后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌

目的:探讨后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的疗效.方法:对7例上尿路移行细胞癌患者行后腹腔镜下肾脏切除术,经同侧下腹斜切口切除输尿管肿瘤或下段输尿管并行膀胱袖套状切除,完整取出切除的肾输尿管标本.术后常规卡介苗膀胱灌注.结果:手术时间210～240 min;术中出血量80～200 ml;术后8 d出院,无严重并发症发生.随访0.5～1.5年,1例肿瘤局部复发伴肝脏转移,其余无复发.结论:后腹腔镜肾输尿管全切并膀胱袖套状切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌,是一种安全有效的术式,具有痛苦小、并发症少及患者恢复快等优点.     

腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术及膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌

目的:评价腹腔镜经腹腔径路行肾输尿管全长切除术及膀胱袖状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的有效性及安全性。方法:对6例上尿路移行细胞癌患者行腹腔镜经腹腔径路肾切除术,经同侧下腹斜切口、袖状切除输尿管并完整取出标本。结果:6例手术均获成功,无中转开放手术,手术时间200～320min,平均250min,术中出血100～300ml,均未输血,住院8～12d,平均9d,术后常规膀胱灌注丝裂霉素,随访2～14个月,均无复发或转移。结论:腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术是治疗上尿路移行细胞癌安全有效的微创手术,具有痛苦小、康复快等优点。     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma.

OBJECTIVE: We report our experience with hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (HALN) for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma and compare our results with a contemporary series of open nephroureterectomy (ON) performed at our institution. METHODS: Between August 1996 and May 2003, 90 patients underwent nephroureterectomy for upper-tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC). Thirty-eight patients underwent HALN, while 52 had an ON. End-points of comparison included operative time, estimated blood loss (EBL), intraoperative and postoperative complications, length of hospital stay, pathologic grade and stage of tumor, and tumor recurrence. RESULTS: The mean patient age was 72.3 and 70.6 years in the ON and HALN groups, respectively. Mean operative duration was 243 minutes (ON) and 244 minutes (HALN), with an EBL of 478mL in the open group versus 191 mL in the hand-assisted group (P<0.001). No intraoperative complications occurred, but postoperative complications occurred in 4% and 11% of the ON and HALN groups, respectively (P=0.21). The mean hospital duration was 7.1 days (ON) versus 4.6 days (HALN) (P<0.01). No difference existed in the pathologic grade or stage distribution of urothelial tumors between the 2 groups. The mean follow-up was 51.0 months in the ON group and 31.7 months in the HALN group. Recurrence of urothelial carcinoma occurred in 50% of patients who underwent ON and 40% treated by HALN (P=0.38) at a median interval of 9.1 and 7.7 months, respectively, after surgery. CONCLUSION: Hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy is an effective modality for the treatment of upper urinary tract urothelial carcinoma. Patients benefited from less intraoperative blood loss and a shorter hospitalization with an equivalent intermediate-term oncologic outcome compared with that of the open approach.     

腹腔镜与开放手术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的对比研究

目的　评价联合尿道电切镜、腹膜后镜行肾输尿管切除术的临床效果。　方法　肾盂输尿管癌患者 4 4例 ,采用联合尿道电切镜、腹腔后镜行肾输尿管切除术 15例 (A组 ) ,开放性肾输尿管切除术 2 9例 (B组 )。对两组的临床疗效、术后恢复、费用及并发症等进行对比研究。　结果　A组术中出血量 (75 .1± 2 9.5 )ml、术后 (2 4 .1± 12 .6 )h肠功能恢复、(2 4 .3± 10 .5 )h下床活动、应用止痛药(3.0± 0 .8)d、静脉应用抗生素 (7.2± 3.1)d、术后住院 (6 .3± 1.2 )d、(2 8.0± 7.8)d恢复正常工作 ,明显优于B组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P <0 .0 1或P <0 .0 5 )。B组手术时间、手术治疗费用、住院总费用优于A组 ,差异有显著性意义 (P均 <0 .0 1)。A组并发症明显少于B组。两组随访 14～ 36个月 ,均未见肿瘤复发。　结论　联合尿道电切镜、腹膜后镜肾输尿管切除术与开放手术相比 ,疗效相当 ,创伤小、痛苦少、术后恢复快、并发症少 ,费用较高。     

Long-term oncologic outcome after laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To assess the long-term oncologic efficacy of laparoscopic radical nephroureterectomy (RNU). METHODS: Between August 1993 and May 2001, 39 patients underwent laparoscopic RNU for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) at our institution. The medical records of these patients were retrospectively reviewed. RESULTS: Clinical outcomes were available in all 39 patients with an actual follow-up ranging from 60 to 148 mo (median: 74). During this time 27 patients (69%) developed at least one TCC recurrence. Eighteen patients had urothelial recurrences, and 9 patients had nonurothelial recurrences. Of these latter patients, 2 patients (5%) had local recurrences. No patient developed a port site metastasis. Eleven patients ultimately had disease progression and died from TCC 7-59 mo (median: 31) after the operation. On statistical analysis, tumor stage was the only factor significantly associated with death from the disease, and tumor location (ureter) was the only factor significantly associated with disease recurrence. CONCLUSIONS: The long-term overall and disease-specific survival rates after laparoscopic RNU for upper tract TCC are well within the range of results reported after open surgery. Thus, the results of the present study support the continued development of laparoscopic techniques in the management of this aggressive disease.     

Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma: comparison of laparoscopic and open surgery

OBJECTIVES: We made a comparative study of laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNU) and standard open surgery (ONU) for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma. METHODS AND METHODS: From July 2000 to February 2005, 49 patients underwent total nephroureterectomy for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma at Osaka University Medical Hospital. Of the 49 patients, twenty-five were treated with LNU, and twenty-four with ONU. Each group of cases was reviewed with respect to operative time, complications and postoperative convalescence. RESULTS: The average operative time of the LNU and ONU group was 305.9 min (range 190-480) and 271.2 min (range 135-480) respectively, and the average blood loss was 321.5 ml (80-1370) and 557.7 ml (range 100-1730), respectively. The average time until ambulation after LNU and ONU was 2.2 days (range 1-3) and 4.0 days (range 3-5), respectively. No major postoperative complications were observed in either group. CONCLUSION: ONU still represents the gold standard for the management of upper tract transitional cell carcinoma; however, for low stage cases, LNU offers the advantages of minimally invasive surgery.     

手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术(附9例报告)

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术的手术技术。方法：采用手助腹腔镜对9例肾盂及输尿管肿瘤患者行肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术,其中肾盂癌5例,输尿管癌4例;男7例,女2例;年龄45～68岁,平均53．5岁。结果：9例手术均成功实施,术后病理检查证实为移行细胞癌。手术时问为150～210min,平均190min,出血量50～200ml,平均150ml。术后恢复快,7～21天后出院,无明显并发症。对所有患者随访2～24个月,无肿瘤复发。结论：采用手助腹腔镜肾输尿管及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗肾盂及输尿管肿瘤具有手术时间短、安全、出血少、损伤小、患者术后恢复快、痛苦小、并发症少等优点。     

手助腹腔镜在上尿路移行细胞癌治疗中的应用

目的：探讨手助腹腔镜在肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖套状切除术中的应用价值。方法：采用手助腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长切除术，加膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞肿瘤7例(其中经腹腔途径5例，经腹膜后途径2例)。病理类型均为移行细胞癌(肾盂移行细胞癌5例，输尿管移行细胞癌1例，肾盂和输尿管多发性移行细胞癌1例)。结果：7例手助腹腔镜手术均获成功。手术时间50～150min，平均97．5min；术中出血50～300ml，平均111．4ml；术后住院时间7～53d。结论：采用手助腹腔镜行肾输尿管全长切除术加膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌，是一种可选择的新的手术方式，与开放手术相比，具有损伤小、出血少、术后恢复快等优点。     

经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下移植肾同侧原肾输尿管全长切除术2例报告（附视频）

目的探讨经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下移植肾同侧原肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾移植受者上尿路移行细胞癌的技术要点及临床效果。方法 2例肾移植术后移植肾同侧上尿路移行细胞癌患者,采用经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下操作方法切除移植肾同侧原肾及输尿管全长。通过腹腔镜切除的原肾及输尿管最终从下腹正中小切口完整取出。结果两例手术时间分别为180,120 min,术中出血量分别为80,20 mL;无术中、术后并发症,术后血红蛋白及血清肌酐无明显变化。术后随访6个月均未出现肿瘤复发及转移。结论经腹腔路径完全腹腔镜下肾输尿管全长切除术治疗肾移植后移植肾同侧上尿路移行细胞癌具有手术损伤小、患者痛苦少、术后恢复快等优点,是一种安全有效的微创治疗方法。     

非气腹手助腹腔镜肾盂癌根治术(附4例报告)

目的　探索非气腹手助腹腔镜肾、输尿管、部分膀胱切除术治疗肾盂癌的方法。　方法　自 2 0 0 1年 7月至 2 0 0 1年 11月使用自制非气腹装置实施非气腹手助腹腔镜治疗肾盂癌 4例。　结果　手术时间平均 170分钟 ,失血量 195ml。术后未使用镇痛剂 ,平均恢复进食时间 2 8天。术后随访 1～ 4个月 ,未见肿瘤复发。　结论　手助非气腹腹腔镜肾输尿管膀胱部分切除术治疗肾盂癌具有手术时间短、对病人心肺功能损害小、出血少、病人术后恢复快、操作简单易学等优点     

