经尿道电气化切除术治疗良性前列腺增生症(附1532例报告)

目的 :总结和评价经尿道前列腺电气化切除术 (TUVP)治疗良性前列腺增生症 (BPH)的疗效。方法 :采用铲式气化切割环 ,经尿道气化切除前列腺 1 5 32例。结果 :最大尿流率 (Qmax)由手术前 (7.7± 3.8)ml/s到术后 (1 7.9± 3.2 )ml/s;国际前列腺症状评分由术前 (2 9.5± 3.6 )分到术后 (9.1± 2 .9)分 ;生活质量评分由术前 (5 .5± 0 .3)分到术后 (1 .9± 0 .3)分 ;术中前列腺包膜穿孔 2例 ;术后尿失禁 2例 ,前尿道狭窄 1 7例 ,后尿道狭窄 7例 ;无电切综合征及死亡病例。结论 :TUVP治疗BPH创伤小、出血少、疗效好、术后康复快     

经会阴前列腺穿刺与经直肠前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断的初探

目的 对比经会阴与经直肠前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的阳性率及并发症。方法 回顾分析2017年1月到2019年12月行前列腺穿刺活检的病例,经直肠组187例,经会阴组68例。结果 经直肠组阳性穿刺率为34.7%,经会阴组阳性穿刺率为29.4%,两组无统计学差异（P>0.05）。穿刺后经直肠组和经会阴组的血尿发生率分别为40.1%、42.6%,尿潴留发生率分别为6.9%、7.3%,直肠出血发生率分别为1.1%、0%,差别无统计学意义（P>0.05）。穿刺后经直肠组和经会阴组的会阴肿胀的发生率分别为2.6%、13.2%,两组有统计学差异（P<0.05）。结论 超声引导下经直肠、经会阴前列腺穿刺活检均为前列腺癌诊断的有效方法。两者穿刺阳性率无明显差异,但并发症各有特点。     

Defining prostate cancer risk before prostate biopsy

Prostate cancer is the most commonly diagnosed cancer in men. At present, patients are selected for prostate biopsy on the basis of age, serum prostate specific antigen (PSA), and prostatic digital rectal examination (DRE) findings. However, due to limitations in the use of PSA and DRE, many patients undergo unnecessary prostate biopsy. A further problem arises as many patients are diagnosed and treated for indolent disease. This review of the literature highlights the strengths and weaknesses of existing methods of prebiopsy risk stratification and evaluates promising serum, urine, and radiologic prostate cancer biomarkers, which may improve risk stratification for prostate biopsy in the future.     

前列腺神经内分泌细胞与前列腺疾病的关系

前列腺神经内分泌细胞(NECs)是一种非常独特的细胞,它不仅具有神经细胞的特性,同时还具有内分泌细胞和上皮细胞的特性。前列腺组织中存在的少量NECs能分泌神经内分泌肽,参与组成神经内分泌调节系统,通过内分泌、旁分泌、自分泌等多种形式,对前列腺的发育和生长分化及内分泌起着调节作用。在前列腺疾病,如慢性前列腺炎、前列腺增生及前列腺癌的发生、发展及转归中,NECs均起到重要作用。尤其是NECs缺乏雄激素受体,在去势治疗时仍可继续生长,可能通过旁分泌的方式促进肿瘤雄激素非依赖性增值,引起肿瘤复发。本文就近年来对NECs分泌的各种细胞因子及受体进行鉴定、深入研究的进展做一综述。     

The prostate anesthetic block for outpatient prostate surgery

With the emergence of minimally invasive techniques for the treatment of benign prostate hyperplasia and the need to reduce health care costs, a simple and effective prostate anesthetic block may allow more procedures to be done in an outpatient or office setting. As based on neuroanatomy studies of the prostate, the perineal approach appeared to be the best way to anesthetize the prostate. This technique was used in 43 patients who underwent interstitial laser coagulation an outpatient or office setting. The perineal prostatic block was effective for pain control whether lidocaine or lidocaine/bupivacaine was used as determined by visual analog scale, linear pain scale, or global pain questionnaire. The use of intravenous (i.v.) sedation did not influence the efficacy of the prostate anesthetic block. Thus, the perineal prostate anesthetic block may be employed in patients undergoing minimally invasive surgery for benign prostatic hyperplasia in the outpatient/office location.     

