胆囊切除术后胆漏的处理体会

目的：探讨胆囊切除术后胆漏的治疗方法。方法：回顾总结近10年来47例胆囊切除术后胆漏的处理经验。结果：47例胆漏中,保守治疗治愈37例,手术治疗治愈9例,死亡1例。结论：胆囊切除术后胆漏可以经过保守治疗和再次手术治愈,通畅的腹腔引流是减少并发症和降低病死率的关键。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后并发胆漏11例分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后并发胆漏的原因、治疗原则及如何降低腹腔镜胆囊切除术后并发胆漏。方法总结并回顾分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发胆漏11例患者的临床资料。结果根据胆漏的原因及胆漏量决定治疗方案,所有患者经保守治疗或再次手术治疗均治愈。结论术中应注意解剖变异、操作仔细;术后及时缜密的观察、护理和采取针对性的治疗方法可减少胆漏的发生及避免胆漏后引起严重的并发症。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏5例分析

目的探讨临床良性胆囊疾病应用腹腔镜胆囊切除术后发生胆漏的原因及预防措施。方法回顾性分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术并发胆漏的5例患者的临床资料。结果 5例胆漏中1例在术后24 h内发现,为胆囊管残端钛夹脱落;4例在术后48 h以后发现,其原因为胆囊床毛细胆管渗漏、迷走胆管损伤、肝外胆管锐性损伤和胆总管热损伤。所有患者经保守治疗或再次手术治疗均治愈。结论术前准确判断病情、把握手术时机、术中操作规范、注意解剖变异、术后缜密观察和及时对症治疗是防治LC术后胆漏和改善预后的重要措施。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的处理

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术（Laparoscopic Cholecystectomy,LC）术后胆漏的各种处理方式。方法回顾性分析我院2000年2月-2005年5月施行的LC3868例。结果术后发生胆漏22例,胆漏发生率为0.56%。所有胆漏患者经保守治疗、再次腹腔镜探查置管、内镜治疗和腹腔引流管充分引流后造影拔管治疗。结论非主胆道损伤所引起的胆漏多可经非开腹手术治疗而治愈。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的原因及对策

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的原因、预防方法及处理措施。方法对 12 0 0 0例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后 34例明确病因的胆漏患者的临床资料进行回顾性分析。结果本组患者胆总管横断损伤 6例 ,经胆总管空肠Roux en Y吻合术治愈 ;胆囊管残端钛夹脱落 3例 ,经重新结扎胆囊管残端治愈 ;胆总管及右肝管侧壁损伤 7例 ,经胆总管修补、“T”管支持引流治愈 ;2 1例迷走胆管或副肝管损伤均经保守治疗治愈 ;3例患者出现膈下脓肿 ,经理疗、多次B超导向下穿剌抽液治愈 ;1例胆总管空肠Roux en Y吻合术后出现胆肠吻合口狭窄 ,再手术治愈。结论肝外胆管、迷走胆管损伤及胆囊管残端钛夹脱落是腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的主要原因 ,建立通畅的腹腔引流 ,行胆总管修补、“T”管支持引流或胆肠吻合是治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏、预防并发症出现的主要方法。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后早期肠梗阻的治疗

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后早期肠梗阻的特点及治疗原则。方法回顾性分析我院1996年~2005年收治的腹腔镜胆囊切除术后早期肠梗阻5例的临床资料。结果本组5例经胃肠减压、抗感染、应用生长抑素等治疗后均治愈。平均治疗时间6.6 d。无肠坏死发生。结论腹腔镜胆囊切除术后早期肠梗阻临床少见,除外胆漏、套管孔疝等情况,保守治疗效果明显,可避免再次手术。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的诊治体会(附34例报告)

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopic cholecystectomy,LC)后胆漏的原因及诊治措施。方法:回顾分析2000年2月至2012年2月LC术后34例患者发生胆漏的临床资料。结果:开腹手术治疗3例,B超引导下穿刺引流6例(引流管引流不畅所致),保守治疗25例。患者治疗后均痊愈,无胆管狭窄、胆管炎、再次胆漏及腹腔脓肿等严重并发症发生。结论:术前严格掌握手术适应证,术中精细解剖胆囊三角,以减少术后胆漏的发生;术中胆囊三角解剖不清时,放置引流是必须的。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的临床分析

