口服富氧水对高原移居者肺功能的影响

目的探讨在海拔3 700 m和5 200 m高原口服富氧水对肺功能的影响。方法(1)在海拔3 700 m将20名已习服半年的男性志愿者分为实验组和对照组,实验组口服5%葡萄糖注射液制成的富氧水,对照组口服5%葡萄糖注射液,均每次500 m l,2次/d。饮用3 d后检测其肺功能,检测指标包括FVC、FEV1、FEV1%、MMEF、PEF和MVV。(2)对首次进驻海拔5 200 m的36名男性志愿者,自海拔1 400 m驻地乘汽车2 d到达海拔3 700 m当日随机分实验组和对照组,同前服用富氧水或生理盐水,直至进入海拔5 200 m某哨卡第6天,共服9d后检测肺功能。结果习服志愿者口服富氧水3 d和初进高原志愿者口服富氧水9 d,肺功能指标中FVC、FEV、MMEF、PEF、MVV均显著增高(P<0.01,或P<0.05),FEV1%无显著性变化(P>0.05)。结论在高原口服富氧水能提高移居者的肺通气功能。     

沙美特罗吸入剂对初进高原青年肺功能的影响

目的：探讨沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂对进入高海拔高原者初期肺功能的影响。方法：将初入海拔5200m高原第2d的55名健康男青年按编制分为实验组（11=31）和对照组（n=24）,实验组每天早晚各吸入沙美特罗替卡松粉1个剂量（沙美特罗50μg,丙酸氟替卡松100μg）,对照组吸入等量生理盐水,连续吸入7d后检测其肺功能,包括用力肺活量（FVC）、第1秒用力呼气容量（FEV1）、第1秒用力呼气容积占用力肺活量的比值（简称1秒率,FEV1％）、最大呼气中段流量（MMEF）、最大用力呼气流量（PEF）、最大通气量（MVV）。结果：实验组与对照组比较,FVC、FEV1、MVV增加,有非常显著性差异（P〈0.001）,MMEF和PEF显著增加（P〈0．05）,而FEV1％无统计学差异（P〉0.05）。结论：进入高原初期,使用沙美特罗替卡松粉吸入剂能增强肺通气功能,提高机体高原习服能力。     

平原水负荷后的排尿量与急性高原反应症状学评分之间的相关分析

目的：探讨平原饮水后2．5h内的排尿量与进入高原后急性高原反应(benigh form of acute mountain sickness，AMS)症状学评分之间的相关关系；方法：113名入藏新兵，在平原饮水1000ml后，测定2.5h内的排尿量；进入高原后进行AMS症状评分；两组数据进行相关分析；结果：饮水后急性高原反应者在1h～1．5h、2h～2．5h时间段内排出的尿量和2．5h内排出的总尿量显著低于基本无反应者，而1h～1．5h、2h、2．5h时间段内排出的尿量及1．5h内、2h内和2．5h内的总尿量与舢AMS评分之间存在显著负相关；结论：平原饮水后机体在2．5h内排出的尿量越多，进入高原后急性高原反应症状越轻。通过该实验，可在一定程度上对AMS的发生作出预测。     

优秀游泳运动员肺功能损伤敏感指标及其影响因素

目的:探讨优秀游泳运动员肺功能损伤的敏感指标及其影响因素,为有效监测并改善游泳运动员肺功能损伤提供依据。方法:选取优秀游泳运动员117名(男56人,女61人)进行肺通气功能检测。检测地点为国家体育总局游泳馆(86人)和国家体育总局运动医学研究所体育医院实验室(31人),测试指标包括用力肺活量(FVC)、第一秒用力呼气标准容积(FEV1)、1秒率(FEV1/FVC)、用力呼气流量50%(FEF50)、用力呼气流量75%(FEF75)。根据中华医学会标准对上述运动员的肺功能情况作出诊断,分析与游泳运动员肺损伤密切相关的敏感指标;分析比较不同场所测得肺通气功能障碍发生率的差异,并对不同场所测得FVC、FEV1/FVC进行对比分析;将FEV1、FEV1/FVC与运动员训练年限进行相关性分析。结果:(1)FEV1/FVC与优秀游泳运动员肺通气功能障碍的发生密切相关;(2)游泳运动员在游泳馆所测肺通气功能障碍的发生率显著低于实验室;游泳馆和实验室所测FVC无显著性差异(P>0.05),游泳馆FEV1/FVC则极显著大于实验室(P<0.01);(3)FEV1%(FEV1实测/预计值%)、FEV1/FVC均与训练年限呈显著负相关(r1=-0.247,P=0.025;r2=-0.224,P=0.043)。结论:FEV1/FVC可作为优秀游泳运动员肺功能损伤评估的敏感指标,该指标受测试环境和训练年限的影响,训练年限越长的游泳运动员越易导致肺功能受损。     

