尿毒症患者动静脉内瘘术前超声评估及标记的价值

目的探讨终末期肾病血液透析患者建立动静脉内瘘术前彩色多普勒超声评估及定位对提高造瘘手术成功率的价值。方法纳入肾脏内科2012年1月-7月尿毒症终末期患者25例,均为多次造瘘失败或为临床建立动静脉造瘘较为困难的患者,术前超声行上肢动静脉及双侧大隐静脉评估,重点观察肱动脉、桡动脉、头静脉、贵要静脉及大隐静脉,寻找肘部及上臂段有无合适搭桥的血管,测量其管径并体表定位。结果14例术前多次造瘘失败患者,9例行再造瘘＋自体大隐静脉移植术,2例行人工血管置人术,1例行左上肢人工血管取栓＋动静脉内瘘成型术,2例放弃手术;11例术前未行动静脉造瘘的患者2例行人工血管置人术,6例行自体大隐静脉移植术,1例因桡动脉管径较细行肱动脉与肘正中静脉高位瘘,2例放弃手术。21例手术患者术后生命指征平稳,瘘口搏动震颤良好。术后～2周内复查彩色多普勒超声示所建通路通畅。结论尿毒症终末期患者动静脉内瘘术前超声评估及定位对提高临床手术成功率有重要价值。     

Basilic vein to brachial artery fistula: a new access for chronic hemodialysis.

A new vascular access for chronic hemodialysis is developed by creating a fistula in the upper arm between the end of the relocated basilic vein and anterior aspect of the brachial artery. The procedure has been used 24 times in 23 patients over the past 15 months (average eight months) with minimal complications and low failure rates. This fistula provides a straight, long, easily accessible conduit with high flows; it has only one vascular anastomosis and maintains the anatomic continuity of its venous end with the axillary vein. It also obviates the need for autologous, prosthetic, or heterografts. The procedure is indicated when suitable vessels in the forearm have been exhausted or are unavailable. However, additional clinical trials and continued long-term follow-up are necessary for more definite conclusions.     

A 5-year audit of haemodialysis access

This is a review of our experience with vascular access procedures over a 5-year period at Derriford Hospital, Plymouth, UK. The aims of the study were to examine the outcome of vascular access procedures and factors influencing access survival. Between April 1995 and March 2000, 151 patients who underwent 221 vascular access procedures were studied. Of these, 136 had autogenous arteriovenous fistulae, whereas 85 had prosthetic AV grafts (41% in the thigh). The overall primary failure rate was 21% whereas the 1- and 5-year cumulative access survival rates were 60 and 41%, respectively. Thigh grafts have a mean survival of 36 months compared with 32 months for prosthetic upper limb and 43 months for autogenous fistulae. Age, diabetes and predialysis status did not significantly influence access survival. Thrombosis was responsible for access failure in 62 cases (28%). Avoiding subclavian vein canulation and performing vessel mapping prior to access placement should reduce the risk of access failure due to outflow obstruction.     

Vascular access for cancer chemotherapy.

A persistent problem in caring for patients receiving long-term intravenous chemotherapy for cancer is the maintenance of access to the vascular system. At Emory University Hospital between January 1975 and December 1977, 48 cancer chemotherapy patients had upper-arm bovine arteriovenous fistulas created for vascular access. The heterografts were inserted from the distal brachial artery to the proximal brachial vein under local, regional block, or general anesthesia. Grafts were functioning satisfactorily in 81% of the subjects at the time of death or at termination of treatment. The mean duration of useful graft patency for the entire group was 4.6 months, with a range of 0 to 27 months. Thrombosis of the graft was the most frequently encountered complication; infection and bleeding occurred infrequently. Reoperation was required in 35% of grafts, of which one half were salvaged. No mortality was attributable to the operative procedures or to the presence of a chronic arteriovenous fistula.     