目的探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏发生的原因及诊治方法。方法对16例腹腔镜胆囊切除术后发生胆漏患者分别采用保守治疗、胆囊管重新缝扎术、胆管侧壁漏修补术、胆管T管引流术及胆囊床放置引流管。回顾性分析患者的临床资料。结果经相应治疗后,全部患者均获治愈。出院后随访6个月,患者恢复良好。彩超复查无异常发现。结论术后胆漏是腹腔镜胆囊切除术的严重并发症之一。早期发现、及时确诊、保持通畅的腹腔引流、修复胆管漏口或胆管T管引流是治疗腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏的主要方法。严格掌握LC手术适应证、把握好中转开腹手术的时机、加强腹腔镜医师规范化培训、规范手术操作等,均有利于减少胆漏的发生。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术胆管损伤及术后胆漏的临床分析

目的 分析腹腔镜胆囊切除术后胆漏及胆管损伤的原因、治疗方法及预后。方法 总结1999年1月～2005年7月7例腹腔镜术后胆漏及胆管损伤的患者，进行回顾性分析。结果 7例患者中2例迷走胆管漏，1例经腹腔引流后治愈，1例经B超引导穿刺引流后治愈；胆囊管残端漏1例，再次手术缝扎，胆总管探查取石放置T型管引流后治愈，肝总管损伤漏2例，1例用3-0可吸收线间断缝合，放置腹腔引流治愈，1例剖腹手术修补漏口，放置T型管支撑6个月；胆总管横断2例剖腹行胆总管端端吻合放置T管支撑6-7个月。术后随访1～3年，均恢复良好。结论 腹腔镜胆囊切除术后的胆漏及胆管损伤，应及时发现，正确处理。     

急性胆囊炎的腹腔镜手术技巧

目的:探讨腹腔镜胆囊切除术(laparoscopy cholecystectomy,LC)治疗急性胆囊炎的安全性和手术技巧.方法:回顾分析1992至2002年间我院收治的急性胆囊炎行LC手术823例.结果:本组病例共中转开腹76例,术后出血2例,术后漏胆4例,经保守或再次手术治愈.结论:腹腔镜胆囊切除术治疗急性胆囊炎是安全的,提高手术技巧有利于降低中转开腹率和减少并发症.     

A prospective study of bile leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy

Since laparoscopic cholecystectomy rapidly became the gold standard, there is an increased morbidity of 1% to 3% for clinically significant bile leaks with this procedure, as compared with open cholecystectomy (<1%). The identification of subclinical bile leaks using cholescintigraphy occurs in the range from 31.4% to 40% after elective open cholecystectomy. At this writing, no studies exist that document the rate of subclinical bile leaks after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. In this study, 71 patients were evaluated using cholescintigraphy after elective laparoscopic cholecystectomy. This study represents the first prospective look at the rate of subclinical bile leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in elective cases, and the findings show an overall incidence of 7.3%, as compared with historical reports of 30% to 44% for open cholecystectomy.     

单纯胆囊切除后胆漏12例分析

目的 探讨单纯胆囊切除术后并发胆漏的原因及治疗原则。方法 对1992年1月－1999年12月行开腹单纯胆囊切除1516例中，术后并发胆漏的12例临床资料总结分析。结果 胆漏发生率0．79％，胆漏原因：肝外胆管损伤2例，胆囊术肝面伤7例，胆囊管残端漏、胆总管穿刺伤及胆囊粘膜残留各1例。非手术治疗10例，再手术2例，均治愈。结论 胆漏的发生与解剖、病理及手术有关，手术失误是胆漏的主要原因，根据胆漏的原因及漏量选择治疗方案。     

