老年人睡眠时长与抑郁症状的关系

背景 抑郁症严重危害老年人的身心健康,睡眠与抑郁症状的关系已成为研究热点之一,但目前关于睡眠与抑郁症状之间的研究结论存在差异。目的 探讨老年人睡眠时长与抑郁症状之间的关系,为预防老年人出现抑郁症状和延缓已有抑郁症状的老年人病情发展提供参考。方法 采用2018年《中国健康与养老追踪调查》数据库（CHARLS）中8 210名年龄≥60岁老年人的调查结果。按照中文简版流调中心用抑郁量表（CESD-10）评分标准,将老年人分为存在抑郁症状和不存在抑郁症状两组。使用Logistic回归及限制性立方样条模型分析老年人睡眠时长与抑郁症状之间的关联。结果 在8 210名老年人中,检出存在抑郁症状者3 118人（37.98%）,平均每晚睡眠时长为（6.14±2.05）h。睡眠时长与抑郁症状之间存在非线性关联（χ²=412.670,P<0.01,df=4）。在调整了混杂因素后,睡眠时长<6 h、6~6.9 h和≥8 h的老年人出现抑郁症状的风险分别是睡眠时长7~7.9 h老年人的2.971倍（95% CI：2.560~3.449,P<0.01）、1.372倍（95% CI：1.161~1.621,P<0.01）和1.185倍（95% CI：1.009~1.393,P<0.05）。在不同性别及60~69岁组老年人中,未发现睡眠时长≥8 h与抑郁症状检出风险有关（P>0.05）。结论 睡眠时长与抑郁症状存在近似非线性关联,但存在性别和年龄差异。     

Short sleep is associated with more depressive symptoms in a multi-ethnic cohort of older adults

ObjectivesTo evaluate cross-sectional and prospective associations between short and long sleep duration and depressive symptoms in older adults (aged >65 years).MethodsThe data from a subsample of the racially/ethnically diverse Northern Manhattan Study were analyzed. Depressive symptoms were assessed twice with the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale (CES-D), approximately 5 years apart. The presence of depressive symptoms was defined as a CES-D score ≥16 or use of antidepressants. Self-reports of short (<6 h), intermediate (6–8 h) and long (≥9 h) sleep were assessed prior to the initial CES-D. Logistic regression was used to evaluate the cross-sectional associations between short and long sleep durations with depressive symptoms, using intermediate sleep as the reference. The prospective association between sleep duration and depression in a sample of participants without depressive symptoms at first CES-D was also analyzed. All models were adjusted for demographic, behavioral, and vascular risk factors.ResultsThe initial sample consisted of 1110 participants: 62% women, 69% Hispanic, 17% black, 14% white. Short sleep was reported by 25%, intermediate sleep by 65%, and long sleep by 9%. Depressive symptoms were described in 25% of the initial sample. Short sleep, but not long sleep, was associated with depressive symptoms at baseline (adjusted OR 1.8, 95% CI 1.3–2.6), and at follow-up (adjusted OR 1.9, 95% CI 1.1–3.5; median follow-up = 5.1 years).ConclusionShort sleep duration had a cross-sectional and prospective association with depressive symptoms in an urban multi-ethnic cohort of older adults.     

Poor sleep quality is associated with worse self-rated health in long sleep duration but not short sleep duration

Unhealthy sleep duration, either short or long, is associated with worse health and central subjective dimensions of sleep and health such as fatigue. It has been argued that the link between sleep duration and health may depend on the quality of the slept hours, and on its functional impact (ie, fatigue). The present study therefore assessed whether the relationship between last night's sleep duration and general self-rated health (SRH) differs as a function of sleep quality, and secondly, whether current fatigue and sleep quality are factors linking sleep duration and SRH.The present cross-sectional dataset involved 1304 individuals (57% female, M_age = 28.8, range 18–79). Participants completed surveys for general SRH, previous night's sleep duration and sleep quality, and current fatigue.Results showed the expected inverted U-shaped (ie, quadratic) relation between last night's sleep duration and SRH and a linear relation between last night's sleep quality and SRH. However, long sleep duration was only associated with poorer SRH in individuals who also reported poor sleep quality. Further, the quadratic relationship between sleep duration and SRH was partially mediated by fatigue and sleep quality.The results of this multi-study analysis suggest that SRH is particularly poor in those who slept both long and with poor quality the night before, while good sleep quality may protect those with a long sleep duration from poor SRH. Thus, last night's long sleep does not seem to be associated with poor subjective health unless it is coupled with poor sleep quality. Furthermore, fatigue and sleep quality are potential pathways linking short and long sleep duration with SRH. Different dimensions of sleep interact in their association with health, and future research will benefit from an integrative approach.     

