恶性梗阻性黄疸微创引流及并发症的处理

目的 探索经皮肝穿刺胆道微创引流术(PTBD)治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸有效方法及常见并发症的处理.方法 对126例恶性胆道梗阻患者分别行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术,所有病人均依据CT、MR及B超等影像资料和血液生化检查及临床体征确诊为恶性梗阻性黄疸.结果 本组经皮肝穿刺胆道成功率为98.4%(124/126),其中46例行外引流,34例行内外引流,内支架置入35例(2例双支架),3例行联合右支内外引流及左支外引流,8例因穿刺失败或肝内胆管置管困难未能行引流术.置入引流管或内支架后血清总胆红素、游离胆红素、结合胆红素、白蛋白、天门冬氨酸转移酶、丙氨酸氨基转移酶、碱性磷酸酶及γ-谷氨酰基转移酶较术前明显下降(P<0.05),患者全身状况改善.本组并发症发生率为20.2%(25/124),包括胆道感染9例,胆道出血8例,胆心反射5例,术中胆漏2例,术后胆汁腹膜炎1例.多数经保守治疗后症状消失,1例胆汁腹膜炎患者经开腹手术留置T管治疗,其中3例胆道出血患者因肝功能衰竭死亡.结论 经皮肝穿刺胆道引流术疗效可靠,单纯外引流和内外引流术具有同样减黄效果,临床工作中应根据梗阻部位和梗阻程度选择引流方法.     

经皮肝胆管穿刺金属内支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的：探讨经皮肝胆管穿刺金属内支架植入治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸临床应用价值。方法：108例患者中的9r7例均采用X线透视下经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架植入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸。根据梗阻部位的不同解剖决定放置支架的方式。结果：108例患者中,90例植入单支支架于肝总管或（和）胆总管,7例植入2支以上支架于总管和分支胆管,11例行外引流。全部患者2周内血清胆红素从（436±314）mol／L降低到（53±31）mol／L。结论：经皮肝穿刺内支架植入是治疗恶性胆道梗阻性的有效方法。     

经皮经肝胆管引流术与ERCP对接胆道支架植入术治疗梗阻性黄疸

目的探讨经皮经肝胆管引流术（PTBD）与内镜下逆行胰胆管造影术（ERCP）对接胆道支架植入术治疗梗阻性黄疸的技术方法与临床应用价值。方法总结24例梗阻性黄疸患者ERCP治疗失败后,实施PTBD与ERCP对接胆道支架植入术的治疗方法与临床效果。结果24例PTBD与ERCP对接胆道支架植入术治疗梗阻性黄疸均获得成功。其中采取右侧肝管穿刺10例,左侧肝管穿刺14例;一次性对接成功16例,分次进行8例。术后4天血清总胆红素水平下降47．1％,血清直接胆红素水平下降45．4％。主要并发症为胆道感染。结论PTBD与ERCP对接胆道支架植入术是ERCP失败梗阻性黄疸治疗的另一途径,具有一定的临床应用价值。     

经皮经肝胆道引流术治疗肝泡球蚴病致梗阻性黄疸的临床观察

目的 探讨经皮经肝胆道引流术(PTBD)治疗肝泡球蚴病致梗阻性黄疸的价值.方法 回顾性分析肝泡状棘球蚴病致梗阻性黄疸病例12例,男4例、女8例,年龄21～56岁.所有患者经B超、CT及相关实验室检查或病理诊断确诊,经皮肝胆道穿刺造影明确梗阻部位,随后置入引流管胆道引流或胆道内支架,观察随访术前术后总胆红素、直接胆红素、血清丙氨酸转氨酶.结果 12例病例均成功穿刺并置入引流管(10例)或置入支架(2例),成功率100%,对引流术前后总胆红素、直接胆红素、血清丙氨酸转氨酶水平行配对样本t检验(P＜0.05).结论经皮经肝胆道引流术可明显改善肝泡球蚴病致梗阻性黄疸患者症状,提高生存质量,创造二次手术机会.     

