杭州地区妊娠晚期孕妇病毒性肝炎感染的调查研究

目的:调查杭州市2958例妊娠晚期孕妇乙型肝炎病毒(HBV)、丙型肝炎病毒(HCV)、丁型肝炎病毒(HDV)、戊型肝炎病毒(HEV)的感染状况。方法:对杭州市2958例妊娠晚期孕妇的血清乙型肝炎标志物、HCV抗体、HDV抗体、HEV抗体的检测结果进行统计分析。结果:2958例妊娠晚期孕妇中乙型肝炎总感染率40.16%,HCV抗体阳性率0.40%,HDV抗体阳性率0.20%,HEV抗体阳性率2.60%。结论:杭州地区妊娠晚期孕妇病毒性肝炎的感染以乙型肝炎位居第一、戊型肝炎次之,丙型肝炎及丁型肝炎感染率较低。应加强育龄女性易感人群乙肝疫苗的预防接种,开展和实施有效的预防措施来防止病毒性肝炎的感染,提高新生人口的素质。     

丁型肝炎病毒感染的血清流行病学观察

1987年4月至1988年10月间,本文应用酶联吸附法(EIA)对石家庄地区Ml例乙型肝炎病毒感染者进行了抗-HD的检测,共发现35例阳性,阳性率12.92%,其中男性阳性率14.06%(27/102),女性为10.13%(8/79),男女间差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),提示石家庄地区可能为丁型肝炎病毒感染的高发区.在这些人群中,慢性活动性肝炎、慢性迁延性肝炎和肝硬化的抗-HD阳性率明显高于HBsAg携带者,但三者相互间差异无统计学意义,表明合并或重香感染HDV对乙肝慢性化及肝硬化的形成具有重要的意义。本研究证明在乙型肝炎病毒感染人群中丁型肝炎病毐与年龄、性别、职业等因素关系不密切。     

Prevalence of hepatitis virus infections in Albanian refugees

A sample of 393 Albanian refugees, including both children and adults, was tested for serological HAV, HBV, HDV and HCV markers. A high prevalence of infection with both the hepatitis A and B viruses was found, while HDV and HCV infections were uncommon. The overall prevalence of anti-HAV was 96%; it was very high in children 0-10 years, suggesting that HAV infection is largely acquired during childhood and that poor ambiental conditions influence the spreading of this viral infection.One or more serological markers of HBV infection were found in 295 Albanians (75%), confirming the endemic nature of this virus in the Albanian community. The overall prevalence of HBsAg was 19%, and the carrier rate was higher in males than in females. The high HBsAg prevalence among children suggests that HBV infection is usually acquired in early childhood.The serological data obtained in the Albanian sample examined clearly indicate the urgent need for measures to reduce the incidence of HAV and HBV infections and to avoid the further spread of HDV and HCV infections.Finally, the high prevalence of type B hepatitis indicates the necessity of vaccination against HBV for all risk groups and for all children at birth.     

Search for hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in hepatitis C patients in north-eastern Poland. Comparison with anti-HDV prevalence in chronic hepatitis B

Hepatitis C virus and hepatitis D virus have been shown to suppress HBsAg synthesis. Thus it is possible that HDV infection occurs despite the lack of detectable HBsAg. The aim of our study was to (a) determine the prevalence of HDV infection in patients with chronic hepatitis C (b) compare it with the prevalence of HDV infection in HBsAg positive patients with hepatitis B. The study group consisted of 51 chronic hepatitis C patients, 30 HIV infected drug addicts (27 of them were also positive for anti-HCV) and 102 hepatitis B patients. The participants were tested for anti-HDV, anti-HCV and HBsAg. All anti-HCV positive patients were negative for anti-HDV. Four individuals with anti-HDV belonged to hepatitis B group and constituted 3.9% of all HBsAg positive subjects. We conclude that (a) there is currently no evidence of HDV infection among HCV infected patients in our region (b) hepatitis delta infection is rare in north-eastern Poland.     

