交锁髓内钉断裂的原因分析及对策

探讨交锁髓内钉断裂的原因,提出预防的对策。方法：从１９９２年至１９９７年,对６４例复杂粉碎性股骨骨折作了交锁髓内钉固定。结果：５５例随访,平均２６个月。共发生４例交锁钉断裂,断钉率为６．３％。断钉发生在术后６～１４月,３例位于骨折远端第１枚横锁螺孔处,１例位于交锁钉中段。结论：作者认为断钉原因有：开放穿钉,过度分离骨膜,过早负重及功能锻炼不合适等。另外,股骨远端第１枚横锁螺钉离骨折端太近,应力集中。预防断裂的方法有尽量闭合穿钉,选择较粗较长的交锁钉,交锁螺钉应稍远离骨折端,避免过早负重及合适的功能锻炼等。     

股骨交锁髓内钉断钉原因探讨

目的 探讨交锁髓内钉断裂的原因。方法 对1998年至2001年72例股骨干骨折作交锁髓内钉固定患者进行随访。结果 61例获得随访，断钉5例，断钉发生在4－9个月，3例交锁钉钉体断裂，2例锁钉发生断裂。结论 开放穿钉，过度分度骨膜，过早负重及功能锻炼不适当等可致断钉。     

带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折失败原因分析及其对策

目的探讨带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折失败的原因及其预防措施。方法1999年4月至2002年9月采用带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折患者213例,其中失败18例。回顾性分析这18例患者的临床资料,并对其进行分类。结果18例患者中,按失败原因可分为断钉3例,其中主钉断裂2例,主钉合并远端锁钉断裂1例;远端锁钉退出7例;近端锁钉退出3例;膝关节纤维性强直3例;迟发感染2例。手术技术、手术适应证选择、康复锻炼的规范性、髓内钉的强度及合适与否是导致失败的相关原因。结论应用带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折应掌握好适应证,强调术前准备充分,术中操作规范,术后锻炼应循序渐进,避免过早负重,是减少或防止内固定失效的重要措施。     

交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折失败原因分析

目的分析交锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折失败的相关因素并提出预防措施。方法对15例股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉内固定失败的病例进行相关因素分析和总结。结果15例病例中螺钉松动8例,螺钉断裂4例,主钉断裂2例,钉尾处再骨折1例,导致骨折畸形愈合8例,骨不连2例,膝关节功能受限5例。结论股骨干骨折交锁髓内钉内固定应该严格遵循生物力学原则,根据骨折部位选择适当的交锁髓内钉,在良好复位的同时尽量保护骨折处的血运。严格按照交锁髓内钉的操作程序进行,有骨缺损时应一期植骨。术后功能锻炼应根据骨折复位、固定情况循序渐进,避免术后过早负重。     

新型锁钉设计的交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折疗效分析

目的 观察新型锁钉设计的交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨干骨折的临床疗效,总结新技术的优点。方法 纳入自2010-02—2020-02采用新型锁钉设计的交锁髓内钉内固定治疗的45例股骨干骨折,采用改良远端锁钉瞄准微调装置的髓内钉瞄准器钻孔并置入远端锁钉。先确定空心定位杆的偏移在髓内钉直径有效范围内,再固定好定位杆,通过螺母上下微调确定锁钉的钻孔位,用直径5.1 mm长钻头完成精确钻孔,如果钻孔时发生偏移,上下微调螺母后再矫正偏移即可完成钻孔过程,然后置入2枚远端锁钉。结果 本组共置入90枚远端锁钉,84枚一次锁钉成功,一次锁钉成功率为93.3%;其余6枚通过C型臂X线机定位徒手锁定。45例均获得随访,随访时间平均15(8～24)个月。所有患者均无切口感染、血管神经损伤,均未出现骨折畸形愈合、髓内钉断裂、锁钉松动等并发症。术后骨折均愈合,骨折愈合时间3～9个月,平均5.5个月。末次随访时膝关节功能HSS评分：优28例,良15例,可2例。结论 将新型锁钉设计的交锁髓内钉联合远端锁钉置入技术应用于治疗股骨干骨折可实现精准锁钉,解决了传统交锁髓内钉固定不稳定以及远端锁钉困难的问题,使骨折断端达到微动状...     