Prevalence of frailty and its association with depressive symptoms among older adults in Singapore

Objectives: The aims of the study were to (1) estimate the prevalence of frailty among community-dwelling older adults , and (2) investigate the independent association between level of frailty and depressive symptoms.

Methods: A total of 721 older adults (aged 60 and above ) were included in this study. Severity of frailty was determined using the Clinical Frailty Scale and further classified into four levels (CFS1-3: F1, CFS4: F2, CFS5: F3, and CFS6-7: F4). The depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire-9. The prevalence of frailty by four levels was described and the association between level of frailty and depressive symptoms was assessed using multiple linear regression.

Results: The prevalence of frailty among the study population was 24.5% (F2: 14.4%, F3:3.7%, F4: 6.4%). There was no significant difference in level of frailty between male and female. With the increase in severity level of frailty, older adults reported substantially higher depressive symptom scores (p < .001), even after controlling for socio-demographics, number of non-mental chronic conditions, and number of medications taken regularly.

Conclusions: Level of frailty is independently associated with depressive symptoms among community-dwelling older population, which is not fully explained by symptom overlap, socio-demographic, and comorbidity covariates.     

Cohort effects associated with reduced sleep duration in adolescents

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine how the sleep duration changes during adolescence across the seventh, eighth, ninth, and 10th grade periods, and to determine whether there is a difference between the cohorts.MethodFor these purposes, we used the latent growth curve modeling and the multi-group analysis involving 2081 students (2000-birth cohort data) and 2254 students (1997-birth cohort data) who participated in the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey. The data were collected using a stratified multistage cluster sampling method.ResultsSleep duration became shorter as age increased. Furthermore, the sleep duration of the 2000-birth cohort became shorter than the sleep duration of the 1997-birth cohort. Specifically, the mean value of the initial sleep duration of the 2000-birth cohort was 8.09 h, which was significantly shorter than the initial value 8.36 h of the sleep duration of the 1997-birth cohort. In addition, multi-group analysis revealed that the trajectories of sleep duration and its predictors were varied by cohort. Specifically, parent supervision, peer relationship, and electronic media factors (smartphone overuse, time spent on using computer and playing games) explained the cohort effect.ConclusionThese findings suggest that environmental factors such as increasing use of electronic media or pressure regarding higher education to adolescents could be associated with reduced sleep duration.     

Association between weekend catch-up sleep duration and hypertension in Korean adults

ObjectiveOur objective was to investigate if weekend catch-up sleep is independently related to a decrease in the risk for hypertension in Korean adults.MethodsThe subjects included 2782 Korean adults ages 19 years and older. Data on demographic variables, sleep duration (weekday and weekend), and hypertension were obtained using questionnaires. Logistic regression analyses were performed to test the association between hypertension and sleep duration (weekday and weekend catch-up sleep duration); we also adjusted for possible covariates.ResultsAfter adjustment for confounding variables, we found that individuals who slept less than 6 hours a night had an increased odds ratio (OR) for hypertension (OR, 1.73; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.13–2.64) compared to individuals who slept 7 to <8 hours a night. Furthermore, one hour of weekend catch-up sleep was significantly associated with decreased risk for hypertension (OR, 0.83; 95% CI, 0.72–0.95). There were significant differences for groups with and without subjective sleep insufficiency in the association between weekend catch-up sleep duration and the prevalence of hypertension; in addition, the effect of an extra hour of weekend catch-up sleep per night on hypertension was stronger in those subjects who experienced subjective sleep insufficiency (OR, 0.61; 95% CI, 0.46–0.82).ConclusionsSleeping more on the weekend to compensate for weekday sleep deficit could lower the risk for hypertension in Korean adults, especially in Korean adults who have the subjective symptom of sleep insufficiency.     