河南省人群丁型肝炎病毒感染的血清流行病学调查研究

为了了解河南省丁型肝炎病毒的人群感染情况，从１９９１－１９９３年对河南省十三个地区１１８２例ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性的各型乙肝病人及无症状ＨＢｓＡｇ携带者血清标本进行ＨＤＡｇ、抗ＨＤＶ和ＩｇＭ－抗－ＨＤＶ三项标志检测。结果表明，河南省人群ＨＤＡｇ、抗－ＨＤＶ、ＩｇＭ－抗－ＨＤＶ的总感染率分别为３．０％、３．５％、３．５％、８．１％。     

306名健康人群乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎病毒感染血清学调查

目的 了解中山市健康人群乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎病毒感染状况。方法 随机抽样调查中山市3～5岁、7～9岁、12～18岁、50～70岁年龄组的健康人群肝炎病毒感染标志物携带情况，检测采用ELISA法。结果 中山市健康人群乙、丙、丁、戊型肝炎病毒感染率分别为7．47％、0．65％、0、1．62％，四型肝炎病毒感染均无性别差别，不同年龄组乙、丙、戊型肝炎病毒感染率均有显著性差异；乙型肝炎病毒感染以青少年为主，显著高于其它人群。结论 以乙型肝炎病毒感染为主，由于近10年来本市乙肝疫苗接种率较高，保护效果较好，因此幼儿感染率非常低，但青少年感染率较高，是今后一段时期内乙肝防治的重点对象。     

Hepatitis B and Delta virus infection among heterosexuals,homosexuals and bisexual men

The hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis Delta virus (HDV) infection rates were estimated in patients attending a venereal disease outpatient clinic: 759 heterosexuals and 154 homosexual-bisexual men. The anti-HBC prevalence was higher in homo-bisexual men (68.8 per 100) than in heterosexuals (41.8 per 100), whereas HBsAg was roughly the same in the two groups (about 6 per 100). The anti-HBc prevalence rate among heterosexuals was higher than that estimated in hospital personnel from the same geographical area. A positive association between anti-HBc prevalence and present or past sexually transmitted diseases (STD) was found among homo-bisexual men. Anti-HBc was also positively associated with herpes simplex type 2 antibodies in both heterosexuals and homo-bisexual men. These data are consistent with the hypothesis that sexual behavior also plays a role in the spread of infection among heterosexuals. Ten of the 46 HBsAg-positive subjects were anti-HDV positive: 6 of the 36 heterosexuals and 4 of the 10 homosexuals. All HDV-positive subjects had present or past STDs. These findings suggest sexual transmission of HDV infection.     

Immunization of woodchucks (Marmota monax) with hepatitis delta virus DNA vaccine

We investigated the DNA immunization approach in order to induce a protective immune response against hepatitis delta virus (HDV) superinfection of chronically woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infected woodchucks. The animals were immunized with an expression vector encoding HDAg by gene gun. T cell and humoral immune responses induced by this protocol were determined and compared with those induced by HDAg immunization using a CpG oligonucleotide as an adjuvant. After immunization the woodchucks were challenged with 10⁶ genome equivalents of HDV. The protein immunization with HDAg induced good humoral and T helper cell responses in the woodchucks, but did not protect them from HDV superinfection. The DNA immunized woodchucks were also not protected from HDV superinfection, however, the course of infection was modified: HDV viremia occurred later, the typical fluctuation of the HDV RNA titer with several peaks was absent, and antibodies to HDV were not detectable.     

Immunization of woodchucks (Marmota monax) with hepatitis delta virus DNA vaccine

We investigated the DNA immunization approach in order to induce a protective immune response against hepatitis delta virus (HDV) superinfection of chronically woodchuck hepatitis virus (WHV) infected woodchucks. The animals were immunized with an expression vector encoding HDAg by gene gun. T cell and humoral immune responses induced by this protocol were determined and compared with those induced by HDAg immunization using a CpG oligonucleotide as an adjuvant. After immunization the woodchucks were challenged with 10⁶ genome equivalents of HDV. The protein immunization with HDAg induced good humoral and T helper cell responses in the woodchucks, but did not protect them from HDV superinfection. The DNA immunized woodchucks were also not protected from HDV superinfection, however, the course of infection was modified: HDV viremia occurred later, the typical fluctuation of the HDV RNA titer with several peaks was absent, and antibodies to HDV were not detectable.     

Epidemiology of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection

Markers of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection have been detected all over the five continents. Geographical prevalence varied heavily: HDV infection is very rare in Far East Asia, but extremely frequent in Arabian countries, in Romania and in certain Indian populations of South America. In Europe and in the USA the infection is widely spread among high risk groups such as intravenous drug abusers and haemophiliacs,I Corresponding author.     

Epidemiology and long-term consequences of hepatitis delta virus infection in the Yucpa Indians of Venezuela.

