合成毒品成瘾者多维度健康量表的编制

目的:编制适用于合成毒品成瘾者的多维度健康量表(MSDAS),并检验其效度和信度。方法:以戒毒人员为样本，吸食合成毒品56人进行半结构访谈，结合文献分析和专家会谈编制初始量表；测评520人进行初始量表条目分析和探索性因子分析，测评3517人进行验证性因子分析及效标效度、内部一致性信度检验，随机选取其中227人间隔4周进行重测。使用症状自评量表(SCL-90)、吸毒人员生活质量量表(QOL-DA)和强迫性吸毒量表(OCDUS)为效标工具。结果:MSDAS共121个条目，包含生理、心理，成瘾和社会4维度(共13个因子),各维度的因子模型拟合良好(χ²=1348.09,df=570,RMSEA=0.08,SRMR=0.05,GFI=0.97,CFI=0.96,TLI=0.95);效标效度显示，MSDAS各因子得分与SCL-90、QOL-DA和OCDUS得分均呈正相关(ICC=0.48～0.86,均P<0.05)。13个因子和4个维度的Cronbach α系数为0.71～0.96,重测信度为0.65～0.93。结论:本研究编制的合成毒品成瘾者多维度健康量表具有良好的...     

教养非理性信念量表的初步编制

目的:编制适合我国小学生父母群体的教养非理性信念量表(PIBS),并检验其效度和信度。方法:编制条目,选取307名小学生父母进行条目分析和探索性因子分析; 500名小学生父母进行验证性因子分析、效标效度检验和内部一致性信度检验,随机选取其中150名进行3周后重测。使用中文版功能失调性态度量表(DAS-A)作为效标效度检验工具。结果:量表共27个条目,分为糟糕至极、绝对化、价值认可、过度推断、自我贬低5个因子,各条目因子负荷在0.51～0.81之间,5因子可解释的总变异量为58.76%;验证性因子分析显示二阶5因子模型拟合程度较好(χ~2/df=3.23,AGFI=0.83,CFI=0.88,IFI=0.88,RM SEA=0.07);量表总分及各因子得分与DAS-A得分均呈正相关(r=0.49～0.72,均P <0.01)。总量表的Cronbach α系数为0.93,5个因子的α系数为0.76～0.87;总量表的重测信度为0.89,5个因子的重测信度为0.75～0.88。结论:本研究编制的教养非理性信念量表测评小学生父母显示较好的效度和信度。     

成年人智能手机成瘾量表的初步编制

目的:编制成年人智能手机成瘾量表,并对其进行信效度检验。方法:通过开放式问卷调查和深度访谈收集原始项目,采用内容分析法整理归纳得到初始条目47条,样本1(n=851)用于项目分析及探索性因素分析,样本2(n=1004)用于验证性因素分析及信度检验。在样本2中随机选取89名被试于4周后进行重测。结果:智能手机成瘾量表最后保留26个条目,归纳为App使用、App更新、戒断反应、突显性、社会功能受损、生理不适6个因子,累积解释总方差的58.43%;具有良好的结构效度(χ~2/df=2.13,RMSEA=0.043,CFI=0.94,IFI=0.94,GFI=0.94)。总量表的α系数为0.909,6个维度的α系数为0.706~0.820;总量表的重测信度系数为0.931,6个维度的重测信度系数为0.743~0.850。结论:本研究编制的量表具有良好的信度和效度,可以用来测量成年人的智能手机成瘾情况。     

心理评定量表的编制和修订中存在的一些问题

目的:对当前我国心理评定量表的编制和修订中存在的一些问题进行分析和讨论.方法:通过<中国期刊网>检索到公开发表的心理评定量表410个,从量表编制理论、样本、信效度等方面进行分析.结果:①77.5%的自编量表(N=365)在编制前缺乏清晰的理论框架;②样本量普遍较大,但人群分布较局限;③条目分析报告较少且存在方法学问题;④量表的内部一致性中位数为0.872(α系数)和0.861(分半信度),平均各维度中位数为0.774(α系数和分半信度),量表和平均各维度重测信度分别为0.810和0.745.但是近一半的研究未报告重测信度;⑤在运用因素分析方法做效度研究中存在一些问题,40%的研究未报告效标效度,只有22%的研究做了实证效度.结论:我国心理评定量表的研制工作期得了显著的成果,但仍然存在许多问题值得注意.     