聚集素在前列腺正常、增生、癌组织中的表达及意义

目的　通过检测聚集素 (Clusterin)在前列腺正常、增生、癌变组织中的表达 ,探讨其与前列腺疾病发生发展的关系。　方法　采用免疫组织化学染色法检测 12例正常前列腺组织、15例良性前列腺增生组织 (BPH)、5 6例前列腺癌标本中Clusterin的表达水平。　结果　 3种组织中Clusterin的阳性及弱阳性表达率为 81% (67/83 ) ,其中前列腺正常、增生、癌组织中阳性及弱阳性表达率分别为17% (2 /12 )、73 % (11/15 )、96% (5 4/5 6)。前列腺癌组织中Clusterin表达水平明显高于前列腺正常 (t=8 82 ,P <0 0 1)及增生 (t =7 63 ,P <0 0 1)组织 ,且在癌组织中与肿瘤病理分级 (r =0 64 9,P <0 0 1)、临床分期 (r=0 60 9,P <0 0 1)呈正相关。　结论　Clusterin可能通过抗凋亡机制在前列腺癌的生物特性中发挥着重要的作用     

Stem cells in prostate and prostate cancer development

Most cancers comprise a heterogenous population of cells with marked differences in their potential to proliferate as well as the ability to reconstitute the tumor upon transplantation. Cancer stem cells are a minor population of tumor cells that possess the stem cell property of self-renewal. Dysregulation of stem cell self-renewal is a likely requirement for the development of cancer. Cell signaling pathways shared by stem cells and cancer cells lend further evidence for a possible link between these 2 populations of cells. Study of the differentiation pathways of normal and abnormal prostate growth has led to the development of a stem cell model for prostate cancer. The basal layer of the normal prostate is believed to be populated by prostate epithelial stem cells and a population of transit-amplifying cells intermediate in differentiation to the stem and fully differentiated cells. There is recent evidence suggesting that prostate cancer occurs from malignant transformation of stem/progenitor cells, thereby resisting apoptosis and spawning proliferation. This new model for prostate cancer will have significant ramifications for the way this disease is studied and treated. Furthermore, through targeting the prostate cancer stem cell and its dysregulated self-renewal, therapies for treatment of prostate cancer are likely to improve.     

Obesity, serum prostate specific antigen and prostate size: implications for prostate cancer detection

PURPOSE: Obesity has been associated with lower serum testosterone, theoretically resulting in decreased PSA production. Obesity has also been associated with prostatic enlargement, making the detection of existent cancer more difficult. Together these findings would result in an apparent protective effect of obesity on prostate cancer risk due to technical detection issues unrelated to cancer biology. We examined the association between BMI, and PSA and prostate weight in a cohort of men undergoing RP. MATERIALS AND METHODS: We evaluated the association of BMI with prostate weight and PSA using linear regression, adjusting for patient age at RP, year of RP, race, and pathological stage and grade in 1,414 men treated with RP between 1988 and 2004 at the 5 equal access medical centers that comprise the Shared Equal Access Regional Cancer Hospital Database. RESULTS: On multivariate analysis increasing BMI was associated with increasing prostate weight but only in men younger than 63 years and not in men 63 years or older (p-trend <0.001 and 0.44, respectively). In men younger than 63 years mean multivariate adjusted prostate weight +/- SE in those with a BMI of less than 25 vs 30 to 34.9 kg/m was 33.8 +/- 1.4 vs 41.4 +/- 1.6 gm. There was no significant association between BMI and preoperative PSA (p-trend = 0.70). CONCLUSIONS: In a cohort of men undergoing RP obesity was associated with larger prostate size but only in younger men. There was no association between BMI and PSA. Assuming equal PSA, the degree of prostatic enlargement observed in younger obese men in this study would be expected to result in a modest decrease in the odds of detecting prostate cancer in a contemporary series of PSA screened men due to the decreased sensitivity of cancer detection related to larger prostate size. Obesity may appear protective for prostate cancer in younger men due to technical issues unrelated to cancer biology.     

Three-dimensional computer-simulated prostate models: lateral prostate biopsies increase the detection rate of prostate cancer

OBJECTIVES: Urologists routinely use the systematic sextant needle biopsy technique to detect prostate cancer. However, recent evidence suggests that this technique has a significant sampling error. We developed a novel three-dimensional (3D) computer-assisted prostate biopsy simulator based on whole-mounted step-sectioned radical prostatectomy specimens to compare the diagnostic accuracy of various prostate needle biopsy protocols. METHODS: We obtained digital images of 201 step-sectioned whole-mounted radical prostatectomy specimens. 3D computer simulation software was developed to accurately depict the anatomy of the prostate and all individual tumor foci. Additional peripheral devices were incorporated into the system to perform interactive prostate biopsies. We obtained 18 biopsies of each prostate model to determine the detection rates of various biopsy protocols. RESULTS: The 10- and 12-pattern biopsy protocols had a 99.0% detection rate; the traditional sextant biopsy protocol rate was only 72.6%. The 5-region biopsy protocol had a 90.5% detection rate and the 14-pattern, which includes all the biopsies used in the patterns above, only added 1 additional positive case (99.5%). Transitional zone and seminal vesicle biopsies did not result in a significantly increased detection rate when added to the patterns above. Only one positive model was obtained when the transitional zone biopsies were added. The lateral sextant pattern had a detection rate of 95.5%, and the 4-pattern lateral biopsy protocol had a 93.5% detection rate. CONCLUSIONS: Our results suggest that all the biopsy protocols that use laterally placed biopsies based on the 5-region anatomic model are superior to the routinely used sextant prostate biopsy pattern. Lateral biopsies in the mid and apical zones of the gland are the most important.     