循证护理在血液透析患者高位动静脉内瘘中的应用

目的探讨循证护理在高位动静脉内瘘血管通路的血液透析患者中的应用效果。方法对11例采用肱动脉-肘正中静脉或肱动脉-贵要静脉高位动静脉内瘘血管通路维持血液透析治疗患者实施循证护理(观察组),并回顾性分析实施传统血管通路护理的11例(对照组)。结果观察组透析患者血管通路的并发症如感染、皮下血肿、局部血管硬化和血栓形成显著低于对照组(P<0.05)。结论循证护理应用于高位动静脉内瘘血管通路的血液透析患者的护理实践中,解决了实际问题,使未行循证护理实施传统血管通路护理的并发症明显降低,提高了患者的透析生活质量。同时可以发挥护理人员的主观能动性,丰富护理人员的知识,进一步提高了血液透析专业技术水平。     

血液透析患者的内瘘血流量在预测内瘘预后中的作用

目的对维持性血液透析的患者进行内瘘血流量（Qa）的测定,随访患者的内瘘功能,了解Qa与血液透析患者的内瘘功能之间的关系。方法在患者血液透析开始后0.5h及结束前1h采用Transonic HD02 Monitor（Transonic公司生产）测定内瘘功能。对测定结果内瘘血流量过低（Qa〈600ml/min）及过高（Qa〉1800ml/min）的患者行彩色多普勒超声检查,测量内瘘血管头静脉内径、桡动脉内径,肱动脉内径,平均血流速度并排除血管腔有无狭窄。随访患者内瘘功能,并寻找Qa与血液透析患者的内瘘功能之间的关系。结果125例患者进行了内瘘功能测定。中位数Qa 870（565～1255）ml/min,Qa〈600 ml/min的有32例（25.6%）,600～1 800ml/min的有83例（66.4%）,Qa〉1 800ml/min的有10例（8.0%）。多普勒超声检查低流量组10例,其中吻合口狭窄4例（40%）,频繁穿刺点内膜增厚2例（20%）,静脉分流2例（20%）,内瘘通畅而无异常表现2例（20%）,总体内瘘功能有问题的占60%～80%;高流量组7例,均有桡动脉扩张。两组比较在头静脉内径,桡动脉内径、流速,肱动脉流速方面均有显著性差异。随访3 6月发现,低流量组患者有13例（40.6%）发生内瘘闭塞重新手术,正常流量组有7例（8.4%）,而高流量组无1例发生内瘘闭塞（0）,P〈0.001。相关性分析发现Qa与内瘘转归成负相关（r=-0.395,P〈0.001）,多元回归分析发现Qa对内瘘转归是有影响的（β=-0.316,P=0.005）。结论超声稀释法测定的血液透析患者的Qa对患者的内瘘功能的预后是有预测作用的,Qa越低内瘘闭塞的可能性越大,是血管通路（包括自身血管和人造血管）功能监测的一种良好的手段。     

扩张小口径静脉建立自体动静脉内瘘

目的：评价用球囊扩张小口径头静脉建立自体动静脉内瘘用于血液透析的有效通畅率。方法：2007年1月—2009年12月,对67例尿毒症患者初次建立自体动静脉内瘘。根据术前彩超测量患者头静脉直径将40例头静脉直径〈2.5mm患者分入研究组,27例头静脉直径〉2.5mm患者分入对照组。研究组患者用Fogarty球囊扩张头静脉,使其直径〉2.5mm后行头静脉-桡动脉内瘘术,对照组按传统方法行内瘘手术。术后观察内瘘通畅率及并发症情况。结果：67例患者随访3-36个月,平均18个月。58例开始应用内瘘进行血透。9例内瘘术失败。其中研究组5例,对照组4例。12个月的初次、累积通畅率研究组分别为64%和72%,对照组分别为60%和76%。结论：用球囊扩张小口径头静脉至其直径〉2.5mm后和桡动脉行端端吻合可得到有效的血液透析通路,其远期通畅率尚需观察。     

桡侧返动脉内瘘术在老年患者中的临床应用

目的探讨桡侧返动脉内瘘的手术方法及临床效果。方法回顾性分析解放军第四五一医院血液净化中心行桡侧返动脉内瘘术的治疗效果,通畅率及并发症。结果自2007年8月至2013年10月利用桡侧返动脉与肘正中静脉、头静脉建立内瘘病例共66例,男性35例,女性31例,平均年龄（71±7．8）岁,全部病例手术成功,无感染、血肿及心力衰竭等并发症,无围手术期死亡,术后1～2月开始穿刺行血液透析。术后1年、2年通畅率分别为91．1％及87．5％。无明显心力衰竭及窃血综合征发生。结论桡侧返动脉内瘘具有手术创伤小,血液透析径路长,手术成功率、通畅率高,可以代替肘窝高位动静脉内瘘作为血管通路手术的第2选择。     

Preservation of arm veins for arterial reconstruction.