恶性梗阻性黄疸介入治疗短期预后的多因素分析

目的 探讨影响恶性梗阻性黄疸经皮肝穿胆道引流或(和)胆道支架置入术近期预后的相关因素.方法 分析2008年12月至2009年6月经PTBD或(和)PTBS治疗的梗阻性黄疸患者67例,参照胆红素下降程度和术后30 d内生存情况分为短期治疗有效(54例)和无效(13例)2组,应用X~2进行单因素分析,非条件Logistic进行多因素分析.结果 单冈素分析方法显示患者梗阻时间、引流方式、术前胆道感染和肝功能Child-Pugh评分、TBIL、HGB、Cr 7个因素有统计学意义.多因素分析示术前胆道感染、肝功能Child-Pugh评分≥11分、Cr>115 μmol/L3个因素有统计学意义.结论 术前胆道感染、肝功能Child-Pugh评分≥11分、Cr>115μmol/L与梗阻性黄疸短期预后关系密切,对梗阻性黄疸介人治疗的术前评估有重要参考意义.     

经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融联合金属支架植入治疗恶性胆道梗阻的短期疗效及安全性

目的 探讨经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融联合金属支架植入术治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸的安全性和有效性.方法 回顾性分析了156例无法手术的恶性胆道梗阻患者的资料.这些患者首先接受经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融术,随后联合胆道内金属支架植入进行内引流.结果 经联合治疗后,患者除血清白蛋白下降外,其他主要肝功能指标均显著改善,TBil由治疗前的(325.6±182.3) μmol/L下降到(211.0±153.2)μmol/L,均未发生肝功能不全,30 d内无一例患者死亡.术后发生严重并发症8例,其中胆漏2例(1.3％),出血6例(3.9％);发生轻微并发症88例,其中胆道感染22例(14.3％),疼痛36例(23.4％),呕吐30例(19.5％).结论 经皮肝穿刺胆管内射频消融联合金属支架植入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻是安全,有效的.     

胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗

目的 探讨胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸的介入治疗方法及疗效.资料与方法 回顾性分析胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸而行介入治疗的43例患者,行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术,并选择胆肠吻合口或原发梗阻部位进一步行经皮胆道金属支架植入术.结果 本组经皮经肝胆管造影显示胆肠吻合口狭窄32例,吻合口狭窄并肠袢成角、张力过高7例,吻合口未见狭窄4例.最终单纯行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术16例,包括单纯外引流9例,内外引流7例;行胆道金属支架植入术27例,其中经胆肠吻合口留置支架22例,经原梗阻部位留置支架5例.术后1周内复查,37例黄疸消退满意,6例黄疸消退不明显,其中4例再次行外科手术治疗.本组43例术中、术后均无严重并发症发生.结论 胆肠吻合术后再发梗阻性黄疸可行经皮经肝胆管穿刺置管引流术或经皮胆道金属支架植入术,此法安全、微创、可靠、有效,值得推广应用.     

经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置入及引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸

目的 探讨梗阻性黄疸经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置入及引流术的治疗方法与疗效.方法 对44例胆道梗阻患者先行经皮肝穿刺胆道造影(PTC),如导丝不能越过阻塞段,则直接行外引流;如能越过阻塞段,则行支架置入或内外引流术.结果 44例患者中6例单纯外引流;7例单纯内外引流;2例仅行PTC胆道造影而未行胆道引流;29例置入支架32枚,其中19例行支架置入 外引流,10例单纯支架置入.在有完整随访资料的16例中,术后1周血清总胆红素从术前(351±142.4)μmol/L降至(143.5±97.6)μmol/L,13例血清总胆红素1个月降到正常或接近正常水平,3例血清总胆红素1个月无明显下降(＜50%).死亡9例,生存时间3～21个月,中位生存期6.8个月.结论 经皮肝穿刺胆道支架置入及引流术是治疗梗阻性黄疸的一种安全、有效的姑息性方法.     

