产前超声诊断永存左上腔静脉及其合并畸形的价值

正永存左上腔静脉(persistent left superior vena cava,PLSVC)是最常见的体循环静脉畸形,发生率约为0.3%～0.5%,占所有先天性心脏病的2.8%～4.3%~([1-2]),可以单独存在,也可合并其他心内外畸形。本组回顾性分析86例PLSVC胎儿及其合并畸形的相关资料,总结PLSVC的声像图特征、伴发畸形及围产结局,旨在提高产前超声对该病的认识。     

胎儿永存左上腔静脉的产前超声诊断

目的 探讨胎儿永存左上腔静脉的声像图特征及产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉的价值.方法 对6例产前超声诊断为永存左上腔静脉胎儿的超声图像特征进行回顾性分析,并结合文献探讨产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉的价值.结果 6例中1例为双胎之一,5例为单胎.1例为单纯性永存左上腔静脉,5例还合并其他心脏异常.1例合并染色体异常.结论 胎儿心脏超声三血管切面可准确诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉.     

产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉中的价值

目的 探讨胎儿期永存左上腔静脉声像图特征及临床应用价值.方法 应用胎儿超声心动图检查3368例胎儿,检出31例胎儿永存左上腔静脉及相关畸形.结果 胎儿超声心动图显示,31例胎儿中30例合并冠状静脉窦扩张,14例合并其他心血管异常,6例合并心外畸形,4例同时合并心内外畸形.结论 永存左上腔静脉常合并先天性心脏病,胎儿预后取决于有无合并其他先天性心脏病,产前诊断永存左上腔静脉可帮助正确评估胎儿预后.     

产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉

目的探讨胎儿永存左上腔静脉的声像图特征及产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉的价值。方法对8例产前超声诊断为永存左上腔静脉胎儿的超声图像特征进行回顾性分析,并结合文献分析总结胎儿永存左上腔静脉各切面声像图特点。结果 8例中1例合并完全性心内膜垫缺损,1例合并Dandy-Walker畸形,2例合并多系统畸形,其余4例为单纯性永存左上腔静脉。结论产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉具有很好的可操作性和较高的临床价值。     

产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉

目的 探讨产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉的临床价值.方法 回顾性分析21例经胎儿超声检查诊断为永存左上腔静脉的超声资料与随访结果,分析总结胎儿永存左上腔静脉各切面异常声像图特点.结果 12例胎儿经尸体解剖证实为永存左上腔静脉,胎儿永存左上腔静脉的主要声像图特征是胎儿心脏三血管切面观,肺动脉左侧多一条血管.冠状静脉窦扩张有助于诊断.结论 产前超声检查是诊断永存左上腔静脉的首选方法,有重要临床意义.     

产前超声检查对胎儿永存左上腔静脉的诊断价值

目的研究胎儿永存左上腔静脉(PLSVC)超声声像图,探讨产前超声检查对PLSVC胎儿的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析27例PLSVC胎儿的超声声像图,其中经尸解证实19例,产后随访证实8例。结果超声诊断27例胎儿均为Ⅰ型PLSVC,即经冠状静脉窦引流入右心房。27例中5例为单纯PLSVC,22例合并其他心脏异常及心外畸形,其中2例合并染色体异常。结论产前超声检查可准确诊断胎儿PLSVC,具有重要临床意义。更多还原     

产前超声诊断胎儿永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如畸形

目的 探讨永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如胎儿的产前超声特点及其诊断价值。方法 回顾性分析产前诊断为永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如的8胎胎儿的超声资料,观察其超声表现及合并畸形,并随访其结局。结果 胎儿永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如的超声特征为三血管-气管切面于肺动脉左侧见一血管回声,追踪走行见其汇入增宽的冠状静脉窦,同时主动脉右侧未见右上腔静脉显示。时间-空间关联成像（STIC）联合高分辨血流显像（HDF）可立体显示左上腔静脉与主动脉、肺动脉的空间位置关系。8胎均伴冠状静脉窦增宽,5胎合并其他心内畸形,1胎合并心外畸形。结论 超声可在产前准确诊断永存左上腔静脉并右上腔静脉缺如及合并畸形。冠状静脉窦扩张是产前超声诊断的重要线索。     