The results of surgery for lower extremity salvage have improved steadily over the past decade. One of the principles accounting for this advance is the preferential use of autogenous veins for peripheral bypass surgery. Nonautogenous and prosthetic grafts to the infrageniculate (below knee) level have patency rates significantly lower than autogenous bypasses. Currently, the technical limits of bypass surgery often depend upon the availability of adequate venous conduits. The saphenous vein has been the conduit of choice for distal arterial bypasses. However, some patients lack saphenous veins as a result of previous vein harvesting for coronary or other arterial surgery, phlebitis, variations in venous anatomy, previous vein stripping, or other conditions. In these patients, arm veins (cephalic and basilic) have been used successfully for limb salvage. There are several requirements for the successful use of arm veins. These include a detailed knowledge of the anatomy of the cephalic and basilic veins, education of patients and health care professionals, nursing protocols to preserve arm veins, and the training of surgical nurses in the demanding technical maneuvers for arm vein implantation. This paper will address these subjects.     

自体股部大隐静脉移植内瘘临床应用分析

目的探讨自体大隐静脉上肢移植内瘘的建立方法,观察其临床应用价值。方法选择北京市海淀医院肾内科12名终末期肾脏病患者,经超声检查证实上肢无合适血管建立动静脉内瘘,且超声提示股部大隐静脉通畅。吻合动脉采用上肢肱动脉或桡动脉,静脉为肘正中静脉、头静脉或贵要静脉,J形或U形搭桥术式端侧吻合。观察动脉吻合口、静脉吻合口及移植静脉不同时段的内径,观察血液透析泵控血流量并计算透析充分性。结果所有患者内瘘术后全部即刻畅通,术后未见感染、血肿等并发症,1例患者于内瘘术后2.5月血栓形成并堵塞,1例于3月时堵塞。术后15d时动脉吻合口、静脉吻合口的内径分别为0.48±0.06cm、0.52±0.10cm(配对t检验,P=0.045);透析泵控血流量(内瘘使用1月)为270.8±32.0ml/min,尿素清除指数(Kt/V)为1.65±0.19,尿素清除率75.3%±3.3%。手术平均花费为人民币1807元。结论大隐静脉移植上肢内瘘术后并发症少,长期通畅率高,易于护理操作,透析充分性好,总体费用低,可作为难以建立透析通路患者的一种有效的血管通路。     

296例维持性血液透析患者动静脉内瘘建立的临床分析

[目的]探讨建立血液透析（HD）通路的时机及提高手术成功率和远期通畅率的影响因素.[方法]回顾性分析296例尿毒症患者（321次）动静脉内瘘建立的情况.[结果]上肢自体动静脉内瘘（AVF）一期成功率96.51%,而肘部、下肢自体AVF及人工血管AVF术为100%.人工血管AVF较自体AVF成熟时间短（P〈0.05）.鼻烟窝及人工血管内瘘较易发生血栓形成（P〈0.05）;而端-侧吻合较少（P〈0.05）;肘窝、下肢自体AVF及人工血管AVF内瘘易成熟（P〈0.05）.[结论]腕部头静脉-桡动脉端-侧吻合（标准内瘘）是首选;改良侧-侧吻合对血管条件好的患者亦有较高成功率;人工血管内瘘为自体内瘘失败者提供了更多的选择.     