329例股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉内固定术并发症及处理对策

目的通过对5年所行329例股骨带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折分析，探讨术后并发症及相应处理对策。方法对329例股骨干骨折患者行带锁髓内钉内固定术，其中单纯股骨干骨折294例、股骨干骨折合并转子下骨折35例。结果远端锁钉失败2l例(其中2枚远端锁钉均未锁上1例、1枚远端锁钉未锁上12例、锁钉松动退出5例、断1枚锁钉3例)，骨折端劈裂5例，骨折延迟愈合12例，骨不连3例．膝关节屈曲受限23例．断主钉1例。结论扩髓型带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折，疗效肯定，但需注意术前选钉合理、术中操作规范、术后康复及时、科学。     

股骨干骨折髓内钉固定术后骨折不愈合的防治

目的探讨股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后不愈合的处理及预防。方法对于带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折不愈合的患者,我们采取除去一端锁钉、鼓励负重锻炼,无效则采取扩髓、更换髓内钉和植骨的方法,最终均得到骨愈合。结果带锁髓内钉治疗股骨干骨折32例,不愈合6例,2例取出远端锁钉改为动力性固定后骨痂开始生长,4例最终更换髓内钉加植骨后骨折愈合。结论股骨干骨折带锁髓内钉固定术后有不愈合倾向时应及时改为动力性固定,同时术中扩髓、选择匹配髓内钉亦能减少骨折不愈合的发生。一旦发生骨折不愈合,往往需要再次手术,扩髓、更换髓针并植骨。     

交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨多节段骨折38例

目的 总结交锁髓内钉内固定治疗股骨多节段骨折的疗效.方法 根据股骨骨折不同部位分别采用股骨重建钉、股骨交锁髓内钉、逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨多节段骨折38例.结果 38例获随访12～20个月,平均16个月.35例骨折愈合,3例骨不连.临床愈合时间16～36周,平均22周.疗效评定:优9例,良25例,差4例,优良率达89.5％.3例拉力螺钉及4例远端锁钉退钉,1例远端锁钉断裂.结论 交锁髓内钉技术具有操作简便、创伤小、费用少、固定可靠、疗效确切、并发症少等优点,是目前治疗股骨多节段骨折较为理想的内固定方法.     

逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折延迟愈合及不愈合

目的 观察逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折延迟愈合、不愈合的临床疗效。方法 9例股骨远端骨折延迟愈合及不愈合,并伴膝关节不同程度关节功能活动障碍患者,行手术取出内固定,膝关节软组织松解,骨折复位,逆行交锁髓内钉内固定,并取自体髂骨植骨,术后配合CPM行患肢膝关节功能锻炼。结果 术后随访16～26个月全部患者均获得骨性愈合,无内固定物松动、断裂。膝关节功能活动观显改善。结论 逆行交锁髓内钉治疗股骨远端骨折延迟愈合、不愈合,临床效果满意,特别适宜在其它内固定物失败的情况下使用。治疗的关键在于术中膝关节软组织充分松解,骨折块准确复位,扩髓并正确插入合适的髓内钉,静力固定,植骨及术后积极地功能锻炼。     

交锁髓内钉断裂原因探讨

目的：探讨交锁髓内钉断裂的原因。方法：从1998年3月～2001年10月，对130例长骨干骨折采用交锁髓内钉固定。结果：随访72例．平均随访13个月，共发生4例交锁髓内钉断裂。1例主钉断裂，3例横锁螺丝钉断裂。结论：作认为断钉原因为：髓内钉太细、长度不够、骨不连、手术设计不足、手术操作不当、过早负重等。     

The effect of locked distal screws in retrograde nailing of osteoporotic distal femur fractures: a laboratory study using cadaver femurs

