贝朗DIALOG血透机水路流程及故障分析

Dialog型血透机是由德国贝朗公司20世纪90年代末推出的，其在国内高端血透机市场中占有一定份额。血透机的工作原理包括水路、电路、气路等。其中水路即为透析液生成和工作的流程．熟悉了解水路对血透机工作原理和维护检修非常重要。在维修过程中通过对水路的分析，可以从原理和流程出发，使工作更具针对性，达到事半功倍的效果。     

口腔治疗机的水路维修

口腔治疗机种类很多,但都由水路。气路、电路、手机等部分组成。由于水质软硬程度不等,引起水路阀体故障率高。本文拟从控制阀来分析常见故障原因与排除方法,以保证各功能的正常使用。水路阀体工作原理与故障排除加压气控阀及水用电磁阀是两种典型的阀体,主要用于控制冲盂水,漱口水,排唾,手机等的供水。     

贝尔克血透机常见水路问题的解决和分析

本文以贝尔克血透机的实际水路故障为例，对血透机水路部分两大故障类别——泄露和堵塞进行分析，其目的不仅在于解决具体的某一种水路故障，更着眼于探讨血透机水路部分的故障特点，以期能对血透机的使用与维修工作有所帮助。     

贝朗DLALOG血透机水路流程及故障分析

Dialog型血透机是由德国贝朗公司20世纪90年代末推出的,其在国内高端血透机市场中占有一定份额.血透机的工作原理包括水路、电路、气路等.其中水路即为透析液生成和工作的流程,熟悉了解水路对血透机丁作原理和维护检修非常重要.     

贝尔克血透机水路故障的检修和分析

本文介绍了贝尔克血透机的水路结构和工作原理所进行的进水给液部分复杂水路故障的检修过程,并对故障原因进行了讨论和分析。     

Fresenius4008B血透机水路图原理分析

本文详细分析了Ｆｒｅｓｅｎｉｕｓ４００８Ｂ血透机水路图的工作原理以及测试参数,充分说明了水路图中每个元器件的工作状态。     

YC－9200体外碎石机水路系统结构及改造

体外冲击碎石机的水路系统在碎石治疗过程中起着重要作用，本文简述了体外碎石机水路系统的工作原理，存在的缺陷以及改进方法。     

医疗机构口腔综合治疗台水路污染状况调查

摘要:目的　了解医疗机构口腔综合治疗台水路卫生管理及出水水质状况,探讨控制水路污染的对策措施。方法　采用问卷调查、现场观察和采样检测的方法对上海市部分医疗机构内的口腔综合治疗台水路污染状况进行调查,使用t检验、卡方检验（α＝0.05）进行组间比较。结果　共调查53家医疗机构,其中定期开展口腔综合治疗台水路过滤器维护的50家（50/53,94.34%）,开展储水瓶清洗消毒的7家（7/25,28.00%）,负责人关注口腔综合治疗台水路卫生及水质状况的13家（13/53,24.53%）,无医疗机构开展过口腔综合治疗台水路管道清洗消毒或水质卫生检测。共采样检测38个DUWLs单元的152件水样,其中水源水合格34件（34/38,89.47%）,DUWLs出水合格15件（15/114,13.16%）。以灭菌注射用水为水源水的DUWLs出水水样细菌总数明显低于其余蒸馏水、净/纯水等水源水的出水水样细菌总数（t＝9.34,P＝0.00）,三用枪及手机出水水样细菌总数高于漱口用水水样细菌总数。结论　口腔综合治疗台水路污染严重,但医疗机构对此认识不足且日常维护意识薄弱。建议尽快制定相关规范与标准,并加强医护人员培训指导,规范口腔综合治疗台水路的清洗消毒与卫生质量控制。     

