全脑室型丘脑出血的外科治疗

目的 探讨全脑室型丘脑出血患者的手术处理及其效果的机制。方法 分析21例继发性全脑室型丘脑出血患者的手术处理，根据头颅CT结果分为A、B两组，A组为全脑室铸型的全脑室型丘脑出血（TH）患者，脑室内血肿CT值大于40亨氏单位；B组为全脑室出血的全脑室型TH患者，脑室内高密度CT值在40亨氏单位以下。结果 A组住院期间死亡2例，1例作脑室腹腔分流手术；B组住院期间死亡1例。发病后6个月ADL分级：A组Ⅰ级3例。Ⅱ级1例，Ⅲ级1例。B组Ⅰ级5例，Ⅱ级2例，Ⅲ级2例。结论 开颅手术迅速清除脑室内血肿特别是Ⅲ脑室、导水管内血肿是打通脑脊液循环通路、降低全脑室铸型的全脑室型TH病例病死率的关键。     

微创血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血37例的护理

我院神经外科近1a来行微创颅内血肿清除术治疗高血压脑出血37例，护理情况报告如下。1临床资料本组男25例，女12例，年龄35～78（平均58．5）岁。病前均有高血压病史1～21a，经CT检查出血量为30～180ml。其中左侧出血12例，右侧7例，基底节区7例，皮质下5例，丘脑出血4例，脑室出血2例。入院时偏瘫、失语27例，昏迷10例。     

中老年高血压性脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的影响因素分析

目的：探讨中老年高血压性脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的影响因素。方法：回顾性分析2018年1~12月治疗的60例中老年高血压性脑出血患者临床资料,依据是否出现早期血肿扩大进行分组,将未出现早期血肿扩大的49例患者的临床资料纳入对照组,将出现血肿扩大的11例患者的临床资料纳入观察组,记录并分析可能引发中老年高血压性脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的因素。结果：两组年龄、性别比较,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;观察组高血压病程≥5年、出血部位为丘脑、血肿形态不规则、6 h内使用甘露醇、格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分＜9分占比高于对照组,差异有统计学意义（P＜0.05）。经Logistic多因素分析,高血压病程≥5年、出血部位为丘脑、血肿形态不规则、6 h内使用甘露醇、格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分＜9分是高血压性脑出血患者发生早期血肿扩大的危险因素（OR＞1,P＜0.05）。结论：高血压病程长、出血部位靠近脑室系统、血肿形态不规则、6 h内使用甘露醇、格拉斯哥昏迷量表评分低是高血压性脑出血患者早期血肿扩大的危险因素,临床可根据上述危险因素进行合理的干预,降低早期血肿扩大发生率。     

高血压性脑出血的预后影响因素分析

目的 探讨高血压性脑出血的预后影响因素。方法 回顾性分析我院129例高血压性脑出血患者的临床资料，分析年龄、性别、发病后就诊时间、意识水平、出血部位、血液破入脑室情况、出血量等因素对高血压性脑出血预后的作用。结果 出血量大、昏迷及出血继发破入脑室患者治疗有效率与对应组比较，经统计学处理差异有显著性。结论 患者预后情况与出血量、意识水平、出血破入脑室有关。     

侧脑室三角区锁孔开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压丘脑出血破入脑室患者34例分析

目的研究高血压丘脑出血破入脑室患者予以侧脑室三角区锁孔开颅血肿清除术治疗的临床效果。方法选取2015年2月至2018年5月34例行侧脑室三角区锁孔开颅血肿清除术治疗的高血压丘脑出血破入脑室患者作为研究组,另选取同期行双侧侧脑室钻孔引流术治疗的高血压丘脑出血破入脑室患者34例作为常规组。比较两组手术效果、术后3个月康复效果、并发症发生率,术前、术后3 d血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平、C-反应蛋白(CRP)水平。结果研究组留置引流管时间、ICU时间、意识恢复时间短于常规组(P0.05);术后3 d研究组血清TNF-α、CRP水平低于常规组(P0.05);研究组康复效果优于常规组(P0.05)。结论高血压丘脑出血破入脑室患者以侧脑室三角区锁孔开颅血肿清除术治疗能有效促进生理功能恢复,减轻炎性反应。     