产前超声诊断永存左上腔静脉汇入奇静脉1例

<正>病例孕妇,23岁,孕1产0,孕25+周,自然妊娠。孕妇及丈夫既往体健,双方家族中均无遗传病史,此次来我院行胎儿心脏筛查：胎儿心脏大部分位于左侧胸腔内,心尖指向左前方,心房正位,心室右袢,房室大小正常（图1）,     

造影超声心动图诊断永存左上腔静脉2例

我们应用造影超声心动图诊断第一型永存左上腔静脉二例,经手术证实,报告如下:例1:男性,21岁,发现心脏杂音十多年入院。体检所见:心前区无隆起,未触及震颤,心界叩诊无明显扩大,心率80次/分,心律整。胸骨左缘第二、三肋间收缩期Ⅲ—Ⅳ级吹风样杂音,肺动脉瓣第二音亢进,有分裂。临床初诊“先天性心脏病”。超声检查:房间隔Ⅱ     

超声诊断永存左上腔静脉合并房间隔缺损一例

病例:男,24岁,因活动后气促2年、加重1个月就诊。体检发育正常,无青紫,胸廓无畸形,心率90次/min,律齐,胸骨左缘第2～3肋间闻3/6级收缩期吹风样杂音,肺动脉瓣区第二心音亢进。心电图示窦性心律,室内传导阻滞。X线胸片示心影增大,以右房、右室为主,左肺动脉段膨出。超声检查采用GE Vivid7彩色多普勒诊断仪,显示左房、右房、右室明显增大,肺动脉增宽,房间隔中段回声失落约24～40mm,多普勒探查示心房水平左向右分流,未见室间隔缺损及动脉导管未闭等畸形。胸骨旁左室长轴切面观示冠状窦(CS)扩张,多个切面观中均探及一异常管状结构(见图1),内径…     

Stent Dilation of Superior Vena Cava and Innominate Vein Obstructions Permits Transvenous Pacing Lead Implantation

The purpose of this study was to assess the feasibility of stent dilation of venous obstructions/occlusions to permit transvenous pacing lead implantation. Innominate vein or superior vena cava (SVC) obstruction may preclude the implantation of transvenous pacing leads. Patients with d-transposition of the great arteries, after a Mustard or Senning procedure, and children with previously placed transvenous pacing leads are at higher risk for this vascular complication. From May 1993 to January 1996, eight pediatric patients who underwent transvenous pacing lead implantation or replacement were found to have significant innominate vein or SVC obstruction or occlusion. Utilizing in-travascular stents, a combined interventional and electrophysiological approach was used to relieve the venous obstruction and to permit implantation of a new transvenous pacing lead. Two patients had complete SVC occlusion requiring puncture through the obstruction with a transseptal needle. Vessel recanalization was achieved with balloon dilation and stent implantation. The remaining six patients had severe venous obstruction with a mean minimum diameter of 3.1 ± 3.3 mm. The mean pressure gradient across the obstructed veins was 8.6 ± 7.3 mmHg. Following implantation of 15 Palmaz P308 stents in eight vessels, the mean diameter increased to 14.2 ± 1.9 mm and the mean pressure gradient across the stented vessels decreased to 1.0 ± 2.0 mmHg, A transvenous pacing lead was implanted successfully through the stent (s) immediately or 6–8 weeks later. Innominate vein and SVC obstruction can be safely and effectively relieved with intravascular stents and permit immediate or subsequent transvenous pacing lead implantation.     

永存左上腔静脉畸形的超声诊断及其临床意义

目的 探讨永存左上腔静脉的超声表现及临床意义。方法 21例患者行常规心脏超声检查及经双上肢双氧水心脏声学造影。结果 二维超声心动图检测，全部患者均见冠状静脉窦扩张，经左上肢静脉注射双氧水后，可见冠状静脉窦内充满微气泡；而经右上肢静脉注射双氧水后，仅于右房及右室内充满微气泡，冠状静脉窦内则无微气泡显示，结论 常规心脏超声检查结合经双上肢行双氧水心脏声学造影可准确诊断永存左上腔静脉，提高此类患者心内直视手术的安全性及心内导管插入的成功率。     

VDD Pacing in Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

Although persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is the most common major venous anomaly of the heart, associated absence of the right superior vena cava with normal visceral situs is exceedingly rare. Such a patient presented with complete heart block requiring permanent pacing. This was achieved successfully using a single lead VDD system via the PLSVC with atrial sensing in the coronary sinus.     