TINA血透机水路系统原理及故障分析

血液透析机作为急慢性肾衰病人和血液中毒病人的治疗和急救设备，目前在各级医院都有广泛的应用。虽然品牌众多，但基本原理大致相同。主要由水路、血路和电路三部分组成，电路部分通常是由微处理机来对水路和血路部分的反馈信号进行监测、分析和控制。水路部分各处都有各种类型的传感器，温度、电导度等受各种因素的影响比较大，容易出现各种故障。本文通过分析TINA血透机常见的由水路部分引起的报警故障，来说明系统中几个主要组成部分的结构和工作原理。并对一些常见故障进行分析。同时，就如何对血透机进行日常的维护和保养，如何减少和预防血透机故障的发生，提出了一些切实有效的办法。     

贝朗Dialog＋血液透析机水路压力自检原理

本文详细介绍了贝朗Dialog＋血液透析机水路压力自检代码和原理,为今后往维修过程中遇见水路压力自检不通过提供了理论分析依据。     

Cholera in Haiti and other Caribbean regions, 19th century

Medical journals and other sources do not show evidence that cholera occurred in Haiti before 2010, despite the devastating effect of this disease in the Caribbean region in the 19th century. Cholera occurred in Cuba in 1833-1834; in Jamaica, Cuba, Puerto Rico, St. Thomas, St. Lucia, St. Kitts, Nevis, Trinidad, the Bahamas, St. Vincent, Granada, Anguilla, St. John, Tortola, the Turks and Caicos, the Grenadines (Carriacou and Petite Martinique), and possibly Antigua in 1850-1856; and in Guadeloupe, Cuba, St. Thomas, the Dominican Republic, Dominica, Martinique, and Marie Galante in 1865-1872. Conditions associated with slavery and colonial military control were absent in independent Haiti. Clustered populations, regular influx of new persons, and close quarters of barracks living contributed to spread of cholera in other Caribbean locations. We provide historical accounts of the presence and spread of cholera epidemics in Caribbean islands.     

Clinical Update on Nursing Home Medicine: 2013

This is the seventh article in the series of Clinical Updates on Nursing Home Care. The topics covered are antiresorptive drugs, hip fracture, hypertension, orthostatic hypotension, depression, undernutrition, anorexia, cachexia, sarcopenia, exercise, pain, and behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia.     

Heavy Metals in Aquatic Macrophytes from Two Small Rivers Polluted by Urban,Agricultural and Textile Industry Sewages SW Poland

This article presents the results from a study of the comparison of 2 lowland rivers: the Olobok and the Pilawa in southwest Poland polluted by urban, agricultural, and textile industry sewages. pH and concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, Ni, Pb, Zn, nitrate, nitrite, ammonia, phosphate, and sulfate were measured in water samples and concentrations of Ca, Cd, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Mn, N, Na, Ni, P, Pb, S, and Zn were measured in stream bottom sediments and in the aquatic macrophytes Elodea canadensis, Callitriche verna, Potamogeton crispus, Potamogeton natans, and Ceratophyllum demersum from the river Olobok and Elodea canadensis, Polygonum amphibium, Potamogeton crispus, and Veronica beccabunga from the river Pilawa. The matrix of concentrations of 16 elements in 27 plant samples of 7 species from 15 sampling sites of 2 rivers and concentrations of 15 elements and pH in water samples and 16 elements and pH in bottom sediment samples of these sites was submitted to numerical classification, which revealed that sampling sites from the rivers were differentiated by the value of factor 1 of principal component analysis (PCA), which was related to the pH of water, Ca, Cu, Mg, Mn, and Ni in water and Cd, Cr, Cu, Fe, K, Mg, Na, Ni, P, and S in bottom sediments. More polluted parts of both rivers were differentiated from less polluted parts by the value of factor 2 of PCA, which was related to Pb, Zn, and sulfates in water and Ca and Zn in bottom sediments. Macrophytes from the Olobok and Pilawa rivers were differentiated by the value of factor 1, which was related to Ca, Co, Cr, Cu, Fe, Mg, Ni, N, Na, Pb, and S. Groups of macrophytes of more and less polluted parts of both rivers differed by the value of factor 2, which was related to P, K, and Mn. Downstream of the sewage outputs in both rivers, a significantly increased level of pollution occurs with elements correlated with factor 1: Among others were Cu and Cr, typical for the textile industry along the river Pilawa, and among others were Mn and Ni, typical for the urban and agricultural activities in the river Olobok.     