胆道内支架引流术结合立体定向放射治疗恶性梗阻性黄疸

目的　评价经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架置入术配合立体定向适形放射治疗对恶性梗阻性黄疸的疗效。方法　 15例恶性梗阻性黄疸采用经皮肝穿刺法置入 19个金属内支架。支架置入后随即开始立体定向适形放射治疗。结果　 15例胆道支架植入术全部成功。随访 12个月以上。 3例分别在术后 3、4、11个月无黄疸死亡 ,其余均存活超过 1年。 1年生存率 80 %。结论　胆管癌在经皮肝穿刺胆道内支架置入术有效减黄之后 ,针对肿瘤实施先进的立体定向适形放射治疗能明显延长恶性梗阻性黄疸病人的生存期     

肝门区恶性梗阻性黄疸不同经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术疗效对比

目的比较经皮经肝穿刺胆道引流术（PTBD）不同引流方式治疗肝门区恶性梗阻性黄疸的近期疗效。 方法回顾性分析154例肝门区恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的临床资料,根据接受的不同PTBD引流方式分为壶腹上内外引流、跨壶腹内外引流、外引流及双侧PTBD引流四组,同时将外引流组分为横跨引流组及单纯外引流组两个亚组,利用单因素方差分析或卡方检验比较近期疗效的差异。 结果肝门区梗阻性黄疸不同引流方式在缓解TBIL、DBIL、TBA、ALT、AST、ALP、rGGT及术后肾功能损害发生率方面彼此之间没有差异。跨壶腹内外引流术后胆道感染发生率明显高于其他引流方式。 结论不同PTBD引流方式对肝门区恶性梗阻性黄疸在减黄和缓解肝功能方面效果相当。     

DSA下联合超声定位在经皮经肝穿刺胆道恶性梗阻引流术中的应用价值

目的探讨DSA下联合超声在经皮经肝穿刺胆道恶性梗阻引流术(PTBD)中的应用价值。方法对32例恶性肿瘤所致的梗阻性黄疸(其中原发性肝癌4例,胆管癌21例,胆囊癌肝门转移2例,转移癌3例,胰头癌2例),在DSA下联合超声定位穿刺进行姑息性胆道外或内外引流,术后常规复查生化全项。结果 32例患者应用该方法定位好后均一针穿刺并引流成功,成功率100%,其中21例外引流,11例内外引流,达到了减轻黄疸,改善肝功能和相关症状,提高患者生活质量的目的。结论在PTBD操作时,应用DSA下联合超声定位能显著提高成功率,是一种安全有效的方法 ,有助于减轻患者痛苦,同时很大程度减少了患者和介入医师射线照射剂量。     