后腹腔镜联合应用膀胱电切镜行肾输尿管全切及膀胱袖套状切除术

目的:评价后腹腔镜联合膀胱电切镜行肾输尿管全切及膀胱袖套状切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的有效性及安全性。方法:对10例上尿路移行细胞癌患者行后腹腔镜联合膀胱电切镜行肾输尿管全切术,完整取出切除的肾输尿管标本。术后常规化疗药物膀胱灌注。结果:手术时间180~230m in;术中出血量80~200m l;术后8d出院,无严重并发症发生。随访2~24个月,无复发。结论:后腹腔镜联合膀胱电切镜行肾输尿管全切术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌,是一种安全有效的术式,具有痛苦小、并发症少及患者恢复快等优点。     

Oncological outcome of retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To report the oncological outcome of retroperitoneoscopic nephroureterectomy (RNU) with bladder cuff excision for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), and to compare the outcome with that of the traditional open nephroureterectomy (ONU). PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 2001, 48 patients with upper urinary tract TCC were enrolled in the study; 25 had RNU and 23 had ONU. Oncological parameters (disease-free survival and disease-specific survival) were calculated from the time of surgery to the date of last follow up and were analysed by the Kaplan-Meier method. RESULTS: Mean follow up was 24.3 months in the RNU group, significantly shorter than in the ONU group. Bladder recurrence was identified in two patients with grade 3 pathological stage pT3, one patient with grade 3 stage pT2 disease and two patients with grade 2 stage pT2 disease. Multiple organ metastases in the lung, liver and lymph nodes were associated with bladder recurrence in two cases (grade 2 stage pT3, and grade 3 stage pT3). The recurrence rate was 20% (5 of 25 cases) and mean time to recurrence was 9.5 months. In the ONU group, bladder recurrence and metastases developed in four and three patients, respectively. The recurrence rate was 17% (4 of 23 cases) and mean time to recurrence was 23.4 months. No significant difference was detected in the disease-free survival rate and cancer-specific survival rate between the two groups (P=0.759 and P=0.866, respectively). CONCLUSION: The oncological outcome of RNU appears to be equivalent to that of ONU. Moreover, long-term follow up is necessary to evaluate the oncological outcome in comparison to ONU.     

根治性切除治疗上尿路移行上皮癌

采用经腹行肾筋膜外肾、输尿管全长及膀胱壁袖状切除加腹膜后清扫的根治性切除术治疗上尿路移行细胞癌２５例，术后５～１２年存活２２例；术后３年内死亡３例，其中１例与原发病无关，另２例为继发膀胱癌或对侧肾盂癌，但无腹膜后局部复发的临床证据。认为本术的切除范围有利于预防肿瘤的局部复发。     

70°斜卧位腹腔镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌

目的 探讨70°斜卧位经腹入路腹腔镜治疗上尿路移行细胞癌的临床效果.方法 2004年5月至2007年1月联合尿道电切镜、70°斜卧位经腹入路腹腔镜肾输尿管切除治疗上尿路移行细胞癌(TCC)31例,同时采用钛夹夹闭输尿管或输尿管肿瘤两端,下腹斜形切口取出标本.结果 31例手术均成功,无术中转开放;平均手术时间140 min,平均出血量80 ml,平均住院时间8 d,无尿漏、肠瘘等并发症发生.结论 70°斜卧位经腹入路腹腔镜肾输尿管全长切除术具有手术操作空间大、肾蒂血管处理简单、手术风险小、创伤轻、术后恢复快等优点,值得临床推广应用;但其对肿瘤播散、复发等的影响还需要长期的观察随访.     

后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全切除术治疗低分化肾盂癌:与开放手术的比较

目的 通过与开放手术比较,评价后腹腔镜手术治疗低分化肾盂癌的临床应用价值.方法 肾盂癌患者33例,病理为肿瘤局限于肾脏(T1N0M0～T3N0M0),细胞分化3级.12例行后腹腔镜下肾输尿管全切联合下腹部小切口切除患侧输尿管口,21例行开放性肾盂癌根治术,比较2组的临床疗效.结果腹腔镜组和开放手术组的平均手术时间分别为(232±36)和(212±17)min(P=0.100),术中平均出血量分别为(162±64)和(233±51)ml(P=0.001),术后肠道恢复时间为(2.5±0.5)和(3.9±0.3)d(P＜0.001),术后平均住院时间为(7.6＜0.9)和(9.8±1.1)d(P＜0.001).术后随访7～67个月,腹腔镜组患者无肿瘤复发或转移;开放组患者中术后1年腹膜后复发1例,发生浅表性膀胱癌3例,无患者死亡.结论 后腹腔镜联合下腹部小切口的肾盂癌根治术能有效治疗肿瘤局限但细胞分化差的患者,且创伤小、患者恢复快.     