高原作业的电网职工肺功能及动脉血气变化调查研究

目的通过对进人不同海拔地区作业的电网联网职工肺功能及动脉血气变化的研究。分析高原环境对肺功能和动脉血气的影响,探讨高原环境下工作人员肺功能和动脉血气的变化规律及机体调节机制。方法随机选择在海拔2960~4200m地区（新都桥一甘孜县一石渠沿线）工作的电网联网职工468例,进行肺通气功能测试和血气分析检测,并对数据进行统计分析。结果①进入高原2～3个月后,用力肺活量（FVC）、Is用力呼气容积（FEV,）显著降低;1秒率（FEV。o／FVC）、最大呼气高峰流量（PEF）、最大通气量（MVV）、25％肺活量位最大呼气流速（FEF25％）、50％肺活量位最大呼气流速（FEF50％）、75％肺活量位最大呼气流速（FEF75％）明显升高;②进入高原前后肺功能差值受海拔高度影响变化明显,海拔越高,PEF、FEF＂／5％升高幅度越多,MVV升高幅度越小;③吸烟人群进入高原前后肺功能差值受吸烟量影响显著。进入高原后FEVl、FVC降低,吸烟量越大,降低程度越大。FEV。dFVC、FEF25％、Mvv升高,吸烟量越大,升高程度越小;④年龄因素对进入高原前后肺功能差值影响明显。年龄越大,FEV。加vC、MVV的升高幅度越小,FVC降低幅度越大;⑤进入高原前后血气指标pH、PaCO2、AB、BE均有一定的变化,其中反映机体缺氧程度的Pa02、Sa02的变化显著。结论①平原健康人群进入高原后由于小支气管与细支气管扩张,外周气道阻力降低,肺通气能力增强。缺氧导致用力肺活量及1秒钟用力呼气容积降低。其变化程度受海拔高度、年龄和吸烟量的影响。②海拔越高反映机体缺氧程度的Pa02、SaO2下降越明显。     

登山队员不同海拔高度急性高原病发病率调查

目的调查来自平原地区的登山队员急进不同海拔地区急性高原病的发病情况,为急性高原病的进一步预防和治疗提供参考依据.方法在海拔2800 m、4140 m和5050 m 3个高度记录登山队员的动脉血氧饱和度（SaO2）、心率（HR）和肺功能指标,并让队员填写急性高原病（AMS）症状评分表,对3个海拔高度测量值进行比较.结果随着海拔高度的增高,急性高原病的发病率增高,2800 m、4140 m和5050 m的发病率分别是0、31.25%和65.56%.SaO2降低（P＜0.05）,HR增高（P＜0.01）,用力肺活量（FVC）降低（P＜0.05）,1s用力呼出量（FEV1.0）降低（P＜0.05）,最大呼气流量（PEF）降低（P＜0.05）,但是1s率（FEV1.0/FVC）、用力呼吸中期流速（FEF25-75）和FVC 50%时最大呼吸流量（Vmax-50）三者无明显改变（P＞0.05）. 结论从平原地区快速进入高海拔地区时,急性高原病发病率明显增高,心肺功能下降.     

高原战士肺功能的实验研究

目的：研究高原战士肺功能的变化。方法：海拔3600m，132名战士随机分成对照、锻炼、药物和复合(药物 锻炼)4组，每组33名；海拔4500m，62名战士随机分成对照组和复合组，每组31名。实验前后各实验组测定肺功能。结果：对照组与各实验组实验前各指标均无显著差别，P＜0．05；锻炼组锻炼后FEV1％、FEF、PEF25、PEF50、FEF75、FEF75／HT增加显著，P＜0．05或P＜0．01；复合组实验后PEF、PEF25增加显著，P＜0．05。实验前后锻炼组各指标增加值优于药物组和复合组。结论：高原战士可通过锻炼改善肺功能，增强部队战斗力。     

口服西地那非对高原移居者肺功能的影响

目的探讨在海拔3 700 m高原口服西地那非对肺功能的影响。方法选择驻守海拔3 700 m高原半年的10名志愿者,在其口服西地那非前、后0.5 h分别检测其肺功能。检测指标包括FVC,FEV1,FEV1%,MMEF,PEF和MVV。结果服药后与服药前0.5 h,肺功能指标分别为,FVC[(4.05±0.35)L vs(3.55±0.36)L],FEV1[(3.79±0.32)L vs(3.29±0.43)L],MMEF[(4.33±0.39)L/s vs(3.90±0.45)L/s],PEF[(5.77±0.79)L/s vs(4.80±0.92)L/s],MVV[(150.64±13.40)L vs(133.10±11.59)L]。服药后各指标显著高于服药前(P<0.01,或P<0.05),但FEV1%无明显变化(P>0.05)。结论在高原口服西地那非能提高移居者的肺通气功能。     

