幼儿教师羞怯与孤独感的直接与间接关系

目的:以幼儿教师为被试,考察羞怯对孤独感的直接效应,同时考察羞怯通过社会支持和应对方式对孤独感的间接效应。方法:选取216名幼儿教师,采用社会支持量表(SSRS)、简易应对方式问卷(SCSQ)、Cheek&Buss羞怯量表(CBSS)和UCLA孤独感量表(UCLA-LS)进行测查。使用Amos17.0的最大似然法检验假设模型,并用偏差校正的百分位Bootstrap方法检验间接效应。结果:CBSS得分及SCSQ的消极应对维度得分均与UCLA-LS得分呈正相关(r=0.29、0.57,P<0.001),SSRS的3个维度得分及SCSQ的积极应对维度得分均与UCLA-LS得分呈负相关(r=-0.25、-0.36、-0.35、-0.32,P<0.001)。通径分析表明,羞怯对孤独感的总效应为0.63;羞怯到孤独感的标准化通径系数(β=0.44),羞怯到积极应对、消极应对的标准化通径系数(β=-0.39、0.31),积极应对、消极应对到社会支持的标准化通径系数(β=0.49、-0.44),社会支持到孤独感的标准化通径系数(β=-0.56)均有统计学意义(均P<0.001);羞怯对社会支持、羞怯对孤独感的间接效应有统计学意义。结论:羞怯与孤独感既存在直接相关关系,也通过社会支持和应对方式与孤独感间接相关,其中社会支持可能起枢纽作用。     

留守初中生自我表露与抑郁的关系:自我概念清晰性和应对方式的链式中介效应

目的:考察留守初中生自我表露、自我概念清晰性、应对方式与抑郁的关系。方法:采用自我表露指数量表(SDI)、自我概念清晰性量表(SCCS)、中学生应对方式量表(CSSMSS)、流调中心用抑郁量表(CES-D)对332名留守初中生进行问卷测量。结果:(1)留守初中生的自我表露与自我概念清晰性呈显著正相关(r=0.33,P0.01),与抑郁呈显著负相关(r=-0.21,P0.01);留守初中生的自我概念清晰性与消极应对方式和抑郁均呈显著负相关(r=-0.24,P0.01;r=-0.40,P0.01);(2)留守初中生的自我表露通过两条中介间接预测其抑郁水平:自我概念清晰性的中介作用、自我概念清晰性和消极应对方式的链式中介作用。结论:留守初中生的自我概念清晰性和消极应对方式在自我表露和抑郁间具有链式中介效应。     

高中生心理虐待与孤独感及自我隐瞒的中介作用

目的:探讨高中生心理虐待与孤独感的关系,并考察自我隐瞒的中介作用。方法:选取黑龙江省5所高中672例高中生[男302例,女370例;平均年龄(17±1)岁],采用儿童心理虐待量表(CPAS)、自我隐瞒量表(SCS)和中学生孤独感量表(CLS)分别测量心理虐待、自我隐瞒及孤独感水平。结果:男生在恐吓、忽视、纵容维度得分高于女生[1.4(0.0,5.0)vs.1.3(0.0,4.0),P0.01;1.1(0.0,4.3)vs.1.0(0.0,3.3),P0.01;1.0(0.0,5.0)vs.0.5(0.0,5.0),P0.01];心理虐待既能直接预测孤独感(β=0.28,P0.05),又能通过自我隐瞒间接预测孤独感(β=0.13,P0.05),中介效应占总效应的比例为31.9%。结论:自我隐瞒在心理虐待和孤独感之间起到部分中介作用。     

社交网站自我呈现对社会幸福感的影响:社会支持与孤独感的链式中介作用

目的:探讨社交网站自我呈现、社会支持、孤独感和社会幸福感的关系,了解社会幸福感形成的内在机制。方法:采用社交网站自我呈现问卷、社会支持量表、孤独感量表、社会幸福感量表对505名大学生进行调查。结果:①社交网站积极自我呈现、社会支持和社会幸福感两两之间均呈显著正相关(r=0.108,0.391,0.433;P0.05),社交网站真实自我呈现、社会支持和社会幸福感两两之间也呈显著正相关(r=0.226,0.371,0.433;P0.05),而社会支持、社会幸福感和孤独感显著负相关(r=-0.407,-0.381;P0.01);②社交网站积极自我呈现和真实自我呈现均可以直接影响社会幸福感(β=0.92,1.18;P0.001),还可以通过社会支持的中介作用以及社会支持和孤独感的链式中介作用两条间接路径对社会幸福感产生影响,且社交网站真实自我呈现还可通过第三条间接路径即孤独感的独立中介作用对社会幸福感产生影响(β=0.17;P0.05)。结论:社交网站自我呈现对社会幸福感有重要影响,社会支持和孤独感在两者之间起独立中介作用和链式中介作用。     