A one-port pneumovesicum method in en bloc laparoscopic nephroureterectomy with bladder cuff resection is feasible and safe for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma

Study Type – Therapy (case series) Level of Evidence 4

OBJECTIVE

? To introduce a modified method for managing the distal ureter in laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNU) for upper tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC) and to evaluate the feasibility and safety of this method.

PATIENTS AND METHODS

? Six consecutive patients underwent LNU using a one‐port pneumovesicum method for pathologically confirmed upper tract TCC. ? Each patient was placed on the operating table in the lithotomy position and the pneumovesicum method was applied with CO₂ insufflation. Dissection was performed circumferentially through the entire detrusor muscle to disconnect the ureter from the bladder wall. A 10‐mm trocar was placed into the bladder above the pubic bone. The distal ureter was occluded using a Hem‐o‐lok clip and pushed out of the bladder. Laparoscopic nephroureterectomy was then performed with the patient in the lateral position. ? After surgery, all six patients received systemic chemotherapy and follow‐up.

RESULTS

? All procedures were performed successfully. ? The median (range) operating time for the complete procedure was 105 (85–140) min, and the median (range) estimated blood loss was 125 (60–230) mL. ? Seven days after surgery, each patient underwent cystography, which confirmed no extravasation of urine. ? None of the patients developed bladder tumour recurrence or metastatic disease during follow‐up.

CONCLUSIONS

? The one‐port pneumovesicum method in LNU, which is applied to manage the distal ureter and bladder cuff, is technically feasible and safe. ? The method simplifies management of the distal ureter, reduces the invasiveness of the procedure and improves cosmesis.     

A comparison of the clinical outcome between open and hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma

OBJECTIVE: To report the surgical outcome of retroperitoneoscopic hand-assisted laparoscopic nephroureterectomy (LNU) with bladder cuff excision for upper urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), and to compare the outcome with that of the open procedure (ONU). PATIENTS AND METHODS: From January 1998 to January 2003, 145 patients with upper urinary tract TCC were enrolled in the study; 87 had ONU and 58 retroperitoneoscopic hand-assisted LNU. The specimens were reviewed by experienced pathologists to confirm the pathological stage. Operative duration, intraoperative blood loss, bowel recovery, analgesic use, hospital stay and time to convalescence were compared for both groups. The Mann-Whitney U-test and Fisher's exact test were used for statistical analysis. RESULTS The mean follow-up for ONU and LNU was 35.1 and 16.0 months, the mean operative duration 230.2 and 259.1 min (P = 0.006), the mean blood loss 747.3 and 408.9 mL (P < 0.001), the mean duration of Foley catheterization 6.8 and 5.1 days (P < 0.001), and the hospital stay 12.6 and 9.3 days (P < 0.001). The bladder recurrence rate 2 years after surgery was 9.1% for ONU and 8.6% for LNU (P = 0.23); the local recurrence rate during the follow-up was 3.4% and none, respectively (P = 0.35). CONCLUSION: Although LNU took longer than ONU the intraoperative bleeding and hospital stay were better than for ONU. Both procedures have statistically comparable bladder recurrence and local recurrence rates.     

预防肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌的手术方法研究

目的探讨预防。肾盂输尿管癌术后再发膀胱癌的手术方法。方法对156例单纯。肾盂癌、单纯输尿管癌中获随访的139例患者资料进行同顾性总结。肾盂癌78例。输尿管癌61例。肿瘤细胞分级：G1 19例，G2 88例，G3 32例。肿瘤分期：Ta—T1 38例，T2 80例，T3～T4 21例。肿瘤直径0．8—6．0cm。结果139例均行根治性。肾、输尿管及管口周围部分膀胱壁（1．5—2．0cm）切除术。术后随访1～10年。再发膀胱癌55例，占39．6％。肾盂癌术中先用纱条结扎输尿管后游离切除患肾输尿管及管口周围部分膀胱者术后膀胱癌再发率18．5％（5／27），未先结扎输尿管者再发率27．5％（14／51）。术后当日膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌再发率32．3％（10／31）。术后3周开始膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌再发率34．9％（30／86）。术后当日及术后序贯膀胱灌注化疗者术后膀胱癌再发率20．0％（4／20），单纯术后序贯膀胱灌注化疗者膀胱癌再发率39．3％（26／66）。2者比较差异有统计学意义（P〈0．01）。结论术后当日及术后序贯膀胱灌注化疗可有效降低。肾盂输尿管癌术后膀胱癌的再发率，游离切除。肾输尿管前先结扎输尿管对预防肾盂癌术后再发膀胱癌可能有益。