前列腺包膜局部麻醉在经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺术中的应用

目的探讨前列腺包膜局部麻醉在经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺术中的应用价值。方法将需行经直肠前列腺多点穿刺活检的207例患者随机分为2组：A组102例采用1％利多卡因5ml前列腺包膜局部浸润麻醉后再行穿刺活检；B组105例，直接行前列腺多点穿刺活检作为对照组。观察2组患者术中及术后疼痛程度评分（VAS1及VAS2）和不良反应发生率。结果A组102例中无痛感者51例（50．00）、有轻度痛感者46例（45．10）、中度疼痛感者5例，无重度痛感者；VSA1评分（1．5±0．6）分，VSA2评分（0．8±0．9）分。B组105例中无痛感者6例、轻度痛感者69例（65．7％）、中度痛感者18例（26．70）、重度痛感者2例；VSA1评分（3．8±1．3）分，VSA2评分（2．5±1．1）分。2组VAS1及VSA2评分比较，差异均有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。2组患者中术后出现血尿者分别为65例（63．7％）和72例（68．60），出现血便者分别为21例（20．60）和20例（19．0％），出现血精者分别为2例和2例。2组并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论经直肠超声引导下前列腺包膜局部浸润麻醉后穿刺止痛效果好。     

利多卡因局部麻醉在经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中的应用

目的　评价利多卡因局部麻醉在超声引导经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中的有效性和安全性。　方法　 150例PSA升高和 (或 )DRE异常和 (或 )TRUS异常患者接受超声引导经直肠前列腺10针穿刺活检术 ,随机分成 3组 ,每组 50例 ,第 1组在尖部及两侧的前列腺精囊连接部注射 2 %利多卡因 ,每点 3ml,第 2组注射生理盐水 ,第 3组为对照组 ;穿刺结束后即刻对患者进行VAS疼痛评分。　结果　利多卡因组疼痛评分 0～ 7.5分 ,平均 2 .0分 ;生理盐水组 0～ 9.1分 ,平均 4.0分 ;对照组 0～ 7.4分 ,平均 3 .7分。经方差分析检验 ,利多卡因组与生理盐水组及对照组差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 5) ,后两组间差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5) ,利多卡因组疼痛程度低于生理盐水组与对照组。 150例患者观察 6～ 10d ,无并发症发生。　结论　利多卡因局部麻醉操作简便 ,安全有效 ,能显著降低患者术中的疼痛感觉 ,推荐为超声引导经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中常规应用方法     

超声引导下经直肠前列腺饱和穿刺在首次活检阴性人群中的诊断价值

目的探讨超声引导下经直肠饱和穿刺在临床疑诊为前列腺癌但首次活检阴性患者中的诊断价值,评价其有效性和安全性。方法将120例因前列腺特异抗原（PSA）和（或）直肠指检异常而接受前列腺12针穿刺活检、且结果为阴性的患者纳入研究,随机分为扩大穿刺组（采用12针扩大穿刺法）和饱和穿刺组（采用24针饱和穿刺法）,行超声引导下经直肠重复穿刺活检。对两组患者均行前列腺周围神经阻滞术,穿刺活检过程中观察患者情况,并采用视觉模拟评分（VAS）评估疼痛程度。结果两组患者年龄、总PSA水平、PSA密度、前列腺总体积及移行区体积、首次穿刺病理、直肠指诊情况、穿刺活检过程中患者VAS和术后并发症差异均无统计学意义（P均＞O．05）。饱和穿刺组前列腺体积＞60ml者的穿刺阳性率高于扩大穿刺组（P-0．033）,其穿刺总体阳性率亦高于扩大穿刺组（31．67％VS15．00％,P-0．031）。结论经直肠饱和穿刺活检可以提高临床疑诊前列腺癌但首次活检阴性者的前列腺癌检出率,且不增加并发症发生率。     