To define better the epidemiology and clinical impact of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection among hepatitis B virus (HBV) carriers in less developed countries, the authors prospectively studied a cohort of 216 Yucpa Indian HBV carriers in Venezuela. HBV carriers were followed regularly between 1983 and 1988 by physical examination, laboratory testing for liver enzymes and HBV and HDV markers, and epidemiologic history. Among the cohort, 74 (34%) were initially positive for HDV infection, and 35 additional persons became infected during the study. Risk factors for new HDV infection included living in southern Yucpa villages; being young adults (15-19 years) or young children (1-9 years), and living in a household with a person with acute HDV infection. Persons with HDV infection were at high risk of developing chronic liver disease; 56% of HDV-infected persons had moderate-to-severe chronic liver disease at the end of the study compared with none of the HBV carriers without HDV infection. Mortality rates were 6.9% and 8.8% per year, respectively, among initially HDV-positive HBV carriers and those with new HDV infection, because of rapidly progressive chronic liver disease and fulminant hepatitis; mortality was significantly lower in HBV carriers without HDV infection and in non-HBV carriers. HDV superinfection is a devastating disease in HBV carriers in tropical South America. Prevention of HBV infection with hepatitis B vaccine is the best available tool to reduce the impact of this problem.     

Hepatitis B,C, and D Virus Infections and AFP Tumor Marker Prevalence Among the Elderly Population in Mongolia: A Nationwide Survey

ObjectivesInfections with hepatitis B, C, and D virus (HBV, HCV, and HDV) are a major public health problem and lead to serious complications such as cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma. We aimed to determine the seroprevalence of hepatitis B surface antigen (HBsAg), anti-HCV, anti-HDV immunoglobulin G, alpha-fetoprotein (AFP), and dual and triple hepatitis virus infections in Mongolia.MethodsA total of 2313 participants from urban and rural regions were randomly recruited for this cross-sectional study. A questionnaire was used to identify the risk factors for hepatitis virus infections, and the seromarkers were measured using immunoassay kits.ResultsAmong all participants, the prevalence of HBV, HCV, and HDV was 15.6%, 36.6%, and 14.3%, respectively. The infection rates were significantly higher in females and participants with a lower education level, rural residence, older age, and a history of blood transfusion. HBV and HCV co-infection was found in 120 (5.2%) participants and HBV, HCV, and HDV triple infection was detected in 67 (2.9%) participants. The prevalence of elevated AFP was 2.7%, 5.5%, and 2.6% higher in participants who were seropositive for HBsAg (p=0.01), anti-HCV (p<0.001), and anti-HDV (p=0.022), respectively. Elevated AFP was more prevalent in participants co-infected with HBV and HCV (5.8%, p=0.023), HBV and HDV (6.0%, p<0.001), and triple-infected with HBV, HCV, and HDV (7.5%) than in uninfected individuals.ConclusionsNearly half (49.8%) of the study population aged ≥40 years were infected with HBV, HCV, or HDV, and 22.4% had dual or triple infections.     

High prevalence of anti-hepatitis delta virus antibody in chronic liver disease in Somalia.

We have assessed the prevalence of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection in people with histologically proven chronic liver disease living in Somalia. Among 104 patients studied (14 with chronic persistent hepatitis, 74 with chronic active hepatitis, and 16 with active cirrhosis), 52 were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen; of these, 26 (50%) carried anti-delta antibodies. HDV infection was detected more frequently in sera from hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg) negative patients (60.9%) than in HBeAg positive patients (9.1%). Using the dot-blot hybridization technique, serum hepatitis B virus deoxyribonucleic acid was revealed in 73.1% of patients without HDV infection, while it was detected in only 7.7% of anti-delta positive patients. It is concluded that HDV is strongly associated with chronic liver disease in Somalia.     

决策树在乙肝病毒感染危险因素筛选中的应用

目的使用决策树中分类方法C5.0的算法模型探讨甘肃省乙型病毒性肝炎感染的危险因素。方法根据乙肝病毒感染标志结果阳性与否,建立决策树C5.0模型,使用SPSS Clementine进行数据挖掘和分析。结果乙肝病毒感染阳性率达27.39%,未接种过乙肝疫苗、有口腔诊疗史、有针灸治疗史等因素的乙肝病毒感染阳性率较高。结论目前无乙肝疫苗接种史,且存在口腔诊疗史和针灸治疗史的人群为乙肝病毒感染高危人群。     

乙型肝炎表面抗原阳性单采浆献血员HCV及HDV感染的调查

对ＨＢｓＡｇ的１２７例阳性单采浆献血员及１５２例非献血员的血清学调查发现，抗－ＨＣＶ检出率分别为４１．７％（５２／１２７）、２．６％（４／１５２），ＨＤＡｇ检出率分别为７９％（１０／１２７）、１．３％（２／１５２）；病毒性肝炎的现患率分别为１８．１％（２３／１２７）、４６％（７／１５２）。流行病学研究表明，ＨＢｓＡｇ阳性单采浆献血员中较高的ＨＣＶ和ＨＤＶ感染率以及肝炎的高现患率是因在单采浆还输血球过程中交叉感染引起的。     

Hepatitis delta virus infection in Bombay.