Evidence-Based Recommendations for an Optimal Prenatal Supplement for Women in the U.S., Part Two: Minerals

The levels of many essential minerals decrease during pregnancy if un-supplemented, including calcium, iron, magnesium, selenium, zinc, and possibly chromium and iodine. Sub-optimal intake of minerals from preconception through pregnancy increases the risk of many pregnancy complications and infant health problems. In the U.S., dietary intake of minerals is often below the Recommended Dietary Allowance (RDA), especially for iodine and magnesium, and 28% of women develop iron deficiency anemia during their third trimester. The goal of this paper is to propose evidence-based recommendations for the optimal level of prenatal supplementation for each mineral for most women in the United States. Overall, the evidence suggests that optimal mineral supplementation can significantly reduce a wide range of pregnancy complications (including anemia, gestational hypertension, gestational diabetes, hyperthyroidism, miscarriage, and pre-eclampsia) and infant health problems (including anemia, asthma/wheeze, autism, cerebral palsy, hypothyroidism, intellectual disability, low birth weight, neural tube defects, preterm birth, rickets, and wheeze). An evaluation of 180 commercial prenatal supplements found that they varied widely in mineral content, often contained only a subset of essential minerals, and the levels were often below our recommendations. Therefore, there is a need to establish recommendations on the optimal level of mineral supplementation during pregnancy.     

Workshop report: Nucleic acid delivery devices for HIV vaccines: Workshop proceedings,National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases,Bethesda, Maryland,USA, May 21, 2015

On May 21st, 2015, the U.S. National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases (NIAID) convened a workshop on delivery devices for nucleic acid (NA) as vaccines in order to review the landscape of past and future technologies for administering NA (e.g., DNA, RNA, etc.) as antigen into target tissues of animal models and humans. Its focus was on current and future applications for preventing and treating human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) infection and acquired immune deficiency syndrome (AIDS) disease, among other infectious-disease priorities. Meeting participants presented the results and experience of representative clinical trials of NA vaccines using a variety of alternative delivery devices, as well as a broader group of methods studied in animal models and at bench top, to improve upon the performance and/or avoid the drawbacks of conventional needle-syringe (N–S) delivery. The subjects described and discussed included (1) delivery targeted into oral, cutaneous/intradermal, nasal, upper and lower respiratory, and intramuscular tissues; (2) devices and techniques for jet injection, solid, hollow, and dissolving microneedles, patches for topical passive diffusion or iontophoresis, electroporation, thermal microporation, nasal sprayers, aerosol upper-respiratory and pulmonary inhalation, stratum-corneum ablation by ultrasound, chemicals, and mechanical abrasion, and kinetic/ballistic delivery; (3) antigens, adjuvants, and carriers such as DNA, messenger RNA, synthesized plasmids, chemokines, wet and dry aerosols, and pollen-grain and microparticle vectors; and (4) the clinical experience and humoral, cellular, and cytokine immune responses observed for many of these target tissues, technologies, constructs, and carriers. This report summarizes the presentations and discussions from the workshop (https://web.archive.org/web/20160228112310/https://www.blsmeetings.net/NucleicAcidDeliveryDevices/), which was webcast live in its entirety and archived online (http://videocast.nih.gov/summary.asp?live=16059).     

Interdisciplinary health professional education: a historical review

A historical review was conducted to examine the advances made, nationally and internationally, in interdisciplinary health professional education since the mid-1960s. One hundred and nineteen articles were reviewed and divided by decade into the following subheadings: models, courses, communication/group process issues, and international perspectives. Twenty-seven articles, categorized as models, defined the conceptual field, described curriculum and program development, or provided a framework for evaluation.Thirty-two articles dealt with interdisciplinary courses, focusing on objectives, content areas, or innovative methods. Nine articles contributed contenton interdisciplinary communication and group process issues, from which guidelines were abstracted. Fifty-one articles contributed an international perspective, leading to the recognition that interdisciplinary health professional education, practice, and research is a global movement.This revised version was published online in October 2005 with corrections to the Cover Date.     