大学生网络关系成瘾、自我表露和孤独感的关系

目的:考察网络关系成瘾、自我表露和孤独感的关系。方法:使用大学生网络成瘾类型问卷、自我表露问卷和孤独感问卷对460名大学生进行测量。结果:①学业自我表露、身体自我表露和网络关系成瘾在性别上存在显著差异(P<0.001)。②学业自我表露、身体自我表露与网络关系成瘾显著负相关,孤独感与网络关系成瘾显著正相关。③自我表露影响孤独感,进而影响网络关系成瘾。结论:孤独感在自我表露和网络关系成瘾之间具有完全中介效应。     

大学生家庭亲密度与孤独感:应对方式的中介效应

目的:研究应对方式在大学生家庭亲密度与孤独感之间的中介作用。方法:采用简易应对方式量表(SCSQ)、家庭亲密度和适应性量表(FACESⅡ-CV)、孤独量表(UCLA)对菏泽学院500名在校大学生进行问卷调查。结果:①大学生孤独感状况不容乐观,孤独感总得分为(42.12±8.291)分,高分组占64.1%,中间组占20.1%,低分组占15.8%;②大学生家庭亲密度与孤独感显著负相关(r=-0.423,P0.001)、与消极应对方式显著负相关(r=-0.137,P0.01),大学生家庭亲密度与积极应对方式显著正相关(r=0.470,P0.001);③应对方式在大学生家庭亲密度、孤独感之间起着部分中介效应,积极应对方式解释量为29.66%、消极应对方式解释量为2.947%。结论:家庭亲密度对孤独感产生显著影响,其中家庭亲密度对孤独感的预测是部分通过应对方式来完成的。     

大学生应对方式、自我效能感与主观幸福感的关系

目的:探讨大学生的应对方式、自我效能感与主观幸福感之间的关系,为进一步开展大学生心理健康教育提供依据。方法:应用简易应对方式量表、一般自我效能感量表和总体幸福感量表对随机抽取的487名大学生进行测评。结果:大学生总体幸福感和自我效能感均处于中等偏上水平,应对方式以积极应对为主。自我效能感水平越高的大学生积极应对方式得分也越高(F=27.487,P0.01),积极应对方式与大学生总体幸福感之间呈正相关(r=0.290,P0.05),自我效能感水平越高的大学生总体幸福感也越高(F=15.395,P0.01)。结论:大学生的自我效能感和应对方式对主观幸福感有显著影响作用,积极的应对方式,可提高大学生的自我效能感,从而有效地提升其主观幸福感水平。     

硕士生的自我接纳与特质焦虑:特质应对方式的中介作用

目的:探讨硕士生特质应对方式在自我接纳与特质焦虑之间的中介作用。方法:选取1040名硕士生,采用自我接纳量表(SAQ)、特质应对方式问卷(TCSQ)和特质焦虑问卷(T-AI)评估其自我接纳、特质应对方式与特质焦虑。结果:(1)女生在消极应对方式方面的得分高于男生(t=-2.60,P0.05),城市学生自我接纳得分高于农村学生(t=-2.37,P0.05);(2)自我接纳得分与消极应对方式得分呈负相关(r=-0.57,P0.001),与积极应对方式呈正相关(r=0.50,P0.001);特质焦虑得分与自我接纳(r=-0.61,P0.001)、积极应对方式(r=-0.49,P0.001)呈负相关,与消极应对方式呈正相关(r=0.58,P0.001);(3)自我接纳直接预测特质焦虑(β=-0.61,P0.001),又通过消极应对方式间接预测特质焦虑(β=0.34,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的31.8%;又通过积极应对方式间接预测抑郁(β=-0.25,P0.001),中介效应占总效应的20.5%。结论:硕士生特质焦虑与自我接纳、特质应对方式密切相关,特质应对方式在自我接纳与特质焦虑之间起中介作用。     