腹腔镜胆囊切除术中右副肝管及右肝管损伤的预防及处理

目的 总结腹腔镜胆囊切除术中防治右副肝管及右肝管损伤的经验. 方法回顾性分析21例腹腔镜胆囊切除术右副肝管或左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管病例资料.结果 通过术中解剖肝门及胆道造影相结合的方法,21例病例中发现右副肝管18例(I-V型),左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管3例(Ⅵ型).其中,18例具有右副肝管病例中,术中发现11例,保留副肝管未做处理3例;夹闭7例,术后皆无胆漏;术中缝合1例,术后出现胆漏,保守治疗成功.损伤右副肝管7例,2例术中夹闭损伤肝管;2例中转开腹端端吻合损伤肝管;3例术后出现胆漏,二次腹腔镜探查证实右副肝管夹闭损伤.3例左右肝管低位汇合、胆囊管汇入右肝管病例,其中术中发现2例;损伤1例,中转开腹行右肝管端端吻合.21例随访2年,皆无腹痛、黄疸、肝功能不良.结论 为防止在腹腔镜胆囊切除术中损伤右肝管及右副肝管,应熟悉胆管变异的各种类型、正确解剖胆囊三角、合理应用术中胆道造影、困难病例术后放置腹腔引流管及术后剖视胆囊等多种方法相结合.不同类型的胆道损伤处理上应分别对待.     

胆囊切除术后胆瘘的处理体会

本文报告７例胆囊切除术后胆瘘，根据具体情况选择治疗方法：其中保守治疗４例，治愈２例，失败２例；再手术治疗４例均治愈；内镜乳头括约肌切开术治疗１例治愈。作者认为；保守治疗治愈率不高，时间长；再手术治疗愈较高，但手术较困难、危险性高，易导致副损伤的发生；内镜治疗具有创伤小侵入外科并发症少，治愈率高等优点，可作为术后胆瘘的首选治疗方法，值得进一步推广应用。     

Bile leaks after simple cholecystectomy

Drains after cholecystectomy are used commonly to avoid biliary leaks and subsequent peritonitis. Thirty-five patients who had had cholecystectomy without drainage underwent 99mTc-labelled dimethylphenylcarbamoylmethyliminodiacetic acid (HIDA) and ultrasound scans the morning after surgery. Biliary leaks detected by positive HIDA scans occurred in 11 patients. Subhepatic fluid collections were seen on 20 ultrasound scans. There was no relation between biliary leaks and subhepatic collections. Many of the collections were not seen on the HIDA scan, suggesting that they contained blood and not bile. Many of the patients with bile leaks showed no fluid collection. Clinical complications were few and evenly distributed between those with positive and negative scans. We conclude that bile leaks are not an occasional event but occur after 31 per cent of undrained cholecystectomies and that these bile leaks remain clinically unimportant.     

A prospective study of bile leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis

Surgeons are increasingly performing laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the setting of acute cholecystitis. The acutely inflamed gallbladder poses a more technically demanding dissection with potential for an increase in bile leak rates. Clinical and subclinical bile leak rates after laparoscopic and open cholecystectomy in the elective setting are known. This study prospectively evaluates the rate of clinical and subclinical bile leaks after laparoscopic cholecystectomy in the setting of acute cholecystitis. One hundred patients underwent laparoscopic cholecystectomy for acute cholecystitis, as determined intraoperatively and by history, ultrasound, fever, or leukocytosis. On postoperative Day 1, the patients underwent cholescintigraphy (PIPIDA scan) analyzed by a board-certified radiologist for evidence of bile leaks. Postoperative cholescintigraphy revealed eight scans positive for bile leaks. Regardless of scan result, no patient experienced a clinically symptomatic bile leak. Laparoscopic cholecystectomy is a safe and effective treatment for acute cholecystitis with acceptable clinical and subclinical bile leak rates.     