前列腺穿刺活检时前列腺周围神经血管束阻断前直肠内滴注利多卡因凝胶能改善止痛效果吗?一项前瞻性随机试验

[Yun TJ,et al. J Urol,2007,178:103-106]作者评估了经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检时额外直肠内滴注利多卡因凝胶的止痛效果并确定与滴注利多卡因凝胶相关的不同阶段的止痛效果。250例汁划行前列腺穿刺活检患者随机分2组,每组125例。组1患者在行前列腺周围神经血管束阻断前直肠内滴注利多卡因凝胶,组2患者仪行前列腺周围     

利多卡因凝胶在经直肠前列腺穿刺活检中的应用

1999年 1月至 2 0 0 0年 12月 ,我们对行经直肠超声引导前列腺系统穿刺活检术的患者直肠内灌注 2 %利多卡因凝胶作为局麻药 ,观察其镇痛效果。报告如下。资料与方法　直肠指诊阳性和 (或 )ＰＳＡ >4ｎｇ/ｍｌ的患者 10 0例。年龄 5 1～ 86岁 ,平均 70岁。患者随机分为两组 ,每组 5 0例。分别于穿刺活检前 10ｍｉｎ直肠内灌注 2 %利多卡因凝胶 10ｍｌ(Ａ组 ) ,开塞露 10ｍｌ(Ｂ组 )。两组均于穿刺活检结束后采用视觉模拟评分 (ｖｉ ｓｕａｌａｎａｌｏｇｕｅｓｃｏｒｅ ,ＶＡＳ)评估疼痛程度 ,0分为无痛 ,10分为不能忍受的剧痛。根据患者的得…     

经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的价值（附238例报告）

目的：分析经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检在前列腺癌诊断中的应用价值。方法对疑似前列腺癌的238例患者施行经直肠超声引导下行前列腺穿刺活检。结果经穿刺后病理检查证实为前列腺癌88例（37．0％）,前列腺增生105例（44．1％）,低级别前列腺上皮内瘤15例,非典型增生17例（7．1％）,腺瘤样变8例（3．4％）,肉芽肿性前列腺炎5例（2．1％）。结论经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检具有准确、安全等优点,是诊断前列腺癌的有效方法。     

预防性抗生素在经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中的应用

目的 评价和探讨抗生素防治前列腺穿刺活检术后感染的有效方法。方法 对192例前列腺疾病患者行经直肠超声引导13点前列腺系统穿刺活检术。所有患者随机分为3组。A组62例,口服安慰剂（维生素C）;B组64例,口服单剂量环丙沙星0．5g加甲硝唑0．4g/d;C组66例,分2次口服环丙沙星1.0g加甲硝唑0.8g/d,共3d;所有患者均在活检后48h进行尿培养,发热者再进行血培养。结果 3组患者感染性并发症（尿路感染和发热）的发生率为A组11％（7／62）,B组3％（2／64）,C组3％（2／66）,C组3％（2／66）。感染性并发症的发生率在A组明显高于B组（χ^2=7.16)和C组（χ^2=7.34),差异具有显著性意义（P＜0．01）。而B、C两组间感染性并发症的发生率相当（χ^2=0.23),差异无显著性意义（P＞0．05）。结论 应用恰当的单剂量抗生素预防经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术后的感染是有效的。     

前列腺穿刺活检使用双氯芬酸钠栓的镇痛效果

采用前瞻性随机和安慰剂对照双盲方法，研究前列腺活检前使用双氯芬酸钠栓（DFS）的镇痛效果。228例患者随机分3组，组间具有可比性。对照组80例。直肠内给予利多卡因凝胶后进行活检。安慰剂组在活检前30min加用安慰剂栓，DFS组加用DFS50mg。患者均应用环内沙星250mg，2次／d共3d。外侧六分仪法经直肠前列腺活检，均穿刺取12个标本，活检后患者根据可视模拟标度（VAS=10）自我进行疼痛评分。     