From June 1985 to June 1989, sera from 425 cases of acute viral hepatitis were gathered from 2 hospitals in Bombay; 331 sera were positive for hepatitis B surface antigen and immunoglobulin M anti-hepatitis B core antigen, and the donors' disease was diagnosed as hepatitis B. Anti-hepatitis D virus was found in 124 of these sera, and hepatitis D antigen was present in 24 more, conclusively proving the presence of hepatitis delta infection in association with hepatitis B in Bombay. Among the 425 cases of hepatitis, 39 cases of fulminant hepatitis developed, of whom 31 died. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) was the apparent viral infection in 32 of the fulminant cases, and 20 (63%) of them also showed evidence of hepatitis D virus (HDV) infection, suggesting an aggravation of their clinical course due to concurrent HBV and HDV infections.     

Epidemiology and clinical outcome of hepatitis D virus infection in Turkey

The prevalence, the epidemiology, the clinical and biochemical characteristics of hepatitis delta virus (HDV) infection were studied in patients with HBsAg-positive acute hepatitis, in those with chronic liver disease, and in apparently healthy carriers in Turkey.Fifty-eight of the 242 carriers of HBsAg (23.9%) and 31 of the 237 (13.1%) patients with acute HBsAg-positive hepatitis had serological evidence of HDV infection. Eleven of these individuals were HBsAg carriers with acute HDV superinfection. The prevalence of HDV infection was significantly (p < 0.001) higher in patients with chronic liver disease (54/165; 32.7%) than in asymptomatic carriers of HBsAg (4/77; 5.2%). The highest prevalence (26/57; 45.6%) of HDV infection was found in patients at high risk of acquiring hepatitis virus infection (health care workers, hemodialysis patients, polytransfused patients) with chronic liver disease.Whereas the frequency of severe or fulminant hepatitis was similar in HBV infected patients (7.8%) and in HBV/HDV coinfected individuals (10%), the frequency of biphasic hepatitis was significantly (p < 0.005) higher in the latter patients (30%) than in those with classical hepatitis B (7.8%). Chronic evolution of the disease was observed in 3.9% of the patients with classical hepatitis B and in 5% of those who had evidence of simultaneous HBV/HDV infection. The 10 carriers of HBsAg who survived the acute HDV superinfection developed chronic delta hepatitis.These findings indicate that HDV is endemic in Turkey and that its prevalence is highest among chronic HBsAg-positive hepatitis patients, implicating HDV as a major cause of liver disease among urban Turkis.Corresponding author.     

剑川县217例白族乙型肝炎患者血清乙肝病毒感染模式分析

[目的]探讨白族乙肝患者乙肝病毒感染模式。[方法]对2007~2008年剑川县经医院确诊的和流行病学调查中发现的白族乙肝患者217例进行乙肝病毒血清标志物检测。[结果]检测217例,HBsAg阳性率为97.70%,抗-HBs阳性率为4.15%,HBeAg阳性率为35.48%,抗-HBe阳性率为59.45%,抗-HBc阳性率为84.79%。检出10种感染模式,HBsAg、HBeAg、抗-HBc均阳性者占17.05%,HBsAg、抗-HBe、抗-HBc均阳性者占44.70%。[结论]白族乙肝患者HBV血清感染标志物模式复杂,抗-HBs阳性率很低。     

某卫校学生乙肝病毒感染状况及四年后追踪调查结果分析

目的:了解医学生在校学习期间HBV感染情况及其变化规律,为学校乙肝防治工作提供依据.方法:应用ELISA法对1999年入学的370名新生进行了乙肝感染五项标志物检测,2003年毕业体检时做了同样指标的追踪调查.结果:新生入学时HBsAg阳性率为6.49%,HBV感染率为20.27%,毕业体检时HBsAg阳性的学生增加了17例,HBsAg阳性率为11.23%,HBV感染率为26.85%,两者相比其差异有显著性意义(P＜0.05).在17例新增的HBsAg阳性的学生中,护士生占13例.结论:医学生是HBV感染的危险人群,应加强预防乙肝健康宣教和学生自身保护意识,在入学时对易感者及时接种乙肝疫苗.