透析方式对肾移植术后的影响

目的　探讨不同透析方式对肾移植术的影响。方法　透析时间大于 3个月的肾移植患者 5 16例 ,按照透析方式分为两组 ,血液透析 (HD)组 (n =394 )与腹膜透析 (PD)组 (n =12 2 ) ;记录两组患者肾移植术后 1年内并发症发生情况。结果　HD组与PD组患者肾移植术后超急性排斥的发生率差异无显著性 (P >0 0 5 ) ;两组患者急性排斥的发生率分别为 13 5 8%和 2 3 97% (P =0 0 0 5 ) ,细菌感染的发生率分别为 8 4 6 %和 15 7% (P <0 0 5 ) ,活动CMV感染的发生率分别为 2 5 13%和 16 5 3% (P <0 0 5 ) ,CMV肺炎的发生率分别为 7 4 4 %和 2 4 8% ,差异均有显著性 (P <0 0 5 )。HD组患者因超急性排斥切除移植肾 4例 ,急性排斥反应切除移植肾 3例 ,严重感染切除移植肾 1例 ,因败血症死亡 1例 ,因CMV肺炎呼吸衰竭死亡 4例 ,因心力衰竭死亡 2例 ;PD组患者因超急性排斥及急性排斥反应切除移植肾各 1例 ;因化脓性腹膜炎及真菌性败血症死亡各 1例 ;其余患者经治疗预后良好。结论　PD患者的免疫活性高于HD患者 ,并更易发生感染 ,在肾移植术围手术期应注意透析方式造成的影响。     

降钙素原与内毒素在肾移植术后合并肺部感染患者诊断中的应用

目的研究血清降钙素原（PCT）与内毒素在肾移植术后并发肺部感染患者诊断中的实用价值。方法回顾性研究肾移植术后并发肺部感染患者102例,根据肺部感染的病原体诊断标准分为细菌组（32例）和非细菌组（70例）,检测并比较两组PCT和内毒素值,将两组数据进行统计学比较。结果肾移植术后并发肺部细菌感染患者血清中PCT增高与非细菌组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。内毒素增高与非细菌组比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．05）。PCT对肾移植术后合并细菌性肺部感染患者诊断敏感度为90．6％,特异度为94．3％;内毒素对肾移植术后合并细菌性肺部感染患者诊断敏感度为65．6％,特异度为64．3％。细菌组患者血清中PCT增高例数和内毒素增高例数差异有统计学意义。结论监测PCT值对肾移植术后是否并发肺部细菌感染患者具有明显的临床诊断价值。     

肾移植术后应用新型免疫抑制剂受者肺部感染的临床研究

目的 探讨肾移植术后应用新型免疫抑制剂受者肺部感染的发病率、发病原因及治疗效果.方法 对我院752例肾移植术后受者的临床资料进行回顾性分析.752例病人中分为3组,应用环孢素A、骁悉、强的松治疗226例为环孢素A组,应用FK506、骁悉、强的松治疗386例为FK506组,应用FK506、雷帕霉素(Rap)、强的松治疗140例为雷帕霉素组;观察3组肺部感染发病率、死亡率的差异,分析肺部感染的原因、诊断和治疗.结果 752例病人中发生肺部感染53例,治愈50例,死亡3例.环孢素A组肺部感染发病率为7.08/226),死亡1例;FK506组发病率为7.25%(28/386),死亡2例;Rap组发病率为6.43%(9/140),无死亡病例.53例病人中混合感染者17例,单纯细菌感染24例,巨细胞病毒感染9例,真菌感染1例,病原菌不明2例;检出的细菌中G(革兰氏阴性)细菌占68.35%.结论 G菌是肾移植术后肺部感染的常见病原菌,术后前6个月是肺部感染的高危时段.环孢素A组、FK506组、雷帕霉索组肺部感染的发生率差异无显著性.肾移植术后重视围手术期呼吸道管理、避免排斥反应发生和生物制剂的应用.是预防肺部感染的主要手段;早发现、早治疗,是减少重症肺炎死亡率提高人肾存活率的关键.＃     

肾移植术后围手术期肺部感染分析

[摘要] 目的 探讨肾移植受体术后围手术期肺部感染的发生率、主要病原菌、预后以及肺部感染的危险因素。方法 对我院施行的术前无呼吸系统疾病的194例肾移植受体的临床资料进行回顾性分析,分析术后围手术期肺部感染的发生率、主要病原菌、预后以及相关的危险因素。结果 肺部感染发生率为11.3%(22例),22例肺部感染病原菌包括绿脓假单胞菌7例、鲍曼/溶血不动杆菌7例、肺炎克雷伯杆菌2例、阴沟肠杆菌2例、结核杆菌2例、金黄色葡萄球菌2例、大肠埃希菌1例、产气肠杆菌1例、真菌6例（似酵母样菌2例、曲霉菌2例、白色念珠菌1例、热带念珠菌1例、）、巨细胞病毒1例。5例患者为细菌与真菌混合感染。 22例中5例术后早期死亡,病死率22.7 %,单因素分析提示术后肺部感染与吸烟、糖尿病、术前血透长短、术前NEU、术前腹水、手术时间、术后急排、术后尿量、术后肌酐有关。Logistic回归分析提示吸烟、术前腹水、手术时间、术后急排与术后肺部感染相关。结论 革兰阴性细菌为主要的病原菌,其发生与患者吸烟、手术时间、急性排斥以及术前存在的腹水密切相关。     