恶性丘脑出血影像学特征及其对患者近期预后的判断功能

目的：比较恶性丘脑出血与良性丘脑出血患者的预后，并研究恶性丘脑出血的影像学特征及其对患者近期预后的判断功能。方法：纳入196例自发性丘脑出血患者，其中恶性丘脑出血159例，良性丘脑出血37例。随访入组患者3个月，使用改良Rankin量表（mRS）评估患者预后并分组。比较良、恶性丘脑出血患者的临床资料、患者预后的影响因素，并进一步分析恶性丘脑出血患者预后的影响因素。结果：年龄、入院时血肿量、恶性丘脑出血是引起丘脑出血患者预后不良的独立预测因素（均OR>1,P<0.05）；年龄、入院时血肿量、内囊受压程度（D值）是恶性丘脑出血患者功能预后不良的独立预测因子（均OR>1,P<0.05）;ROC曲线分析结果显示，D值预测的敏感度为0.79，特异性为0.68,cut-off值为2.1 cm，即内囊受压>2.1 cm时，恶性丘脑出血患者预后可能不佳。结论：恶性丘脑出血是丘脑出血患者预后不良的独立预测因素；年龄、入院血肿量、内囊受压程度（D值）是恶性丘脑出血患者预后不良的独立预测因素。     

颈内动脉插管溶栓治疗急性脑梗塞的应用价值

目的：探讨颈内动脉插管溶栓（ＰＩＥＡＴ）治疗急性脑梗塞的应用价值。方法：用颈内动脉插管注射组织型纤溶酶原激活因子（ｔＰＡ）溶栓治疗急性脑梗塞５０例（Ａ组），与同期颈内动脉插管注射尿激酶（ＵＫ）溶栓１８０例（Ｂ组）和外周静脉静滴ＵＫ１９０例（Ｃ组）进行对比，观察患者失语、昏迷、出血、死亡情况及肌力恢复情况。结果：肌力恢复：Ａ组＞Ｂ组＞Ｃ组，Ｐ＜０．０５或＜０．０１；失语、昏迷症状改善：Ａ组＞Ｂ组＞Ｃ组（Ｐ均＜０．０１）；病死率、出血并发症的发生率：Ａ组＜Ｂ组＜Ｃ组，Ｐ均＜０．０１。结论：ＰＩＥＡＴ治疗急性脑梗塞疗效优于周围静脉给药，ｔＰＡ的颈内动脉溶栓效果优于ＵＫ。     

神经内镜辅助脑室内血肿引流术治疗丘脑出血破入脑室的临床效果

目的探讨神经内镜辅助脑室内血肿引流术治疗丘脑出血破入脑室的效果。方法将本院70例丘脑出血破入脑室患者按照随机数表法分为观察组和对照组。观察组(n=35)采用神经内镜辅助脑室内血肿引流术清除血肿,对照组(n=35)采用脑室外引流清除血肿。观察2组患者血肿清除率、手术情况、置管时间、并发症发生率及预后情况。结果观察组血肿清除率显著优于对照组,手术时间显著长于对照组,术后引流管放置时间显著短于对照组,术后并发症发生率显著低于对照组(P 0. 05);术后随访3个月,观察组预后优良率高于对照组,差异均有统计学意义(P 0. 05)。结论神经内镜辅助脑室内血肿引流手术治疗丘脑出血破入脑室,血肿清除率高,并发症及后遗症较少,较常规脑室外引流的治疗效果更佳。     

继发性脑室出血的临床及预后探讨

目的 探讨继发性脑室出血患者的临床特最、CT所见及治疗和预后。方法 回顾分析76例高血压脑出血继发脑室出血患者的临床资料。结果 继发性脑室出血病情凶险，预后较差，其病死率为40．78％，预后与出血部位、出血量、中线结构移住、患者意识状态以及治疗方法的选择有关。结论 尽快清除脑血肿，对内科保守治疗无法解除颅高压者应及时采取立体定向颅内血肿抽吸引流术，根本改善脑脊液循环障碍，减轻脑组织压迫和移位，降低致残率和致死率。     