Long sleep duration is associated with lower cognitive function among middle-age adults – the Doetinchem Cohort Study

ObjectivesIn older adults, both short and long sleep duration are associated with lower cognitive function, suggesting an inverted U-shaped association between sleep duration and cognitive outcomes. This study examined whether sleep duration is associated with (changes in) cognitive function in a middle-aged population.MethodsIn the Doetinchem Cohort Study, the cognitive function of 2970 men and women aged 41–75 years at baseline (1995–2007) was examined 2–3 times, with 5-year time intervals. Global cognitive function and the domains memory, information processing speed, and cognitive flexibility were assessed. In multivariable linear regression models, (change in) self-reported sleep duration was studied in association with the level and change in cognitive function. In a subsample of the population (n = 2587), the association of sleep duration and feeling rested with cognitive function was studied.ResultsSleep duration of 9 h and more was statistically significantly associated with lower global cognitive function (p < 0.01), memory (p = 0.02), and flexibility (p = 0.03), compared to a sleep duration of 7 or 8 h. Among adults feeling frequently not well rested, both short and long sleep duration were associated with a lower speed of cognitive function. An inverted U-shaped association between sleep duration and cognitive function was observed for speed, flexibility, and global cognitive function. Sleep duration was not associated with change in cognitive function.ConclusionsMiddle-age adults with long sleep duration had a lower cognitive function.     

The association of nighttime sleep duration and quality with chronic kidney disease in middle-aged and older Chinese: a cohort study

ObjectiveThis cohort study aimed to assess the associations between sleep duration and quality with the risk of incident chronic kidney disease (CKD) in middle-aged and older Chinese.MethodsWe used the 2011 and 2015 surveys of the China Health and Retirement Longitudinal Study (CHARLS). Nighttime sleep duration was categorized into five groups: ≤4, (4–6], (6–8], (8–10], and >10 h/night. Sleep quality was assessed by restless days in the past week (<1, 1–2, 3–4, and 5–7 days/week). Multivariate logistic regression was used to assess the association between sleep duration and quality with incident CKD.ResultsA total of 11,339 participants free of CKD at baseline were included in this study. After four years follow-up, the incidence of CKD was 7.8%. There was a “U-shaped” association between sleep duration and risk of CKD. Compared to 6–8 h of nighttime sleep duration, those who slept ≤4 h/night (RR: 1.639, 95% CI: 1.287–2.087) or >10 h/night (RR: 2.342, 95% CI: 1.007–5.451) had increased risk of developing CKD after adjustment for confounders. Participants with 5–7 restless days per week had significantly increased risk of CKD (adjusted RR: 1.686, 95% CI: 1.352–2.102), compared to those who rarely or never had a restless sleep.ConclusionsExtreme nighttime sleep duration and poor sleep quality were associated with increased risk of CKD in middle-aged and older Chinese. Obtaining an optimal nighttime sleep duration and better sleep quality might reduce the risk of CKD.     

Increases in duration of first uninterrupted sleep period are associated with improvements in PSQI-measured sleep quality

Objective

Urology clinical trials assessing bladder function have relied on the self-reported duration of the first uninterrupted sleep period (FUSP) as a proxy outcome for sleep, but the relationship between this measure and more conventional self-reported measures of sleep is unknown. In this study, we examined the association between changes in FUSP and a widely used self-reported measure of sleep, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI).

Methods

We conducted post hoc (secondary) analyses of unpublished data from a previously published randomized clinical trial (NCT00477490) of desmopressin (a medication used to treat nocturia) and examined relationships between baseline and 4-week change in FUSP and PSQI global and subscale scores for participants (N = 580 to N = 606) having complete data.

Results

Data indicated strong associations between change in PSQI global score and FUSP change in six of seven subscale scores. A reduction of 1.8 points in the PSQI global score was associated with a 72-min lengthening of FUSP.