OBJECTIVES: To examine the effects of locked distal screws in retrograde nails used in unstable osteopenic distal femur fractures. DESIGN: Biomechanical testing of paired human cadaveric femurs. INTERVENTION: Seven matched pairs of embalmed, moderately osteopenic cadaver femurs were instrumented with 12-mm intramedullary nails in a statically locked, retrograde fashion. One femur of each pair had locked distal screws and the other femur had unlocked distal screws. A 2.5-cm gap of bone was cut nine centimeters from the distal condyles to simulate an unstable fracture. The locked distal screw nails were compared to unlocked distal screw nails for collapse of the fracture gap, medial-lateral and anterior-posterior translation of the nail within the fracture site, and fracture angulation. The femurs were axially loaded, cycled, and then loaded to failure. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Motion at the fracture site with axial cyclic loading and site of failure when loaded to failure. RESULTS: After cycling, both locked distal screw and unlocked distal screw nails demonstrated several millimeters medial and anterior translation within the fracture site and approximately 1 mm collapse of the fracture gap. Although no statistically significant differences were found, the locked distal screw nails had less anterior and medial translation, angulation, and collapse of the fracture gap after cycling. Loads to failure were similar for both locked distal screw and unlocked distal screw nails. It was noted that proximal femur failure occurred at the level of the proximal screw hole in the nail at the subtrochanteric level in 7 (4 locked distal screws and 3 unlocked distal screw groups) of the 14 samples. Four other samples failed through the intertrochanteric region (2 locked distal screw and 2 unlocked distal screw groups) and the remainder within the distal fragment by fracture of the femur along the medial cortex. CONCLUSIONS: Although most differences in fixation stability were not significant, the locked distal screw nails exhibited less fracture collapse and anterior and medial translation of the nail at the fracture site than the unlocked distal screw nails. The degree of varus angulation after cyclic loading was also less for the locked distal screw nails. The length of the nail chosen should avoid having proximal locking screws distal to the lesser trochanter, thus averting proximal femur stress risers and fractures.     

Biomechanical analysis of the mechanism of interlocking nail failure

Summary From December 1986 to May 1989, 412 patients with 274 femoral and 144 tibial fractures were treated with Grosse-Kempf interlocking nails at our hospital. 324 cases (78.6%) were followed-up for at least 1 year (average 23 months). There were 13 breakages in the locking nails in femora and none in tibiae. The recorded incidence of breakage in the femur is therefore 4.7% (13/274). The mechanisms of locking nail failure are stress concentration around screw hole and nail slot, nicking of the nail during drilling of the screw holes, too close proximity of the screw hole to the fracture, and larger loading over the proximal femur. The incidence of failure is 4.9% in the upper third, 1.9% in the mid-third, and 8.2% in the distal third (P > 0.05, ² test). The site most at risk is the first screw hole of the distal third, especially if it is near the fracture site. Prevention of failure involves using a nail of larger diameter and sufficient length, improving the surgical drilling technique, and allowing only protected weight bearing. Management of nail breakage by insertion of a new implant and supplementary cancellous bone grafting can gain satisfactory results.     

Gamma钉治疗股骨转子间骨折后髋内翻及拉力螺钉切割脱出的原因与预防

目的探讨股骨转子间骨折经Gamma钉的固定后髋内翻及拉力螺钉切割脱出的原因与预防措施。方法2002年2月～2005年12月采用Gamma钉内固定治疗174例AO/OTA分型为A2型股骨转子间骨折患者,其中A2．2型107例,A2．3型67例;闭合复位135例,开放复位39例。术后2～3 d第一次摄片检查,出院后于术后6、12、18、24周进行门诊摄片随访。结果125例患者获3～23个月随访。发生髋内翻37例,内翻并切割脱出2例。2例均为高龄(78、92岁)、肥胖(69、74kg)女性患者,术后1周离床部分负重行走,分别在术后3个月及7个月发现骨折部内翻,拉力螺钉切割股骨头,向后上方脱出。2例患者均采用患肢皮牵引及“丁”字鞋固定,10周后畸形愈合,1例将内固定全部取出,另1例因身体原因仅取出拉力螺钉。术后功能恢复不佳,远较骨折前差。结论对于高龄、肥胖女性的A2型股骨转子间骨折,Gamma钉内固定术后不宜过早负重行走,应缩短摄片检查间隔。发现拉力螺钉在股骨头内移动或轻度骨折内翻现象时,应卧床休息,直至出现骨折愈合迹象。     

胫骨骨折的交锁髓内钉治疗

目的：观察交锁髓内钉在胫骨骨折中的治疗效果。方法：1997年2月－2000年2月对37例胫骨骨折采用交锁髓内钉治疗,男30例,女7例,年龄18－65岁,闭合性骨折28例,开放性骨折6例,陈旧性骨折2例,胫骨骨不连2例,开放性骨折采用非扩髓髓内钉,闭合性骨折采用扩髓髓内钉。结果：37例得到随访,骨折全部愈合,无锁钉及髓内钉松动、断裂,膝踝关节功能正常,迟发性感染1例。结论：交锁髓内钉在治疗胫骨骨折中具有创伤小、固定坚强、骨折愈合率高、能早期活动、感染率低等优点,是一种较好的内固定方法。     