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目的　探讨胆道手术后发生胆漏的原因及其预防与治疗方法。方法　对浙江省平湖市中医院 1994~2003年间胆道术后发生胆漏的 28例临床资料作回顾性分析。结果　术后发生胆漏的原因为肝床毛细胆管或细小副肝管损伤 15例,胆总管癌切开探查后胆漏 1例,胆囊管残端漏 1例,T管早期滑脱或拔T管后胆漏 10例,T管引流术后护理不当 1例。保守治疗 21例(75% ),再手术 7例 (25% ),除 1例胆管癌晚期自动出院外其余均痊愈出院。结论　胆漏多发生于胆囊切除术、胆道手术及拔T管后,主要原因与肝床毛细胆管或细小副肝管损伤、局部炎症和操作不当等有关。胆漏发生后应根据腹膜炎的轻重,有无胆道梗阻以及腹腔引流是否通畅等选择保守治疗或再手术治疗。     

7 小儿胆石症的诊断与治疗

目的探讨小儿胆石症的病因、诊断及治疗方法。方法分析22例小儿胆石症的临床资料,20例行手术治疗,2例行非手术治疗。14例行胆囊切除术(其中8例行腹腔镜胆囊切除术),3例行胆总管切开取石、T管引流术,2例行胆囊切除、胆总管探查、T管引流术,1例行胆总管囊肿切除、肝总管空肠Roux-en-Y吻合术。结果18例经手术治疗后症状消失,术后1例出现胆瘘,经引流后痊愈,1例右肝管内结石残留。18例(81.8%)得到随访,4例失访。随访5个月至7年,患儿生长发育正常,3例偶有腹痛、腹胀,1例行二次胆总管切开取石术,术后恢复顺利。行非手术治疗的2例病人经保守治疗后近期症状缓解,其中1例症状反复发作。结论对有腹痛者首选B超检查,对有胆总管扩张或黄疸的患儿结合CT检查可提高正确诊断率;症状明显的胆石症应早期手术治疗;腹腔镜可作为胆囊切除的首选治疗方法。     

Bile leaks from the duct of Luschka (subvesical duct): a review

Background Gallstone disease remains the most common disease of the digestive system in Western societies and laparoscopic cholecystectomy one of the most common surgical procedures performed. Bile leaks remain a significant cause of morbidity for patients undergoing this procedure. These occur in 0.2–2% of cases. The bile ducts of Luschka, or subvesical ducts, are small ducts which originate from the right hepatic lobe, course along the gallbladder fossa, and usually drain in the extrahepatic bile ducts. Injuries to these ducts are the second most frequent cause of postcholecystectomy bile leaks.Methods A literature search using MEDLINE’s Medical Subject Heading terms was used to identify recent articles. Cross-references from these articles were also used.Results Subvesical bile duct leaks can be detected by drip-infusion cholangiography using computed tomography preoperatively, direct visualization or cholangiography intraoperatively, and fistulography, endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP), and magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography with intravenous contrast postoperatively. ERCP is the most common diagnostic method used. Most patients with subvesical duct leaks are symptomatic, and most leaks will be detected postoperatively during the first postoperative week. Drainage of extravasated bile is mandatory in all cases. Reduction of intrabiliary pressure with endoscopic sphincterotomy and stent placement will lead to preferential flow of bile through the papilla, thus permitting subvesical duct injuries to heal. This is the most common treatment modality used. In a minority of patients, relaparoscopy is performed. In such cases, the leaking subvesical duct is visualized directly, and ligation usually is sufficient treatment. Simple drainage is adequate treatment for a small number of asymptomatic patients with low-volume leaks.Conclusions Subvesical duct leaks occur after cholecystectomy regardless of gallbladder pathology or urgency of operation. They have been encountered more frequently in the era of laparoscopic cholecystectomy. Intraoperative cholangiography does not detect all such leaks. Staying close to the gallbladder wall during its removal from the fossa is the only known prophylactic measure. ERCP and stent placement are the most common effective diagnostic and therapeutic methods used. Intraoperative and perioperative adjunctive measures, such as fibrin glue instillation and pharmacologic relaxation of the sphincter of Oddi, can potentially be used in lowering the incidence of subvesical bile leaks.