恶性梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿胆道引流术后胆道感染危险因素的探讨

目的 研究恶性梗阻性黄疸患者经皮肝穿胆道引流术(PTBD)后与胆道感染相关的独立危险因素.方法 因恶性梗阻性黄疸第1次行PTBD引流术,术前白细胞计数不高、无发热、不存在术前胆道感染的连续患者154例纳入研究.根据术后30 d内胆道感染发生的情况将患者分为胆道感染组和非感染组,应用单因素和多因素分析对术前20个潜在的与PTBD术后胆道感染相关的危险因素,如年龄、性别、糖尿病、肝功能分级、引流方式、是否存在未引流胆管、经内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)或胆肠吻合手术史等进行分析.20个潜在的危险因素先行单因素分析,连续变量的比较应用Student t检验,分类变量应用x2检验;将单因素分析筛选出的可能危险因素再进行多因素Logistic分析.结果 154例患者中55例发生术后胆道感染(35.7％),即胆道感染组;99例术后未发生胆道感染,即非胆道感染组.胆道感染相关的病死率为2.6％ (4/154).154例患者中131例行术中胆汁细菌培养,胆道感染组45例,26例为阳性;非感染组86例,17例为阳性,两组差异有统计学意义(x2=19.357,P＜0.01).单因素分析显示20个潜在危险因素中,糖尿病(x2=10.470,P＜0.01)、肝功能分级(x2=36.324,P＜0.01)、存在未能引流胆管(x2=9.540,P＜0.01)、内外引流(x2=9.856,P＜0.01)、ERCP或胆肠吻合史(x2=14.196,P＜0.01)、肿瘤患者的生活质量评分(t=-3.288,P＜0.01)、Karnofsky功能状态评分(t=-2.099,P＜0.05)、丙氨酸转氨酶(t=-2.112,P＜0.05)、凝血时间(t=-3.648,P＜0.01)、血白蛋白含量(t=-2.071,P＜0.05)、白细胞计数(t=2.022,P＜0.05)、高位胆道梗阻(x2 =6.190,P＜0.05)、肝硬化病史(x2=5.439,P＜0.05)13个因素为具有统计学意义的危险因素;对这13个因素继续行多因素分析显示糖尿病(OR=5.093,P＜0.01)、肝功能分级(OR=13.412,P＜0.01)、存在未能引流胆管(OR=3.348,P＜0.05)、内外引流(OR=3.168,P＜0.05)、ERCP或胆肠吻合病史(OR=8.330,P＜0.01)为具有统计学意义的危险因素.其中糖尿病、肝功能分级、ERCP或胆肠吻合手术史为3个相关的患者因素,内外引流和存在未能引流胆管为2个与手术相关的因素.结论 PTBD是一种有效且安全的恶性梗阻性黄疸患者的姑息治疗方法.术前采取更积极的措施,如控制血糖、改善肝功能、改变引流方式、充分引流等,能够降低PTBD术后胆道感染的发生率.     

改良式经皮肝穿刺胆道内外引流术治疗高位胆道恶性梗阻效果的初步临床观察

目的 探讨改良式经皮肝穿刺胆道内外引流术(PTBIED)的可行性及临床效果.方法 3年之间连续就诊的,经影像检查(部分经病理检查)证实为恶性梗阻性黄疸的患者纳入研究.其中,胆道梗阻部位在肝门部至胆总管近段,残留的胆总管长度＞3 cm,血清总胆红素(TBIL)≥70μmol/L的患者,纳入试验组,行改良式PTBIED;符合前述条件但不愿行改良式PTBIED的患者和低位恶性胆道梗阻的患者纳入对照组,按常规行传统式PTBIED.试验组患者根据术中造影,对胆道外引流管增加侧孔改造,将改造后的引流管头端置入残留的肝总管或胆总管,同时将增加的侧孔置于梗阻近侧扩张的胆管内.记录手术前后患者的临床症状、肝功能、血常规及并发症情况.术后随访至患者死亡.本研究中,2组患者计量资料的比较采用t检验,计数资料比较采用x2检验,生存时间的比较采用生存分析.结果 46例患者被纳入本研究.其中21例行改良式PTBIED,25例行传统PTBIED,2组患者均手术成功,无手术相关死亡.2组患者在皮肤瘙痒、纳差、腹胀、腹痛等临床症状改善方面相似,术后胆汁日平均引流量[试验组(521±136) ml/d,对照组(606±159) ml/d(t=1.930,P＞0.05)]、血清TBIL下降水平[试验组(87±51)mol/L,对照组(105±66) μmol/L(t=1.061,P＞0.05)]、中位生存期[试验组7.7个月,对照组6.9个月(x2=0.610,P＞0.05)]比较差异均无统计学意义.术后对照组白细胞计数为(10.9±5.2)×109/L,较术前的(7.8±2.9)×109/L明显增高,差异有统计学意义(t =3.606,P＜0.05);试验组术前为(8.2±3.4)×109/L,较术后的(7.4±2.6)×109/L明显降低(t =2.649,P＜0.05).术后试验组患者未出现十二指肠液反流现象,1例发生胆道感染;对照组11例患者发生十二指肠液反流,其中8例发生胆道感染.术后胆道感染发生率对照组明显高于试验组(x2 =5.381,P＜0.05).结论 改良式PTBIED方便、可行,相对传统PTBIED,可减少胆道感染并发症发生率.     