Mechanical failure in intramedullary interlocking nails

PURPOSE: To study clinical and mechanical factors that predispose to failure of interlocking nails. METHODS: Between October 1996 and December 2002, 286 femoral fractures, 211 tibial fractures, and 47 humeral fractures were repaired using variously designed interlocking nails. Fracture pattern, level and site, nail size and type, weight bearing after nailing, and union status were reviewed after a mean follow-up of 22 months. RESULTS: Nail failure occurred in 27 fracture repairs (17 femoral, 9 tibial, and one humeral; 13 from our institution and 14 referred from elsewhere). In 55% of failed repairs, the fracture was distal. A high rate of tibial nail failure was noted. CONCLUSION: Distal fractures and stress concentration at the distal screws predispose to interlocking nail failure and can be prevented by protected weight bearing combined with the use of longer and larger nails. Routine supplementary cancellous bone grafting is unnecessary during renailing surgery when adequate reaming and a larger nail are used.     

Gamma钉治疗股骨转子间骨折远端是否锁钉疗效比较

目的探讨Gamma钉内固定治疗股骨转子间骨折远端是否锁钉对疗效的影响。方法对144例稳定性股骨转子间骨折患者采用Gamma钉内固定,根据远端锁钉与否将患者分为远端未采用锁钉组(非锁钉组,70例)和远端采用锁钉组(锁钉组,74例)。观察两组患者手术时间、透视时间、输血量、住院时间、骨折复位质量、骨折愈合时间及并发症。结果两组均获得12个月随访。两组骨折复位质量、住院时间、骨折愈合时间比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。手术时间、术中透视时间、输血量锁钉组明显长(多)于非锁钉组(P<0.001)。两组患者并发症发生率比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论采用Gamma钉治疗稳定性股骨转子间骨折远端可以不行锁钉固定,不影响骨折愈合和临床疗效,还具有减少透视时间、手术时间、术后并发症等优点。     

Proximal femoral nail failures in extracapsular fractures of the hip

PURPOSE. To review patients with proximal femoral nails (PFNs) in our hospital that developed complications and needed revision. METHODS. Between January 2000 and June 2006, records of 216 patients with PFN fixations for traumatic extracapsular trochanteric fractures (n=160), pathological fractures (n=23), and as a prophylactic measure for metastasis (n=33) were retrospectively reviewed. The injury mechanism, reduction technique and quality, and time to and cause of implant failure were recorded. RESULTS. 12 PFNs failed: 8 in the trauma group, 3 in the pathological group, and one in the prophylactic nailing group. Two PFNs broke at the proximal lag screw level at a later stage secondary to non-union of the pathological fractures. One broke at the level of the distal locking screw at an early stage, as the locking holes were too close to the fracture. CONCLUSION. Poorly reduced fractures tend to fail early, whereas late failures are due to non-union. Good reduction with minimal dissection, the use of appropriate nail length, and proper positioning of the nail and screws are necessary to avoid failure or revision.     

胸腰段钉棒系统内固定术后断钉原因分析

目的分析椎弓根螺钉术后断钉的原因。方法分析45例胸腰段骨折患者术后10例发生断钉的骨折类型、术中操作、产品设计、螺钉负荷、椎弓根螺钉置入情况、术后活动情况以及术后预防措施。结果 10例术后断钉患者中,术后1个月复查时发现断钉2例,术后4~6个月复查时发现断钉7例,术后30个月复查时发现断钉1例。T11断钉1例,T12断钉4例,L1断钉3例,L2断钉2例。未减压24例(其中含Chance骨折3例)中断钉4例,减压未植骨5例中断钉3例;减压植骨16例(其中含骨折脱位型4例)中断钉3例。45例中椎弓根螺钉预留骨界面过长4例中断钉3例。结论骨折类型与植骨、术中操作、撑开后螺钉负荷过大、术后活动不当、内固定取出过迟为螺钉断裂的主要原因。     

Treatment of femoral shaft fractures with a titanium intramedullary nail

Ninety-nine femoral shaft fractures were treated with locked intramedullary nails made from titanium alloy. One of the distal interlocking screws failed in six fractures (6%) and both screws failed in two fractures (2%). Delayed union was associated with all of the eight fractures that had locking screw failure. Young, heavier patients who had nails of small diameter had an increased risk of screw failure. Additional surgery was needed when both screws failed. The authors still use this nail, but currently prefer to ream the medullary canal more so that larger nails can be inserted. Decisions concerning weightbearing are made on an individual basis for each patient, and currently full weightbearing is delayed for young, active, and heavy patients. Two distal interlocking screws should be inserted for treatment of femoral shaft fracture when a Ti locked intramedullary nail is used.