Conclusions

Results suggest that FUSP is a potentially valuable metric that correlates with changes in perceived sleep duration, depth, quality for the entire night, efficiency, latency, and daytime function. An increase in FUSP was related to improvement in nearly all PSQI subscales. The validity of this measure in the general population remains to be determined.     

Intergenerational relationships and the trajectory of depressive symptoms among older Chinese adults in rural migrant families

Objectives: This study examined the trajectory patterns of depressive symptoms of older rural Chinese adults in migrant families and the role of intergenerational relationships in predicting trajectory class memberships.

Method: Data were derived from the 2001, 2003, 2006, and 2009 waves of a longitudinal survey titled The Well-being of Older People in Anhui Province. The sample featured 486 respondents who had at least one migrant adult children at all four waves. Growth mixture modeling was used to investigate the trajectory classifications of depressive symptoms from 2001 to 2009 and antecedents in differentiating among class memberships.

Results: The findings suggested a two-class model to interpret depressive symptom trajectory patterns: persistently high symptoms and low but increasing symptoms. Older adults who had better intergenerational relationships at baseline were more likely to have low but increasing depressive symptoms after controlling for other covariates.

Discussion: The findings suggest that intergenerational relationships have long-term impacts on depressive symptom trajectory classes. Policy and intervention implications are discussed.     

Perceptions of patient-provider communication and receipt of mental health treatment among older adults with depressive symptoms

Objectives: This study aimed to: (1) determine if and how perceptions towards healthcare providers differ between older adults with and without clinically signifcant depressive symptoms (CSDS), and (2) assess whether perceptions towards providers are associated with receipt of mental health treatment among older adults with CSDS.

Methods: Data from the 2013 and 2014 Medical Expenditure Panel Survey were used to examine CSDS prevalence, receipt of mental health treatment, and perceptions of provider communication among community-dwelling adults ≥ age 65 (N = 6,936) using four of the ‘How Well Doctors Communicate’ composite items from the Consumer Assessment of Healthcare Providers and Systems(CAHPS). Multivariate logistic regression was used.

Results: CSDS are associated with greater odds of having ‘poor’ perceptions of provider communication on all four CAHPS communication measures. Perceptions of provider communication are similar among older adults with CSDS who received and did not receive mental health treatment, except on an item measuring a provider's ability to explain information in ways patients understand.

Conclusion: Older adults with CSDS have more negative perceptions of the quality of their communication with healthcare providers than their peers. Healthcare systems should consider how to accommodate these patients’ unique needs and communication preferences to ensure receipt of quality care.     

The interactive role of chronic medical conditions and sleep disturbance in predicting depressive symptoms among Korean American older adults

Objectives: This study examined the independent and interactive effects of chronic medical conditions and sleep disturbance on depressive symptomatology. The sample (N?=?675) consisted of community-dwelling Korean American older adults, a group that has been found to be particularly high in depressive symptomatology.

Methods: A hierarchical regression model of depressive symptoms was estimated with an array of predictors: (a) demographic variables, including immigration history, (b) chronic medical conditions, (c) sleep disturbance, and (d) an interaction between chronic medical conditions and sleep disturbance.

Results: After controlling for the effects of demographic variables, both chronic medical conditions and sleep disturbance were identified as independent risk factors for depressive symptoms. Moreover, their interaction was significant, indicating that the coexistence of chronic medical conditions and sleep disturbance was significantly associated with higher levels of depressive symptoms (β?=?0.15, p?

Conclusion: Our findings call attention to sleep hygiene among older individuals with chronic medical conditions and recommend that sleep quality should be closely monitored and assessed by healthcare professionals.     

The effect of short or long sleep duration on quality of life and depression: an internet-based survey in Japan