老年人自我效能感-保护因素和非保护因素的影响

目的:探讨生活满意度、孤独感、神经质、积极应对方式、消极应对方式对自我效能感的预测。方法:在社区向老人发放、并回收167份问卷,采用生活满意度问卷、孤独感量表、神经质量表、简易应对方式问卷对老年人的相关特征进行测量。结果:生活满意度(β=0.300,P0.01)、孤独感(β=-0.236,P0.01)、神经质(β=-0.156,P0.05)、积极应对方式(β=0.218,P0.01)、消极应对方式(β=0.218,P0.01)可以显著预测自我效能感。逐步回归显示,生活满意度对自我效能感的预测力最大(R~2=0.20)。结论:自我效能感可以被保护因素和危险因素所预测。     

高中生自我隐瞒及其与自我和谐的关系

目的:考察高中生自我隐瞒及其与自我和谐的关系.方法:采用自我隐瞒量表、自我和谐量表对326名高中生进行测量,用描述性统计分析、相关分析、回归分析对数据进行分析.结果:高中生的自我隐瞒总均分为(25.63±7.37),男女生差异显著(P<0.05),年级、独生非独生差异不显著(P>0.05).回归分析显示,自我不和谐和刻板性两个分量表能有效预测自我隐瞒(β=0.392、0.207),可解释总变异的26.7%.结论:高中生自我隐瞒与自我和谐密切相关.     

Atherosclerosis, and Newton, Poiseuille, Reynolds and Prandtl

Atherosclerotic fibrous plaques typically manifest at inlets of branches and in expansions etc. of large elastic arteries. A resting man with a surface area of 1.78 m(2)produces energy at a rate of 100 W (86 kcal/h), mainly by core organs. Core blood heat is convected to arterial walls and conducted through tissues to be lost from body surfaces. High losses are compensated by an increase in the basal metabolic rate, and vice versa. In laminar flow, the fluid-tube wall heat transfer coefficient is higher close to tube inlets than downstream. Unless lipoprotein etc. suspects are exceptions from the rule that an increase in temperature speeds up chemical reactions, transfer of core heat may contribute to plaque localization. In laminar flow, heat transfer is little influenced by viscosity. Hence correlations between blood viscosity and cardiovascular disease (CVD) may reside in other mechanisms: viscosity limits flow relatively more in small than in large arteries, and viscosity-linked thixotropic properties of blood increase resistance to flow in capillaries and postcapillary venules (exchange vessels). The exchange vessels of large arteries belong to the vasa vasorum, in which reduction of flow induces diffuse parent artery wall changes found also in plaques. Correlations between blood viscosity and peripheral symptoms of CVD may be explained by reduced flow in vascular loops of symptomatic organs, even if maximum flow is limited by upstream plaques. Physiological differences in the type of blood flow and in blood-tissue exchange between vessels of different size may shed light on apparent paradoxes in research on CVD.     

Force-, power-, and elasticity-velocity relationships in walking,running, and jumping

Summary Ground reaction forces and mechanical power were investigated when the subjects walked normally, while they were racing or running at four speeds, and when they performed the running long jump take-off. In addition, the apparent spring constants of the support leg in eccentric and concentric phases were investigated at the four running speeds, during the running long jump take-off, and in the triple jump. Six club level track and field athletes, four national level long jumpers, and six national level triple jumpers took part in the study. Cinematographic technique and a mathematical model of hopping (Alexander and Vernon 1975) were employed in the analysis. Force and power values were found to vary in the following order (from highest to lowest): long jump take-off, maximal running speed, submaximal running (80, 60, and 40% of maximum speed), racing gait, and normal gait. The data disclosed that the measured parameters had the highest values in the long jump take-off performed by the long jump athletes. Their peak values were: resultant ground reaction force 3270±74 N and mechanical power 160.1±10.5 J×kg^–1×s^–1. For the track and field athletes the values were 2010±80 N and 126.0±12.6 J ×kg^–1×s^–1. The apparent spring constant values of the support leg in the national level jumper group were in eccentric phase 30.54±8.38 N×mm^–1 ×kg^–1 and in concentric phase 0.129±0.012 N×mm^–1×kg^–1. In the track and field athletes the values were 13.97±1.01 N×mm^–1×kg^–1 and 0.093±0.003 N×mm^–1×kg^–1, respectively. In general, the increase in force and mechanical power output was related to the value of the apparent spring constant of the support leg in the eccentric phase. The spring constant in the eccentric phase increased with the velocity of motion in running, the long jump take-off and the triple jump. This suggests that it may be possible to use this parameter as a measure of mechanical performance, as it may reflect the combined elasticity of muscles, tendons, and bones.     