内观和谐认知问卷的编制和信效度检验

目的:编制内观和谐认知量表,并初步检验其信效度。方法:依据文献研究、个人访谈、对180册内观《指导手册》的分析研究和专家评定,形成初始条目。通过项目分析、因素分析和可靠性分析形成正式量表。结果:内观和谐认知量表由22道题目组成,包括付出成就感、获得幸福感、无报愧疚感、回馈满足感和归属连带感5个维度。总量表及各分量表的内部一致性系数为0.68～0.89,重测信度为0.56～0.84;验证性因素分析表明问卷具有较好的结构效度(χ~2/df=2.89,GFI=0.91,CFI=0.89,TLI=0.88,RMSEA=0.06),量表总分与各维度之间的得分(r=0.67～0.83)及各维度之间得分(r=0.34～0.58)显著相关;量表总分和各个维度与效标显著相关(r=-0.22～-0.42,r=0.19～0.38)。结论:内观和谐认知量表的信度和效度均符合心理测量学的要求,可以作为评估中国人内观和谐认知和心理健康状态的工具。     

残障人获得感量表的编制及信效度检验

目的：初步编制残障人获得感量表,并检验其信度与效度。方法：基于有关文献梳理和访谈资料,确定量表理论结构和初始条目。通过项目分析、因素分析和信效度检验,形成最终量表。结果：残障人获得感量表共23个条目,包括物质生活、社会保障、自我价值、人际情感四个因子。总量表及各因子内部一致性系数和重测信度分别为0.773～0.953和0.891～0.956。验证性因素分析表明量表四因子结构模型拟合良好,量表各因子与效标量表显著正相关（0.376～0.799）。结论：残障人获得感量表符合预期理论建构,信效度指标良好,达到心理测量学要求。     

青少年网络游戏认知偏差量表的初步编制及信效度检验

目的:编制青少年网络游戏认知偏差量表(Online Game Cognitive Distortions Scale,OGCDS),并检验其信效度.方法:在117名青少年中进行初测,确定17个条目的正式版本后以分层整群取样法,随机抽取广东省在校中学生495名,分别施测青少年网络游戏认知偏差量表、网络游戏-认知成瘾量表以及Young的网络成瘾诊断问卷,考察青少年嘲络游戏认知偏差量表的信度和效度.结果:探索性因素分析结果显示:青少年网络游戏认知偏差量表涵盖4个维度,分别是沉湎、全或无思维、在线安慰和短期思维,可解释总方差72.626%,各条目的因子负荷在0.490-0.886之间.验证性因素分析结果表明:四因素模型的拟合指数分别为:χ~2=141.586,NFI=0.909,IFI=0.952,CFI=0.952,RMSEA=0.063.量表的重测信度r=0.753,P<0.01,各维度和总量表的α系数为0.740-0.904.青少年网络游戏认知偏差量表总分、各维度分与网络游戏-认知成瘾量表总分呈正相关(r=0.540～0.728,P<0.01),与Young的网络成瘾诊断问卷也呈正相关(r=0.283～0.413,P<0.01).结论:青少年网络游戏认知偏差量表有良好的信度和效度.     

中国人婚姻质量问卷的编制和信效度分析

目的:编制一个婚姻质量问卷,检验问卷的信度和效度.方法:根据婚姻质量的定义和Jackson的量表编制策略,编制了由90个条目组成的婚姻质量问卷;在1303名基本样本、52名重测样本和95名效度样本中,检验问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度和实证效度.结果:问卷总分的重测相关、分半相关和α系数分别为0.852,0.899和0.925,维度分信度系数分别为0.672～0.856,0.477～0.698和0.462～0.645.本问卷与Olson问卷对应维度显著相关,维度间有较高的相关(0.502～0.745),各维度的因子负荷在0.77以上,条目与维度分有显著相关.婚姻质量与SCL-90的某些因子和MMPI的某些临床量表显著相关,离婚或分居者的婚姻质量显著低于在婚者.结论:婚姻质量问卷的重测信度、同质信度、结构效度、效标效度和实证效度均较理想,符合心理测量学的要求.     