肾移植术后肺部感染

目的分析肾移植术后肺部感染的病因及诊治。方法对我院近年肾移植术后肺部感染患者41例进行分析。结果细菌感染34例,巨细胞病毒(CMV)感染6例,霉菌感染6例,结核感染2例,未查到病原菌的4例;痊愈29例,好转4例,死亡8例。结论肾移植术后肺部感染的主要病原菌是细菌,早期诊断、治疗是关键;CRRT辅助治疗可提高治愈率。     

肾移植术后感染肺结核1例的药学监护

肾移植是目前救治慢性肾衰竭最有效的方法，但肾移倒术后由于免疫抑制剂的使用及患者预防感染意识缺乏等厕因，极易导致肺部感染，特别是严重肺部感染并发急性呼吸剖迫综合征者，症状严重，病情复杂，进展迅猛，现已成为肾移倒术后患者死亡的最主要原因[1]。据统计，肾移植术后肺部剧染发生率高达25％，病死率40％～60％，肺部感染严重影响了肾移植术后患者的存活率[2]。本文拟通过对1例肾移植术后患者肺部感染的药学服务实践，探讨临床药师参与临床洌疗的临床思维及服务切入点。     

肾移植术后排斥反应与巨细胞病毒感染有关

目的 :探讨巨细胞病毒 (CMV)感染在肾移植术后的发生率及CMV感染与排斥反应的关系。方法 :检测2 0 8例肾移植受者术后CMVDNA和 48例肾移植受者血清CMVIgM、IgG抗体。并定期复查CMVDNA ,对CMVDNA阳性的患者给予抗病毒治疗。结果 :术后CMVDNA阳性受者急性排斥反应的发生率增加 ,经抗CMV治疗 ,则排斥反应减少。结论 :预防和治疗CMV感染的重要性     

肾移植术后肺部感染的临床探讨

目的 探讨肾移植术后肺部感染特点。方法：分析50例54例次肾移植术后肺部感染资料。结果：提示肾移植术后肺部感染多发生于术后6个月内，细茵、巨细胞病毒、真菌、结核感染在肺部感染中所占比例分别为66．67％、44．44％、11．11％、5．56％，其中混合感染24．07％。治愈39例次。结论：肾移植术后肺部感染以细菌、巨细胞病毒感染多见，混合感染常见，发病与术后免疫抑制剂的应用有关，根据发病频度、发病时间、病原学及胸部X线检查可帮助病因诊断，以指导临床合理治疗。     

预防肾移植术后感染的中西医结合护理

目的探讨中西医结合护理方法在预防肾移植术后感染的作用,进一步完善肾移植术后预防感染的中西医结合护理方法。方法对40例肾移植术后患者采用消毒隔离、预防呼吸系统感染及泌尿系统感染的中西医结合护理。结果40例患者在住院期间无感染发生;术后追踪2个月,肺部感染1例,无尿路感染,口腔感染2例,经治疗后,感染得到控制,肾移植术后感染发生率为7.5%,40例肾移植患者均获得移植成功。结论加强对肾移植患者术后中西医结合护理,是预防肾移植术后感染,获得移植成功的重要保证。     

骨科老年患者术后肺部感染的监测与分析

目的了解骨科老年患者术后肺部感染的发生情况与感染特点,为预防与控制骨科医院感染提供参考。方法监测重庆市某三级甲等综合医院2014年1月1日-2017年12月31日骨科老年患者术后肺部感染的发生情况,分析其肺部感染发生率与流行特点。结果监测骨科老年手术患者2251例,发生术后肺部感染61例,术后肺部感染发生率为2.71%;男性肺部感染发生率(3.68%)高于女性(2.04%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);各年龄组肺部感染发生率由低到高依次为60-69岁组(2.00%)、70-79岁组(2.62%)、≥80岁组(4.68%),差异具有统计学意义(P0.05);脊柱组、创伤组、关节组肺部感染发生率差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。共检出病原菌113株,其中多重耐药菌20株(17.70%),前3位病原菌依次为肺炎克雷伯菌(27.43%)、鲍曼不动杆菌(14.16%)、白假丝酵母菌(11.50%)。术后肺部感染患者病死率(4.92%)显著高于非肺部感染患者(2.05%),差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。结论骨科老年患者术后肺部感染男性高于女性,以革兰氏阴性菌为主,细菌耐药性较高,应针对其特点积极采取预防措施,降低术后肺部感染发生率与病死率。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.