BackgroundTo date, no previous studies have evaluated the relationship between sleep duration and quality of life (QOL) or depression in the general population after controlling for daytime sleepiness and sleep disturbances.MethodsA web-based cross-sectional survey was conducted with 8698 subjects aged 20–69 years. We examined the relationships between weekday sleep duration and daytime sleepiness, sleep disturbance, QOL and depression, using the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (without the item for sleep duration), 8-item Short Form and Center for Epidemiological Studies Depression Scale (CES-D).ResultsDaytime sleepiness tended to increase in proportion to shorter weekday sleep durations. Sleep disturbances, physical and mental QOL, and CES-D scores were worse in both the shorter and longer sleep groups compared with the group with 7–8 h of sleep. Hierarchical logistic regression analyses revealed that short sleep duration but not long sleep duration was significantly associated with reduction of both physical and mental QOL, even after controlling for the presence of daytime sleepiness and sleep disturbance. Both short and long sleep duration were independently and significantly correlated with depression after controlling for daytime sleepiness; however, there was no statistically significant association after adjusting for the effects of sleep disturbance.ConclusionsThe results suggested adverse effects of short sleep but not long sleep on both physical and mental QOL. In addition, the negative impact of specific types of sleep disturbance on depression may be greater than the impact of shortening of sleep duration.     

Left superior temporal sulcus morphometry mediates the impact of anxiety and depressive symptoms on sleep quality in healthy adults

Anxiety and depressive symptoms may predispose individuals to sleep disturbance. Understanding how these emotional symptoms affect sleep quality, especially the underlying neural basis, could support the development of effective treatment. The aims of the present study were therefore to investigate potential changes in brain morphometry associated with poor sleep quality and whether this structure played a mediating role between the emotional symptoms and sleep quality. One hundred and forty-one healthy adults (69 women, mean age = 26.06 years, SD = 6.36 years) were recruited. A structural magnetic resonance imaging investigation was performed, and self-reported measures of anxiety, depressive symptoms and sleep quality were obtained for each participant. Whole-brain regression analysis revealed that worse sleep quality was associated with thinner cortex in left superior temporal sulcus (STS). Furthermore, the thickness of left STS mediated the association between the emotional symptoms and sleep quality. A subsequent commonality analysis showed that physiological component of the depressive symptoms had the greatest influence on sleep quality. In conclusion, thinner cortex in left STS may represent a neural substrate for the association between anxiety and depressive symptoms and poor sleep quality and may thus serve as a potential target for neuromodulatory treatment of sleep problems.     

Sleep duration rather than sleep timing is associated with obesity in adolescents

ObjectiveIn this study, we investigated differences in sleep patterns between obese and non-obese adolescents, and determined which sleep-related parameters were associated with a risk of adolescent obesity.MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, we evaluated 22,906 adolescents between 12 and 18 years of age (mean 15.2 ± 1.7 years; male 50.9%). Self-report questionnaires were used to assess body mass index (BMI) and sleep habits. Obesity was defined as a BMI-for-age ≥ 95th percentile. Weekend catch-up sleep (CUS) duration was calculated as the sleep duration on free days minus sleep duration on school days. We estimated mid-sleep time on free days corrected for oversleep on free days (MSFsc) and social jet lag. Then, we performed multivariate analysis for adolescent obesity and BMI, respectively.ResultsThe prevalence of obesity was 6.0%. The average sleep duration (P = 0.017) and weekend CUS duration (P < 0.001) of obese adolescents were shorter than those of non-obese adolescents. However, there was no significant difference in MSFsc or social jet lag by the obesity status. After adjustment, obesity was significantly associated with short average sleep duration (odds ratio [OR] 0.91, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.86–0.96) and short weekend CUS duration (OR 0.92, 95% CI 0.89–0.95). Similarly, BMI was inversely correlated with average sleep duration (B = −0.15, 95% CI -0.19 to −0.11) and weekend CUS duration (B = −0.09, 95% CI -0.11 to −0.06).ConclusionsOur observations suggest that short sleep duration, rather than late MSFsc or social jet lag, was associated with adolescent obesity.     

Effects of sleep duration and weekend catch-up sleep on falling injury in adolescents: a population-based study