X线透视联合超声引导行经皮肝穿胆道引流术治疗梗阻性黄疸的临床应用

目的分析X线透视联合超声实时引导下经皮肝穿胆道引流术(PTBD)治疗阻塞性黄疸的操作技术及其应用价值。方法 78例阻塞性黄疸患者,其中70例为恶性阻塞性病变,8例为良性阻塞性病变,在超声实时引导结合X线透视下行PTBD术,穿刺右叶胆管52例,穿刺左叶胆管26例,并常规造影。结果所有患者手术均获得成功,未出现大出血及胆汁性腹膜炎等并发症,术后梗阻性黄疸症状逐渐改善,术后1～2周血清胆红素及转氨酶水平较术前明显下降(P<0.01)。结论 X线透视结合超声实时引导下PTBD是一种治疗阻塞性黄疸的有效方法,具有安全、简便、经济、并发症少的优点。     

Intra-biliary contrast-enhanced ultrasound for evaluating biliary obstruction during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage: A preliminary study

Objectives

The aimed of this study was to investigate the value of intra-biliary contrast-enhanced ultrasound (IB-CEUS) for evaluating biliary obstruction during percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD).

Materials and methods

80 patients with obstructive jaundice who underwent IB-CEUS during PTBD were enrolled. The diluted ultrasound contrast agent was injected via the drainage catheter to perform IB-CEUS. Both conventional ultrasound and IB-CEUS were used to detect the tips of the drainage catheters and to compare the detection rates of the tips. The obstructive level and degree of biliary tract were evaluated by IB-CEUS. Fluoroscopic cholangiography (FC) and computer tomography cholangiography (CTC) were taken as standard reference for comparison.

Results

Conventional ultrasound displayed only 43 tips (43/80, 53.8%) of the drainage catheters within the bile ducts while IB-CEUS identified all 80 tips (80/80, 100%) of the drainage catheters including 4 of them out of the bile duct (P < 0.001). IB-CEUS made correct diagnosis in 44 patients with intrahepatic and 36 patients with extrahepatic biliary obstructions. IB-CEUS accurately demonstrated complete obstruction in 56 patients and incomplete obstruction in 21 patients. There were 3 patients with incomplete obstruction misdiagnosed to be complete obstruction by IB-CEUS. The diagnostic accuracy of biliary obstruction degree was 96.3% (77/80).

Conclusion

IB-CEUS could improve the visualization of the drainage catheters and evaluate the biliary obstructive level and degree during PTBD. IB-CEUS may be the potential substitute to FC in the PTBD procedure.     

经皮穿肝胆管引流术指南的建议

经皮穿肝胆管引流术是治疗梗阻性黄疸的有效手段,随着各种新颖的穿刺器械不断开创、操作技术的提高及医学理念的更新,该方法在临床上被广泛地应用于缓解胆道梗阻。为更好地应用此项技术,本文就经皮穿肝胆管引流术的适应证、禁忌证、操作方法、术后处理、并发症及预防、注意事项等方面提出一些建议,作为制订经皮穿肝胆管引流术指南讨论的基础。     