Children,Technology, Problems,and Preferences

Increasingly, young people are using various forms of technology in the service of communicating with others, and many have noted the possibility of various dire consequences of this phenomenon, including sexting, cyberbullying, online harassment, and Internet addiction. In our own survey of over 300 adolescents, we found that texting and face‐to‐face communication were considered the most “convenient” forms of communication, while face‐to‐face communication and phone conversations were perceived as most likely to lead to “feeling understood” and “feeling intimate.” Face‐to‐face communication and texting were perceived as most likely to result in feeling regret for sharing too much information. By choosing to communicate through technology, many young people, including our patients, can continue to be social and, at the same time, keep a somewhat safer emotional distance.     

Effects of nicotine and caffeine, separately and in combination, on EEG topography, mood, heart rate, cortisol, and vigilance

Effects of nicotine and caffeine, separately and in combination, were assessed in 12 male habitual smokers in a repeated-measures design. Caffeine (0-mg vs. two 150-mg doses administered in a decaffeinated/sugar-free cola drink post-baseline and 90 min later) was crossed with nicotine (ad libitum own dosing vs. 1.0-mg machine-delivered dose vs. 0.05-mg machine-delivered dose). Participants smoked a total of five cigarettes at 30-min intervals over a 2-hr period. Caffeine and nicotine had large effect sizes on electroencephalogram (EEG) power; however, these effects were modulated by the eyes open versus closed condition, the other drug, and electrode site. EEG effects of open versus closed eyes tended to be of the same size and direction as those of nicotine and caffeine. However, whereas nicotine increased EEG power in some higher frequency bands in some conditions, caffeine decreased EEG power across almost all conditions. Serum cortisol concentration, vigor, and pleasantness were increased by nicotine, but not by caffeine. Level of depressive mood depended on an interaction of caffeine and nicotine. Vigilance performance was enhanced significantly by caffeine and was increased almost significantly by nicotine. The findings were interpreted in terms of common and differential mechanisms of the two drugs.     

Lipids,inflammasomes, metabolism,and disease

Inflammasomes are multi-protein complexes that regulate the cleavage of cysteine protease caspase-1, secretion of inflammatory cytokines, and induction of inflammatory cell death, pyroptosis. Several members of the nod-like receptor family assemble inflammasome in response to specific ligands. An exception to this is the NLRP3 inflammasome which is activated by structurally diverse entities. Recent studies have suggested that NLRP3 might be a sensor of cellular homeostasis, and any perturbation in distinct metabolic pathways results in the activation of this inflammasome. Lipid metabolism is exceedingly important in maintaining cellular homeostasis, and it is recognized that cells and tissues undergo extensive lipid remodeling during activation and disease. Some lipids are involved in instigating chronic inflammatory diseases, and new studies have highlighted critical upstream roles for lipids, particularly cholesterol, in regulating inflammasome activation implying key functions for inflammasomes in diseases with defective lipid metabolism. The focus of this review is to highlight how lipids regulate inflammasome activation and how this leads to the progression of inflammatory diseases. The key roles of cholesterol metabolism in the activation of inflammasomes have been comprehensively discussed. Besides, the roles of oxysterols, fatty acids, phospholipids, and lipid second messengers are also summarized in the context of inflammasomes. The overriding theme is that lipid metabolism has numerous but complex functions in inflammasome activation. A detailed understanding of this area will help us develop therapeutic interventions for diseases where dysregulated lipid metabolism is the underlying cause.     

Classification, identification, and clinical significance of Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella

This review presents the current taxonomy of the genera Proteus, Providencia, and Morganella, along with the current methods for the identification of each species within the three genera, incorporating both conventional biochemical and commercial methods. While all of these organisms are ubiquitous in the environment, individual case reports and nosocomial outbreak reports that demonstrate their ability to cause major infectious disease problems are presented. Lastly, anticipated antimicrobial susceptibility patterns are reviewed. Many of these organisms are easily controlled, but the advent of newer and more powerful antimicrobial agents has led to some problems of which laboratorians need to be aware.