乙型肝炎患者生存质量量表的初步编制

目的:编制适合我国乙型肝炎患者的生存质量测定量表(QOL-HBV)。方法:对134名患者进行测量,考察QOL-HBV量表各条目的鉴别度、结构效度、内容效度、效标效度和信度。结果:量表的30个条目均具有鉴别度。因子分析提取的8个因子可以归纳为为社会适应、心理、生理3个维度。验证性因子分析χ2/DF为1.310,GFI为0.972,AGFI为0.967;量表和3个维度的Cronbachα系数分别为0.9353、0.863、0.868、0.835。QOL-HBV量表的各维度与SF-36量表对应的维度除精神健康、活力维度外均具有相关性(P<0.05),且相关系数大都大于0.4。结论:QOL-HBV具有较好的信度、效度,可以作为我国乙型肝炎患者生存质量简捷的测量工具。     

小学生应激性生活事件量表的编制

目的:编制小学生应激性生活事件量表并检验其效度和信度。方法:通过对小学生、家长及教师的开放式问卷调查和查阅文献,编制小学生应激性生活事件量表(SSLEPSS)。选取重庆市1所小学的学生386人进行预测,对初始量表进行条目筛选及探索性因子分析;在另外4所小学选取小学生1419人进行正式施测,对正式量表进行验证性因子分析及信度检验;采用中小学生心理健康量表(MHT)进行效标效度检验;两周后从中选取小学生99人进行重测。结果:SSLEPSS包含30个条目,分为5个维度,因子负荷在0.43~0.77之间,可解释总变异的51.14%;验证性因子分析结果显示因素模型拟合良好(χ~2/df=4.00,GFI=0.93,AGFI=0.91,CFI=0.85,IFI=0.86,RM SEA=0.05);除SSLEPSS师生关系维度得分与MHT自责倾向分量表得分的相关无统计学意义外,SSLEPSS总分及各维度得分与MHT总分及各分量表得分均呈正相关(r=0.24~0.57,均P0.01)。总量表的Cronbachα系数为0.89,各维度的Cronbachα系数为0.60~0.78;总量表重测信度(ICC)为0.81,各维度的重测信度为0.63~0.74。结论:小学生应激性生活事件量表有较好的效度和信度,能够作为测量小学生心理应激水平的工具。     

Renal dysplasia and asplenia in two sibs

A family is reported in which two sibs, one male and the other female, both died within 24 hours of birth with enlarged polycystic kidneys. Postmortem histology in the second child showed gross renal dysplasia. In both children the pancreas was enlarged, nodular and cystic but the liver appeared macroscopically normal. In the second child, histological examination confirmed pancreatic fibrosis with cystic dilation of ducts, but showed portal fibrosis with bile duct proliferation in the liver.
This combination of findings is very reminiscent of those in a girl and her brother reported by Ivemark et al. (1959). The children reported here also showed absence or hypoplasia of the spleen, cardiac anomalies and other features of the Ivemark syndrome (Ivemark 1955), a quite different, usually sporadic, congenital disorder. It is suggested that the children described here have a distinct lethal congenital disorder, probably inherited in an autosomal recessive manner.     

Schizophrenia in a North Swedish geographical isolate, 1900–1977. Epidemiology, genetics and biochemistry