自体静脉移植建立的血液透析血管通路

背景：目前关于自体静脉移植建立内瘘的文章较少,尤其针对不同部位自体静脉移植效果的总结尚未见报道。目的：总结自体静脉移植内瘘的建立经验,探索提高手术成功率的方法。方法：回顾性分析40例自体静脉移植内瘘患者资料,对比上下肢静脉移植内瘘成功率、血流量和使用时间;分析合并糖尿病对自体静脉移植内瘘成功率的影响。结果与结论：自体静脉移植建立内瘘成功率由高到低依次为头静脉、大隐静脉、贵要静脉和小隐静脉;上肢移植静脉内瘘的血流量明显高于下肢移植静脉（P〈0.05）;比较使用时间,上肢移植血管内瘘长于下肢移植血管内瘘（P 〈0.01）;对于合并糖尿病的患者,进行自体血管移植的成功率明显低于不合并糖尿病者（P 〈0.01）。结果提示对于上肢浅静脉条件不佳的血液透析患者,自体静脉移植内瘘是其建立血管通路的较好方式;选择上肢静脉移植较下肢静脉移植内瘘的成功率高,使用时间长;而对于合并糖尿病的患者,不适宜行自体静脉移植内瘘。     

Sonographically guided antegrade common femoral artery access.

OBJECTIVE: To evaluate the feasibility of sonographically guided antegrade common femoral artery puncture and superficial femoral artery access. METHODS: Fifty antegrade common femoral artery punctures and superficial femoral artery access procedures were performed under sonographic guidance alone in 30 consecutive patients (24 male and 6 female; mean age, 55.1 +/- 25.7 years; range, 13-85 years). The indications were (1) insertion of a vascular sheath for balloon angioplasty in 42 attempts (24 patients with lower leg ischemia) and (2) insertion of an angiographic catheter for 1-shot intra-arterial chemoinfusion therapy in 8 attempts (6 patients with distal femoral osteosarcomas). RESULTS: Technical success was achieved in 28 of 30 patients or 48 (96%) of 50 procedures (95% confidence interval, 80.39-98.32). The average procedure time +/- SD (excluding the failures) was 3 +/- 1 minutes (range, 2-6 minutes). In the 2 failures (2 [4%] of 50) in which common femoral artery punctures were accomplished, further superficial femoral artery cannulations were completed under fluoroscopic road map angiographic guidance. A small groin hematoma was noted in 1 patient. No arteriovenous fistula or pseudoaneurysm was encountered. CONCLUSIONS: Sonographically guided antegrade common femoral artery puncture and selective cannulation of the superficial femoral artery are feasible and safe. They may be used as adjunctive modalities in difficult cases of common femoral artery access.     

Blood flow volume changes in the maturing arteriovenous access for hemodialysis

In our center, we start hemodialysis using arteriovenous accesses empirically 1 mo after surgery in nearly all patients, when the vein diameter reaches 5 mm and blood flow is assumed to be adequate. We measured blood flow and vessel diameter in the maturing autogenous and prosthetic access to determine if this approach can be justified by quantitative physiological parameters. Of 66 consecutive autogenous and prosthetic arteriovenous accesses created over 3 mo in 2004, 62 were prospectively examined by duplex ultrasonography preoperatively, immediately after surgery in the recovery room, at 10 d postoperatively and 1 mo after surgery before first cannulation. In the 20 forearm accesses, the immediate postoperative mean blood flow was 549 +/- 189 mL/min, 885 +/- 227 mL/min at 10 d and 934 +/- 260 mL/min at 1 mo. In the 22 upper-arm accesses, the immediate postoperative mean access blood flow was 858 +/- 292 mL/min, 1060 +/- 326 mL/min at 10 d and 1116 +/- 427 mL/min at 1 mo. In 20 prosthetic accesses, near maximal flow was attained immediately after surgery (990 +/- 256 mL/min). Most of the increased flow in autogenous accesses occurred early in the maturation process. This suggests that 1 mo is adequate for autogenous access maturation before use for hemodialysis. The process of access maturation appears to be less relevant in prosthetic accesses, where blood flow is high from the day of surgery and tissue incorporation is, therefore, more important.     