Special Considerations for Prophylaxis for and Treatment of Anthrax in Pregnant and Postpartum Women

In August 2012, the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, in partnership with the Association of Maternal and Child Health Programs, convened a meeting of national subject matter experts to review key clinical elements of anthrax prevention and treatment for pregnant, postpartum, and lactating (P/PP/L) women. National experts in infectious disease, obstetrics, maternal fetal medicine, neonatology, pediatrics, and pharmacy attended the meeting, as did representatives from professional organizations and national, federal, state, and local agencies. The meeting addressed general principles of prevention and treatment for P/PP/L women, vaccines, antimicrobial prophylaxis and treatment, clinical considerations and critical care issues, antitoxin, delivery concerns, infection control measures, and communication. The purpose of this meeting summary is to provide updated clinical information to health care providers and public health professionals caring for P/PP/L women in the setting of a bioterrorist event involving anthrax.     

妊娠期糖尿病与妊娠期高血压疾病病理机制的相关性

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)为妊娠期特有疾病,易造成孕产妇难产、产褥期感染、酮症酸中毒,胎儿窘迫、胎儿畸形甚至胎死宫内等不良妊娠结局。妊娠期高血压疾病(HDP)包括妊娠期高血压、子痫前期(preeclampsia)、子痫,以及慢性高血压并发子痫前期和妊娠合并慢性高血压,临床表现为高血压、蛋白尿及水肿,严重影响孕妇体内各脏器功能,是孕产妇及围生儿死亡的主要原因。HDP中子痫前期,尤其是重度子痫前期,是造成新生儿不良妊娠结局的重要原因,通常需要及时剖宫产终止妊娠。近年国内外许多研究已经证实GDM和HDP在内皮功能紊乱、血脂异常、炎症因子、肾素-血管紧张素-醛固酮系统(RAAS)等多方面有相关性。现就两种疾病在上述相关性方面进行综述。     

A six country study of young children’s media exposure,logo recognition,and dietary preferences

Childhood obesity is a global public health concern. Previous research, mainly conducted in developed countries, suggests that marketing and media exposure is associated with unhealthy eating behaviors. This cross-sectional study was done with 2422 children, mean age 5.5 years, SD = .5, from six low- and middle-income counties (LMICs) (Brazil, China, India, Nigeria, Pakistan, and Russia). The analyses investigated media exposure, logo recognition, and preferences for international foods and beverages, such as globally distributed items like McDonald’s hamburgers and Coca-Cola soft drinks. Overall and in each country, path analysis models showed that media exposure and logo recognition directly and indirectly predicted the selection of international foods and beverages, controlling for child’s sex, age, home location, and parental education. Public health and communication experts must continue to investigate and understand these relationships, so as to inform regulations around food and beverage marketing.     

Dynamics of cholera outbreaks in Great Lakes region of Africa, 1978-2008

Cholera outbreaks have occurred in Burundi, Rwanda, Democratic Republic of Congo, Tanzania, Uganda, and Kenya almost every year since 1977-1978, when the disease emerged in these countries. We used a multiscale, geographic information system-based approach to assess the link between cholera outbreaks, climate, and environmental variables. We performed time-series analyses and field investigations in the main affected areas. Results showed that cholera greatly increased during El Nino warm events (abnormally warm El Ninos) but decreased or remained stable between these events. Most epidemics occurred in a few hotspots in lakeside areas, where the weekly incidence of cholera varied by season, rainfall, fluctuations of plankton, and fishing activities. During lull periods, persistence of cholera was explained by outbreak dynamics, which suggested a metapopulation pattern, and by endemic foci around the lakes. These links between cholera outbreaks, climate, and lake environments need additional, multidisciplinary study.