经直肠直视下穿刺法在前列腺穿刺活检中的应用

目的探讨经直肠直视下前列腺穿刺活检方法的可行性。方法采用改良的俯卧位前列腺直视下穿刺方法行经直肠前列腺穿刺活检56例。利用庤上黏膜环形缝扎器（PPH）套件中的部分组件,即环形肛管扩张器及镜芯、肛镜缝扎器以协助显露直肠段前列腺。结果经直肠直视下前列腺穿刺活检方法可直视穿刺,穿刺深度和方向易控制。针刺布局规范,患者体位舒适,耐受适应好。无严重并发症发生。穿刺效果良好。结论经直肠直视下俯卧位前列腺穿刺活检方法简便,穿刺准确,值得推广。     

125Ⅰ放射粒子植入治疗激素难治性前列腺癌

目的　探讨12 5I放射粒子植入治疗激素难治性前列腺癌的临床价值。　方法　直肠B超引导下 ,经会阴穿刺前列腺12 5I放射粒子植入治疗激素难治性前列腺癌 15例 ,其中 5例合并骨转移者同时行转移灶外放疗。　结果　 15例手术顺利 ,平均植入12 5I放射粒子 5 6粒 ,平均手术时间 70min ,平均住院时间 5d。术后随访 5～ 2 8个月 ,平均 11个月 ,完全反应 5例 ,部分反应 4例 ,病情稳定 3例 ,病情恶化 3例 ,PSA无进展生存率 80 % ( 12 /15 ) ,未发生严重并发症。　结论　12 5I放射粒子植入治疗激素难治性前列腺癌安全、微创、并发症发生率低 ,疗效肯定。     

Improved prostate cancer detection with anterior apical prostate biopsies

PURPOSE: Research to improve prostate cancer detection with transrectal ultrasound-guided prostate biopsies has focused on increasing the number of cores and the directing of biopsies laterally. In this study, we describe our experience with the addition of anterior apical biopsies. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A total of 164 consecutive patients with an increased or increasing prostate-specific antigen and/or abnormal digital rectal examination underwent transrectal ultrasound and systematic biopsy. We performed our standard laterally directed sextant biopsies plus additional mid parasagittal plane biopsies at the base and mid-gland, and an anteriorly directed biopsy at the apex. Site-specific detection and tumor characteristics are reported. RESULTS: Prostate cancer was detected in 71 patients (43.3%). The most commonly unique site was the anterior apex. Excluding these biopsies would have missed 17% of the cancers detected. The cancers limited to the anterior apex had tumor characteristics similar to all other cancers detected. CONCLUSION: In our experience, the anterior apical biopsies increase the detection of prostate cancer on transrectal ultrasound-guided biopsies. Further study on incorporating this site into the biopsy scheme is indicated.     

超声引导下前列腺6点活检诊断早期前列腺癌

目的探讨前列腺癌(PCa)的超声影像与超声引导下6点系统活检病理学检查的关系,提高早期PCa检出率。方法研究对象为PCa集团普查发现的血清PSA>4.0ng/ml的329例经直肠超声引导下前列腺活检受检者,每位受检者均行血清PSA检测及前列腺活检病理诊断。结果(1)329例接受前列腺活检病例中PCa患者93例(28.3%),其中前列腺腺癌88例,其他类型癌5例。(2)93例PCa患者的超声影像中见低回声反射区组为56例(60.2%),其余37例为无异常回声组(39.8%)。(3)88例前列腺腺癌中,53例低回声反射区组PSA平均值为(60.50±39.79)ng/ml,35例无异常回声组PSA平均值为(12.74±8.25)ng/ml,两组比较差异显著(P<0.001)。PSA含量4.0￣10.0ng/ml区间者17例,无低回声反射区者15例,占88.2%。(4)早期病例(A,B期)中无异常回声组占82.9%。结论在超声影像学无异常的血清PSA增高的人群中,经超声引导下前列腺活检能够发现早期PCa。     

Secondary squamous cell prostate cancer after prostate brachytherapy treatment

This report describes the case of a patient with prostate cancerat the age of 59 years, who was treated by interstitial prostate brachytherapy with iodine-125 seeds. Ten years later, he developed a probable secondary squamous cell cancer in his prostate.