], and in 59 controls. In controls, the median intra-LV EMD was 17 ms, (inter-quartile range 13-30); 95% of controls had a value < or =41 ms. Patients showed a longer intra-LV EMD than controls: 33 ms (20-57) in patients with normal QRS, 32 ms (23-50) in RBBB patients, and 50 ms (30-94) in LBBB patients. Intra-LV dyssynchrony (defined as intra-LV EMD >41 ms) was present in 39, 36, and 60% of the patients, respectively. On average, HF patients showed the same pattern of activation as controls, from the septum to the posterior wall, but activation times were significantly prolonged. In RBBB patients the activation sequence was directed from inferior to anterior and in LBBB from anterior to inferior wall. CONCLUSIONS: Left ventricular dyssynchrony was present in several patients with HF and normal QRS, and in patients with RBBB; conversely, 40% of LBBB patients showed values of LV EMD within the normal range. Left ventricular activation sequence was different between groups. Assessment of LV synchronicity by means of imaging techniques may be more important than QRS duration or morphology in selecting patients for cardiac resynchronization treatment.