Over 200 schizophrenic patients belonging to three major and interrelated pedigree complexes have been investigated over the past 30 years in a North Swedish geographically isolated population, presently numbering about 6,000. An intensive investigation of a number of biochemical correlates and genetic markers in a few selected families belonging to one of the major pedigrees has indicated new strategies for the current research program.
Schizophrenia, as defined operationally, is significantly associated with decreased activities of two enzymes (1) blood platelet monoamine oxidase, (2) plasma dopamine-β-hydroxylase, and (3) with the genetic marker Gc² (group specific antigen). Both enzymes are subject to genetic variation. A positive score for linkage between schizophrenia and low plasma DBH activity has been calculated, but, so far, available data are insufficient for discrimination between linkage and partial contribution of genetically controlled low plasma DBH to the pathogenesis of the disease. Alternatively, both mechanisms could be involved.
As a model for continued research, schizophrenia is explained as based on a double dominant-recessive genotype (Aabb), representing a vulnerability which in about 50 % of cases develops into clinical schizophrenia. It is suggested that the dominant mutation (A) operates on or affects MAO activity, and that the recessive genotype (bb) is instrumental in low variates of DBH activity and very likely such variates within the normal range of physiological variation. Moreover, it is suggested that the combined effects of MAO- and DBH-reduced efficiency on the metabolism of e.g. dopamine could be an essential pathogenic mechanism for the schizophrenic illness which is segregating in this population.     

The dominant diseases of modernized societies as omega-3 essential fatty acid deficiency syndrome: Substrate beriberi

About 1900, modern food selection and processing caused widespread $\text{epidemics}$ of the B vitamin deficiency diseases of beriberi and pellagra which, for genetic reasons, often expressed as different diseases ranging from bowel and heart disease to dermatoses and psychoses. But the B vitamins merely help convert essential fatty acids (EFA) into the prostaglandin (PG) tissue regulators and it now turns out that, through hydrogenation, milling and selection of w3-poor southern foods, we have also been systematically depleting, by as much as 90%, a newly discovered trace Nordic EFA (w3) of special importance to primates and sole precursor of the PG3(4) series, even as a concurrent fiber deficiency increases body demand for EFA. Since substrate EFA is processed by many B vitamin catalysts, an EFA deficiency will mimic a $\text{panh}$ypovitaminosis B, i.e., a mixture of $\text{substrate}$ beriberi and $\text{substrate}$ pellagra resembling vitamin beriberi and pellagra but exhibiting as even more diverse $\text{endemic}$ disease. This would consitute a second stage of the Modern Malnutrition and explain why some workers now hold the dominant diseases of modermized societies to be new, nutritionally based, pellagraform yet lipid-related and to range, once again, from heart disease to psychosis. It is an assumption that our dominant diseases are unrelated to each other or are merely revealed by our diagnostic acumen and therapeutic success; and that hydrogenating millions of tons of food oils annually, to destroy the rancidity producing w3-EFA, is safe for $\text{primates}$. Extensive beriberiform disease is reported here in 32 typical cases taken from medical practice which responds strikingly to linseed oil supplements (60% w3-EFA) in confirmation of identical results in Capuchins.     

What will studies of Fulani individuals naturally exposed to malaria teach us about protective immunity to malaria?

There are an estimated over 200 million yearly cases of malaria worldwide. Despite concerted international effort to combat the disease, it still causes approximately half a million deaths every year, the majority of which are young children with Plasmodium falciparum infection in sub-Saharan Africa. Successes are largely attributed to malaria prevention strategies, such as insecticide-treated mosquito nets and indoor spraying, as well as improved access to existing treatments. One important hurdle to new approaches for the treatment and prevention of malaria is our limited understanding of the biology of Plasmodium infection and its complex interaction with the immune system of its human host. Therefore, the elimination of malaria in Africa not only relies on existing tools to reduce malaria burden, but also requires fundamental research to develop innovative approaches. Here, we summarize our discoveries from investigations of ethnic groups of West Africa who have different susceptibility to malaria.     

'Very sore nights and days': the child's experience of illness in early modern England, c.1580-1720

Sick children were ubiquitous in early modern England, and yet they have received very little attention from historians. Taking the elusive perspective of the child, this article explores the physical, emotional, and spiritual experience of illness in England between approximately 1580 and 1720. What was it like being ill and suffering pain? How did the young respond emotionally to the anticipation of death? It is argued that children’s experiences were characterised by profound ambivalence: illness could be terrifying and distressing, but also a source of emotional and spiritual fulfilment and joy. This interpretation challenges the common assumption amongst medical historians that the experiences of early modern patients were utterly miserable. It also sheds light on children’s emotional feelings for their parents, a subject often overlooked in the historiography of childhood. The primary sources used in this article include diaries, autobiographies, letters, the biographies of pious children, printed possession cases, doctors’ casebooks, and theological treatises concerning the afterlife.     