侧脑室三角区锁孔开颅血肿清除术治疗32例高血压丘脑出血破入脑室患者的疗效分析

目的:探讨侧脑室三角区锁孔开颅血肿清除术治疗高血压丘脑出血破入脑室效果。方法:选取我院63例高血压丘脑出血破入脑室患者,依据手术术式不同分组,对照组31例采用双侧侧脑室钻孔引流术治疗,观察组32例采用侧脑室三角区锁孔开颅血肿清除术治疗,观察比较两组术后引流管留置时间、ICU住院时间、意识恢复时间及术后并发症发生情况。结果:观察组引流管留置、ICU住院及意识恢复时间小于对照组,差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05);观察组并发症发生率为6.25%(2/32),低于对照组29.03%(9/31),差异具有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论:给予高血压丘脑出血破入脑室患者侧脑室三角区锁孔开颅血肿清除术治疗,可缩短患者术后引流管留置时间,且术后意识恢复快、ICU住院时间短,并发症发生率低。     

Visiting rights only: the diplomas in nursing in the UK in the interwar period

The aim of this article is to explore the institution and organisation of the diplomas in nursing at the universities of Leeds and London, which were established in 1921 and 1926, respectively. It will be argued that the success of these courses for the individuals who undertook them, and the profession as a whole was ultimately limited. It is accepted that the purpose of the diplomas was at least in part for the nursing elite to maintain their grip on the leadership. Nevertheless, the institution of the courses, when few women in general attended university, identifies a 'radicalness' within the profession, which has rarely been considered. Moreover, that there was a body of nurses capable of university level education challenges previous assumptions.     

Pitfalls in the Care of the Psychiatric Patient in the Emergency Department

Background

Care of the psychiatric patient in the Emergency Department (ED) is evolving. As with other disease states, there are a number of pitfalls that complicate the care of the psychiatric patient.

Objective

The purpose of this article is to update Emergency Physicians concerning the pitfalls in caring for the psychiatric patient, and possible solutions to deal with these pitfalls.

Discussion

The article will address the burden of the psychiatric patient, staff attitudes, medical clearance process, treatment of the agitated patient, suicidal patients, and admission decisions.

Conclusions

Alternative care resources, collaboration with Psychiatry, staff education, improvement in the medical clearance process, proper use of restraint and seclusion, and appropriate choice of medication for agitated patients can help avoid some of the top pitfalls in the care of the psychiatric patient in the ED.     

Changes in the parameters of the rhythms of the electrolyte-excreting function of the kidneys in women in relation to the seasons of the year

The characteristics (period, mesor, amplitude) of the rhythms of urinary excretion of sodium, potassium, chlorine, calcium, magnesium, and phosphorus were examined in normal women during various seasons. The urine was collected for 5 days with 4-hour intervals. The rhythms were detected and their parameters established with the use of mathematical methods for the assessment of the tested curve fragments repetitions and by the least squares nonlinear method. The rhythms of renal urinary and electrolyte excretion were found very smooth, particularly so in the fall and winter. The circadian rhythms have been found the most stable during all the seasons. Examinations of individual electrolyte excretion have shown that Na and K excretion is more stable all the year round and therefore this parameter is the most informative for the detection of disorders in renal electrolyte excretion.     

Choosing the choices in the USA: examples in the maternity area

The concept of choice has featured prominently in both the recent united Kingdom (UK) health care reforms and in the debate relating to the care of childbearing women. An invitation to the USA facilitated contemplation of the health care system on which the recent UK reforms have been modeled. The impact of the health system on mother's choices was a source of particular interest. The implications for midwives, their practice and their relationships with their clients and colleagues emerge clearly. It may be that the United States' model of health care does not answer the needs of the UK.     

Change in the drug-metabolizing function of the liver in patients in the postoperative period in relation to the type of anesthesia]

Anesthesia-dependent changes in pharmaco-metabolic liver function have been studied in patients operated on for cosmetic facial defects. It has been established that the postoperative period in patients subjected intraoperatively to general combined anesthesia and controlled lung ventilation was characterized by inhibited drug metabolism in the liver, which required correction of the drug doses to reduce the risk of side and toxic effects of pharmacotherapy. Patients operated on under local procaine anesthesia had no considerable changes in pharmaco-metabolic liver function in the postoperative period.