维持性血液透析患者内瘘情况分析

目的 分析血液透析患者的内瘘使用情况以及内瘘失功常见原因及其处理.方法 采集436例患者病史和体格检查,动静脉内瘘手术方法分别为非惯用手前臂桡动脉和头静脉侧侧吻合,结扎远心端头静脉,形成改良端侧吻合,少数为惯用手前臂桡动脉和头静脉侧侧吻合,观察内瘘一般情况,统计患者开始透析时间,内瘘手术时间,开始使用时间,内瘘失功时间,目前内瘘使用情况.结果 436例患者完成统计,其中男性245例,女性191例,内瘘失功76例,138例患者肾移植术后自然堵塞.结论 自体内瘘是维持性血液透析患者的主要血管通路,内瘘失功的主要原因是内瘘血栓形成和内瘘狭窄,糖尿病、低血压、高超滤量是易患因素,正确的穿刺和透析结束后绑带绑扎时间和方法亦很重要.     

慢性肾脏病5期患者内瘘成形术血管的病理学变化

目的探讨慢性肾脏病(chronic kidney disease,CKD)5期动静脉内瘘成形术患者桡动脉、头静脉血管的病理学变化。方法选取32例CKD5期患者行桡动脉、头静脉钛轮钉吻合手术,术中留取吻合处血管进行病理学检查(CKD组);另外选择10例年龄匹配的上肢截肢患者的手腕部相当于内瘘位置血管同期进行病理学检查(对照组)。结果 HE染色结果显示32例CKD5期患者桡动脉4例纤维组织增生,11例斑块形成,7例钙化灶形成,CKD组桡动脉(22/32)及头静脉(20/32)有不同程度病理改变,对照组仅有1/10例表现为纤维组织增生,2组比较?2=8.376和?2=9.557,P=0.003和P=0.002,均具有统计学意义。结论 CKD5期患者桡动脉、头静脉已经出现明显的病理学变化,动脉以钙化为主,而静脉以纤维增生管腔狭窄为主,提早进行内瘘手术可能会提高手术成功率。     

肘下高位动静脉内瘘术的临床应用

目的 探讨肘下高位动脉静脉内瘘的手术方法及临床效果.方法 回顾性分析仁济医院血管外科行肘下高位动静脉内瘘术的治疗效果,通畅率及并发症.结果 自2005年10月至2010年12月行近端桡动脉或尺动脉-肘正中静脉或交通支静脉吻合建立动静脉内瘘病例共计62例,男性41例,女性21例,平均年龄(56.06±17.83)岁,全部病例手术成功,无血肿、感染等并发症,无围手术期死亡,术后1～2月开始穿刺行血液透析.术后1年、2年通畅率分别为98.1%及96.3%.无明显心力衰竭及窃血综合征发生.结论 肘下高位动静脉瘘具有手术创伤小,血液透析径路长,手术成功率、通畅率高,术后心力衰竭,窃血综合征以及肢体肿胀发生率低的优点,是一种值得临床推广的手术方式,可代替肘上高位作为血管通路手术的第二选择.     

Percutaneous cephalic vein approach for permanent pacemaker implantation

Implantation of permanent pacemaker leads into the cephalic vein within the deltopectoral groove is enhanced by introduction of a flexible guidewire into the brachial vein at the antecubital fossa, which is then advanced to the subclavian vein. The cephalic vein within the deltopectoral groove is easily found by incision with the guidewire as a marker. A pacing lead or leads can be inserted along the guidewire or by using a sheath advanced over the guidewire. The procedure was performed on 32 patients and the pacing leads of 28 procedures (DDD 15, VDD 9 and WI 4) were inserted using the cephalic vein without complications.     

Predictors of success in nurse-performed ultrasound-guided cannulation

The objective of this study was to characterize factors affecting the success rate of nurse-performed ultrasound (US)-guided peripheral vein cannulation in difficult access patients. We prospectively enrolled patients who had two previous unsuccessful i.v. attempts. Nurses were trained in US-guided cannulation using a 7.5-MHz linear probe. The following characteristics were recorded: 1) reason for difficult access, 2) which upper arm veins could be sonographically visualized, 3) cannulation success, and 4) one- or two-person technique used. One hundred patients were enrolled. The cannulation success rate was 63%. Cannulation of the basilic vein was successful in 39 of 55 attempts (71%), whereas the success rate for the brachial vein was only 19 of 46 attempts (41%). The reason for difficult access and the one- or two-person technique did not affect success rate. The basilic vein was the best choice for cannulation, and the one-person technique was as successful as the two-person technique.