Guidelines for the Validation and Use of Immunoassays for Determination of Introduced Proteins in Biotechnology Enhanced Crops and Derived Food Ingredients

Recent advancements in agricultural biotechnology have created a need for analytical techniques to determine introduced proteins in crops enhanced through modern biotechnology techniques. These proteins are expressed in plant tissues and may be present in food ingredients. Immunoassays are ideally suited for protein detection and may be used as both quantitative and threshold methods. Microplate ELISA and lateral flow devices are two of the most commonly used immunoassay formats for agricultural biotechnology applications. This paper provides general background information and a discussion of criteria for the validation and application of immunochemical methods to the analysis of proteins introduced into plants and food ingredients using biotechnology methods. It is the result of a collaborative effort of members of the Analytical Environmental Immunochemical Consortium. This collaborative effort represents the combined expertise of several organizations to reach consensus on establishing guidelines for the validation and use of immunoassays. Further, the paper offers developers and users a consistent approach to adopting the technology as well as aid in producing accurate and meaningful results.     

HLA in North Colombia Chimila Amerindians

HLA-A,-B,-C,-DRB1 and -DQB1 alleles have been studied in Chimila Amerindians from Sabana de San Angel (North Colombian Coast) by using high resolution molecular typing. A frequent extended haplotype was found:HLA-A*24:02-B*51:10-C*15:02-BRB1*04:07-DQB1*03:02 (28.7%) which has also been described in Amerinndian Mayos Mexican population (Mexico, California Gulf, Pacific Ocean). Other haplotypes had already been found in Amerindians from Mexico (Pacific and Atlantic Coast), Peru (highlands and Amazon Basin), Bolivia and North USA. A geographic pattern according to HLA allele or haplotype frequencies is lacking in Amerindians, as already known. Also, five new extended haplotypes were found in Chimila Amerindians. Their HLA-A*24:02 high frequencies characteristic is shared with aboriginal populations of Taiwan; also, HLA-C*01:02 high frequencies are found in New Zealand Maoris, New Caledonians and Kimberly Aborigines from Australia. Finally, this study may show a model of evolutionary factors acting and rising one HLA allele frequency (-A*24:02), but not in others that belong to the same or different HLA loci.     

Ultracryotomy: development and application (with examples from the yeast cytology) (author's transl)

The preparation steps usually necessary for obtaining ultrathin frozen sections of biological material (chemical prefixation, enclosing, cryoprotective treatment, freezing, sectioning, and post-staining the sections for transmission electron microscopy) are submitted to a critical analysis. The application of cryo-ultramicrotomy, in particularly for cytochemical purposes, is reviewed. Fundamental considerations of chemical prefixation and poststaining are supported by examples from yeast cytology. Furthermore, the efficiency of the cryo-ultramicrotomy (electron optical resolution of ultrastructural details) is demonstrated on yeast cells and protoplasts.     

The universal muscular chamber. A basic unit of the genitourinary, cardiovascular, gastro-intestinal, skeletal, cutaneous, respiratory and other systems, endocameral hypertension; and spasm, the key to their idiopathic diseases and arthropathies

Starting with the integument, we see many organs are contractile sacs or multiples thereof, which tubes or bags constitute the major part of the entire body. Recognition of this basic unit and its characteristics sheds new light, individually and collectively, on many disorders previously considered unrelated. Muscular tears and perforations develop in the walls of these chambers, being no way peculiar to those organs, wherein, hydrochloric acid occurs. So, it is not necessary to explain the absence of excessive acid from patients who exhibit holes in the gastric, uterine, aortic, duodenal, rectal, pulmonary, retina, and other walls. Muscle, not acid is the great common factor relating idiopathic disorders in the gastrointestinal tract to each other and to similar diseases in other systems. When the units are linked together, the lesions tend to appear as arthropathies, i.e. at the joints. Rephrasing common-place observations, frees us from conventional, conceptual cul-de-sacs. An observation is only as good as its interpretation, so all possibilities must be considered, otherwise, we will remain blinded by our misconceptions.