ObjectiveThis population-based study aimed to determine the effects of sleep deprivation and compensatory weekend catch-up sleep on the risk of falls in adolescents.MethodsData from the 2013 Korean Youth Risk Behavior Web-based Survey on 57,225 adolescents were investigated. Demographic, socioeconomic, sleep-related, health-related behavioral, and psychological variables were compared between fallers (n = 7346) and non-fallers (n = 49,879). Multivariate logistic regression analysis using a hierarchical model was carried out to identify sleep-related factors (eg, sleep duration, longer weekend catch-up sleep) independently contributing to the risk of falls.ResultsCompared to non-fallers, fallers were associated with a shorter sleep duration (p = 0.001) and later bedtimes on weekdays and weekends (p < 0.001). An average sleep duration of ≤ 5 h (odds ratio [OR] 1.23, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.12–1.34) and of 6 h (OR 1.12, CI 1.03–1.21) were associated with an increased risk of falls. By contrast, an average sleep duration of ≥ 9 h (OR 0.90, CI: 0.82–0.99) and longer weekend catch-up sleep (OR 0.94, CI: 0.89–0.99) were associated with a decreased risk of falls.ConclusionOur results corroborate previous suggestions that short sleep duration is a major risk factor for falls among adolescents. Moreover, our study provided a novel finding that longer sleep duration and longer weekend catch-up sleep may have a protective effect against falls. Our findings have important public health implications that modifying school schedules to increase sleep duration could reduce unintentional falls and injuries in school-aged adolescents.     

Self-efficacy is associated with better sleep quality and sleep efficiency in adults with subarachnoid hemorrhage

Subarachnoid hemorrhage (SAH) survivors often experience sleep disturbances. Self-efficacy for managing chronic disease may impact sleep for SAH survivors; however, little is known about the relationship between self-efficacy and subjective and objective sleep measures. The purpose of this study was to examine the associations among self-efficacy and subjective (nighttime sleep quality and daytime sleepiness) and objective (total sleep time [TST], wake after sleep onset [WASO], and sleep efficiency [SE]) sleep measures in SAH survivors. A cross-sectional study with a convenience sample of 30 SAH survivors was conducted. Self-efficacy was assessed with the Self-Efficacy for Managing Chronic Disease scale. Nighttime sleep quality and daytime sleepiness were assessed with the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index and the Epworth Sleepiness Scale, respectively. SAH survivors wore a wrist actigraph for 7 days to estimate TST, WASO, and SE. Analyses revealed that, within 3 months post-SAH, 73% of SAH survivors experienced poor sleep quality and 27% reported excessive daytime sleepiness. In addition, 41.4% of the participants slept on average either < 7 h or > 9 h. Self-efficacy was correlated with nighttime sleep quality (r = -0.394, p = .031) and SE (r = 0.412, p = .026), but not with daytime sleepiness (r = -0.257, p = .170), TST (r = 0.137, p = .447), or WASO (r = -0.223, p = .246). Sleep disturbances are prevalent in SAH survivors. Targeted interventions focused on self-efficacy and self-management behaviors in this population may improve sleep and lead to better health.     

Allostatic load in early pregnancy is associated with poor sleep quality

BackgroundAllostatic load (AL) measures the cumulative impact of chronic stress and is associated with adverse health outcomes. A novel scoring system has previously been developed for AL in early pregnancy that is associated with pre-eclampsia. It was hypothesized that AL, as identified by the present model, is associated with psychosocial stressors and, specifically, poor sleep quality.MethodsWomen were selected from a low-risk, community-dwelling study population who enrolled at <15 weeks gestation. Nine physiologic components were divided among the domains of cardiovascular, metabolic, and inflammatory function. Spearman's rank correlations were used to examine the association of AL with age, income, the Revised Prenatal Distress Questionnaire (NuPDQ), Inventory of Depressive Symptoms (IDS), and Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI). The Wilcoxon rank-sum test was used to compare AL by race and educational attainment.ResultsA total of 103 women were identified, with: a mean age of 29.8 ± 5.0 years, 17.5% black, and mean gestational age 12.2 ± 1.1 weeks. Allostatic load was positively correlated with the PSQI (ρ = 0.23, p = 0.018). There were no associations with age, income, prenatal distress, race, or depression scores. College-educated women had lower AL compared with those with less education (0.57 ± 0.43 vs 0.81 ± 0.55, p = 0.045).ConclusionHigher AL, measured by the pregnancy-specific model, was associated with poorer sleep quality and lower educational attainment, both of which were considered to be chronic stressors. These relationships were consistent with previous findings in non-pregnant populations, and suggest that AL may be useful for capturing the physiologic impact of chronic stress in early pregnancy.