经胆道支架置入放射性粒子条治疗恶性胆道梗阻

目的探讨经胆道支架置入放射性粒子条治疗恶性胆道梗阻的疗效。 方法38例恶性胆道梗阻的患者,应用¹²⁵I粒子,每个¹²⁵I粒子长4.5 mm、直径0.8 mm,送入导管制备粒子条。先行经皮肝穿刺胆道引流（PTCD）术;导丝经皮通过梗阻段,先行球囊导管扩张,后行经皮胆道支架成形术;然后经支架置入8～10F胆道引流管;再将装有粒子条的导管在透视下经胆道引流管送入所需照射部位,包敷固定引流管体外部分或包埋于皮下。 结果38例中36例成功施行经皮胆道支架成形术及放射性粒子条置入术,术后患者的胆红素均降至正常或接近正常（P<0.05）,未出现明显不良反应。 讨论经皮胆道支架成形术后联合放射性粒子条置入术治疗恶性胆道梗阻是一种安全有效的方法。     

Treatment of malignant biliary obstruction by percutaneous transhepatic insertion of expandable metallic stents

A group of 55 patients with jaundice secondary to malignant biliary obstruction were treated with percutaneous transhepatic insertion of self-expandable metal stents (Wallstents). Obstruction was caused by pancreatic carcinoma in 22 patients, cholangiocarcinoma in 21 patients, and other malignancies in 12 patients. A total of 16 patients were treated for hilar obstruction, 35 patients for obstruction of the bile duct below the hilum, and 4 patients for obstruction in a bilioenteric anastomosis. Stent insertion was performed as a two-step procedure in 37 patients, but as a one-step procedure in 18 patients. Adequate bile drainage was achieved in all patients. Procedure-related complications occured in 9 % of cases. After 24 months of observation time 46 patients had died (mean survival 4.6 months). The 30-day mortality rate was 5.5 %. A total of 14 patients (25.5 %) developed recurrent jaundice after an average of 5.3 (0–13) months. Percutaneous insertion of Wallstents ensures good palliation, is relatively safe, and may be performed as a one-step procedure. Correspondence to: P. Hannesson     

Evaluation of percutaneous cholangiography and percutaneous biliary drainage in obstructive jaundice

104 patients with obstructive jaundice were referred for percutaneous transhepatic cholangiography (PTC) and percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD). The effects of PTBD on postoperative morbidity and mortality were evaluated as well as the occurrence of complications. The results were compared to a group of 33 patients with malignant bile duct obstruction operated without preoperative bile drainage. There was no significant difference in the rate of postoperative complications and mortality between these two groups.     

Obstructive jaundice in hepatocellular carcinoma: response after percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage and prognostic factors

Purpose: To evaluate the therapeutic effect of percutaneous transhepatic biliary drainage (PTBD) in patients with obstructive jaundice caused by biliary involvement of hepatocellular carcinomas (HCC) and to determine the prognostic factors. Methods: We retrospectively analyzed the data of 22 consecutive patients (M:F = 20:2, mean age 52.8 years). Inclusion criteria were the patient having obstructive jaundice caused by HCC that invaded the bile ducts and having at least 4 weeks of follow-up data after the PTBD. We defined "good response" and "poor response" as whether the level of total bilirubin decreased more than 50% in 4 weeks or not. Total bilirubin level (T-bil), Child-Pugh score and the location of biliary obstruction for the two groups were compared. In addition, the interval between clinical onset of jaundice and PTBD, the degree of parenchymal atrophy and the size of the primary tumor were compared. Results: Of the 22 patients, 13 (59.1%) showed good response. T-bil was significantly lower in the good response group than in the poor (14.2 ± 6 mg/dl vs 25.9 ± 13.8 mg/dl, p = .017). In the five patients with T-bil <10 mg/dl, four (80%) showed good response, while in nine patients with T-bil > 20 mg/dl, only three (33%) showed good response. Although statistically not significant, patients with Child score <10 showed better results [good response rate of 66.7% (12/18)] than patients with Child score ?10 [good response rate of 25% (1/4)]. Involvement of secondary confluence of the bile duct also served as a poor prognostic factor (p = 0.235). The interval between clinical onset of jaundice and PTBD, the presence of parenchymal atrophy and the size of the tumor did not show significant effect. Conclusion: Early and effective biliary drainage might be necessary in this group of patients with limited hepatic function.