永存左上腔静脉的声学造影及超声诊断与手术结果对比分析

目的：研究超声心动图及声学造影诊断永存左上腔静脉(PLSVC)的敏感性并探讨提高其检出率的方法。方法：对23例经手术证实的先心病合并PLSVC的患者与经胸、经食道超声心动图(TTE、TEE)及声学造影进行回顾性对比分析。结果：在23例手术证实合并PLSVC的先心病患者中，术前经超声心动图及声学造影检出22例，占96％。结论：多切面的仔细观察及声学造影，多数患者可经超声心动图及声学造影在术前检出，为外科手术提供更多的信息以指导手术。     

胸骨上窝切面探查残存左上腔静脉的价值

本文报告５例经超声诊断的残存左上腔静脉（ＰＬＳＶＣ），与手术结果完全一致。文献中各家均采用左室长轴及四腔心切面间接诊断ＰＬＳＶＣ的存在，本文用胸骨上窝、左锁骨上窝切面直接显示了ＰＬＳＶＣ，与ＲＳＶＣ对应，略平行于降主动脉，并可测定内径和因流速度，比切面提供了ＰＬＳＶＣ的全貌及引流的全过程，有利于心血管内外科的治疗，且准确率高，优于其它切面。这一技术简单易行，值得推广。     

Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava Diagnosed by Bedside Echocardiography

Background: Persistent left superior vena cava (PLSVC) is a congenital anomaly with an estimated incidence of 0.3–0.5% in the normal population. Its usual discovery is often made by an abnormally positioned catheter inserted in the left subclavian or left jugular vein. In this situation, an easy bedside approach to confirm an anatomic variation in the central venous system is helpful. In the majority of cases, the PLSVC drains to the coronary sinus. Objective: To describe the contribution of bedside echocardiography in diagnosing the unstable patient in whom there is suspicion of a PLSVC. Case Report: A 29-year-old man underwent an emergent laparotomy for multiple intra-abdominal abscesses. Postoperatively, after insertion of a central line catheter through the left subclavian vein, a chest X-ray study showed the tip of the catheter in a left paramediastinal position instead of crossing the midline to the superior vena cava. A PLSVC was suspected. The patient was hemodynamically unstable; therefore, a bedside non-invasive confirmation of the diagnosis of PLSVC was preferred. A transthoracic echocardiography study was performed after injection of agitated saline (creating air-filled microbubbles by shaking saline solution in a syringe), which showed that the coronary sinus was opacified, confirming the diagnosis of a PLSVC. Conclusion: In this brief report, we describe the contribution of echocardiography to the diagnosis of a PLSVC. Echocardiography is a reliable and easy diagnostic tool that allows a bedside approach in a patient in whom there is suspicion of a PLSVC, without administration of radiographic contrast.     

Atrial Pacing via Unilateral Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

A patient who suffered from sinus node dysfunction and automatic atrial tachycardias underwent pacemaker implantation during which time a unilateral left superior vena cava was found. Despite the known difficulties in using this venous route, it was possible to place a transvenous endocardial screw-in lead in a stable position in the lower lateral wall of the right atrium.     

Atrioventricular Nodal Tachycardia in a Patient with Anomalous Inferior Vena Cava with Azygos Continuation and Persistent Left Superior Vena Cava

A 39-year-old female patient was referred for ablation of recurrent episodes of atrioventricular nodal reentrant tachycardia. A combination of an anomalous inferior vena cava with azygos continuation and a persistent left superior vena cava was discovered. A nonfluoroscopic navigation system was very useful for catheter ablation of the tachycardia in this unusual case of anomalous venous system of the heart.     

Surgical Treatment of Pacemaker Induced Left Innominate Vein Occlusion Using a Spiral Vein Graft

Superior vena cava syndrome due to transvenous pacing leads is an uncommon but potentially life-threatening complication. This case involves a 54-year-old man who developed left innominate vein occlusion due to a pacemaker lead. This complication induced a progressive swelling on the left side of his face, neck, arm, and upper chest. The left innominate vein occlusion was surgically treated using a composite spiral saphenous vein graft. Postoperatively, the patient has received anticoagulation therapy with warfarin to prevent thrombosis and, thereby, the long-term patency of the graft. He has undergone follow-up on a regular outpatient basis without showing any recurrence of clinical symptoms.