利多卡因局部麻醉在经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术中的临床应用

目的　评价利多卡因局部麻醉在经直肠超声引导前列腺穿刺活检术中的安全性。　方法　经直肠超声引导前列腺 10针穿刺活检术患者 15 0例 ,均因排尿困难就诊。随机分成 3组 ,每组5 0例。第 1组经直肠在前列腺尖部及两侧前列腺精囊连接部注射 1%利多卡因各 3ml;第 2组注射生理盐水 ;第 3组为对照组 ,直接行穿刺活检。穿刺结束时采用视觉模拟评分尺 (VAS)对穿刺过程进行疼痛评分 ;穿刺结束时及术后第 7天评判患者有无并发症及其程度。　结果　利多卡因组、生理盐水组及对照组疼痛评分分别为 1.96、3.98和 3.70 ,利多卡因组疼痛明显减轻 (P <0 .0 5 ) ,生理盐水组与对照组差异无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。利多卡因组术后无感染发生 ,直肠出血量 (3.96± 0 .39)ml,肉眼血尿发生率 76 % (38/ 5 0 ) ,排尿困难加重发生率 12 % (6 / 5 0 ) ,尿潴留发生率 2 % (1/ 5 0 ) ,轻度血管迷走神经反射发生率 10 % (5 / 5 0 ) ,与生理盐水组和对照组比较 ,差异均无显著性意义 (P >0 .0 5 )。　结论　前列腺尖部及两侧前列腺精囊连接部注射利多卡因局部麻醉 ,能显著降低穿刺过程中的疼痛及不适程度 ,不增加术中及术后并发症 ,推荐在经直肠前列腺穿刺活检术中常规应用。     

前列腺穿刺活检术中不同麻醉方法有效性和安全性比较

目的 比较3种麻醉方法 在经直肠超声引导下前列腺穿刺活检过程中的有效性和安全性.方法 2006年7月至2008年10月,120名因前列腺特异抗原和(或)直肠指检异常接受前列腺12针穿刺活检的患者随机分为4组,每组30例.A组为对照组,未接受任何麻醉;B组在超声引导下于左、右两侧精囊与前列腺交接处分别注射1%利多卡因5ml行前列腺神经阻滞术(PNB);C组在PNB之前5 min直肠内涂抹复方利多卡因凝胶;D组在PNB之前于前列腺两侧叶内分别注射1%利多卡因2 ml.穿刺结束后对患者进行疼痛视觉模拟评分(VAS),并随访7 d了解并发症情况.结果 超声探头进入直肠时C组患者的VAS为(2.7±1.1)分,低于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他3组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).穿刺过程中D组患者的VAS为(3.9±1.3)分低于其他3组,差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05),其他3组之间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).各组患者并发症的发生率差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 PNB及直肠内利多卡因凝胶局部麻醉不能明显减轻前列腺穿刺过程中的痛苦,PNB联合前列腺内局部麻醉是安全有效的.     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.     

A comparison of the inhibitory effects of four volatile anaesthetics on the metabolism of chlorzoxazone, a substrate for CYP2E1, in rabbits

Background: Halothane inhibits in vitro and in vivo activity of cytochrome P-450 (CYP) 2E1. There are several fluorinated volatile anaesthetics besides halothane, and most of them are defluorinated by CYP2E1. It is unclear whether other fluorinated anaesthetics inhibit the in vivo activity of CYP2E1.
Methods: We compared the inhibitory effects of therapeutic concentrations of four inhalational anaesthetics, halothane, enflurane, isoflurane, and sevoflurane, on chlorzoxazone metabolism in rabbits receiving artificial ventilation.
Results: All four inhalational anaesthetics decreased arterial blood pressure and increased plasma chlorzoxazone concentration. However, no significant differences in the plasma chlorzoxazone concentration were found between the four anaesthetics. The estimated chlorzoxazone clearance increased after beginning inhalation with all four agents, but no significant difference in clearance was noted between agents.
Conclusions: At therapeutic concentrations, the in vivo inhibitory effect on chlorzoxazone metabolism was similar for all four inhalational anaesthetics examined, even though their chemical characteristics and extent of hepatic metabolism differ considerably.