海员肺功能相关影响因素调查分析

目的 调查海员的肺通气功能情况及其影响因素.方法 采用Jaeger MS Diffusion型肺功能仪测定海员及陆地工作人员的肺通气功能,分析其影响因素.结果 海员的肺功能随工龄段的增加有所下降,但无明显差异.海员吸烟者与不吸烟者肺功能比较,第1秒用力肺活量(FEV1)、第1秒用力肺活量百分比(FEV1/FVC)、最大呼气流量(PEF)、最大肺活量(MVV)均有降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).机舱工作者肺功能指标FVC、FEV1/FVC、MVV低于甲板工作者,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).海员吸烟者肺功能与陆地工作吸烟者肺功能相比各项指标有降低,但差异无统计学意义,海员不吸烟者与陆地不吸烟者比较,FEF_(50%)和FEF_(25%)有降低,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 吸烟及工作环境对海员肺通气功能有一定影响,应予以重视.     

中国优秀运动员肺功能调查与分析

目的:了解中国优秀运动员肺功能水平并探讨长期不同运动训练对呼吸系统的影响。方法:2004年6月～11月,对10个不同项目运动队147名运动员进行肺通气功能测试,包括最大分钟肺通气量(MMV)、用力肺活量(FVC)、用力呼气一秒量(FEV1)、用力呼气一秒率(FEV1/FVC)、呼气峰流速(PEF)、用力呼气流速(FEF)和最大中段呼气流速(MMF),分析不同项目运动训练对运动员肺功能的影响。结果:各项目运动员FVC、FEV1/FVC有显著性差异(P<0.05)。游泳、球类、力量项目运动员FVC及FEV1优于其他项目,游泳项目运动员FVC/BMI及FEV1/BMI最高。各项目运动员小气道功能实测值有显著性差异(P<0.05);游泳项目运动员MMF、FEF50和FEF75实测值均低于其他类型运动员,其实测值/预计值分别为72%、70%、78%;耐力项目运动员MMF、FEF50和FEF75实测值/预计值也低于正常,分别为79%、75%和99%。结论:不同项目运动员肺功能之间存在差异;游泳运动员肺功能高于其他类型运动员;部分长期从事游泳和耐力训练运动的运动员存在小气道功能受损。     

Serial changes in spirometry during an ascent to 5,300 m in the Nepalese Himalayas

The aims of the present study were to determine the changes in forced vital capacity (FVC), forced expiratory volume in 1 sec (FEV1) and peak expiratory flow (PEF), during an ascent to 5,300 m in the Nepalese Himalayas, and to correlate the changes with arterial oxygen saturation measured by pulse oximetry (SpO2) and symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS). Forty-six subjects were studied twice daily during an ascent from 2,800 m (mean barometric pressure 550.6 mmHg) to 5,300 m (mean barometric pressure 404.3 mmHg) during a period of between 10 and 16 days. Measurements of FVC, FEV1, PEF, SpO2, and AMS were recorded. AMS was assessed using a standardized scoring system. FVC fell with altitude, by a mean of 4% from sea level values [95% confidence intervals (CI) 0.9% to 7.4%] at 2,800 m, and 8.6% (95% CI 5.8 to 11.4%) at 5,300 m. FEV1 did not change with increasing altitude. PEF increased with altitude by a mean of 8.9% (95% CI 2.7 to 15.1%) at 2,800 m, and 16% (95% CI 9 to 23%) at 5,300 m. These changes were not significantly related to SpO2 or AMS scores. These results confirm a progressive fall in FVC and increase in PEF with increasing hypobaric hypoxia while FEV1 remains unchanged. The increase in PEF is less than would be predicted from the change in gas density. The fall in FVC may be due to reduced inspiratory force producing a reduction in total lung capacity; subclinical pulmonary edema; an increase in pulmonary blood volume, or changes in airway closure. The absence of a correlation between the spirometric changes and SpO2 or AMS may simply reflect that these measurements of pulmonary function are not sufficiently sensitive indicators of altitude-related disease. Further studies are required to clarify the effects of hypobaric hypoxia on lung volumes and flows in an attempt to obtain a unifying explanation for these changes.     

Statistical models of acute mountain sickness

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is caused by exposure to altitudes exceeding 2500 m and often resolves by acclimatization without further ascent. Statistical models of AMS score and the probability of an AMS diagnosis were developed to allow the combination of dissimilar exposures for simultaneous analysis. The study population was 302 trekkers from a previous investigation who provided self-reported symptoms upon arrival at 3840 m during hikes through altitudes of 1500 to 6200 m. AMS score (Hackett scale) was estimated by linear regression and the probability of an AMS diagnosis (Lake Louise criteria) by logistic regression. AMS score or probability was significantly associated with exposure day and altitude. Increased altitude over the prior 3 days resulted in higher estimated AMS score or probability and decreased altitude in lower score or probability. The odds ratio (OR) of AMS was 3.6 if not on acetazolamide. Females appeared slightly more susceptible than males (1.5 OR). The approach offers the advantages of (1) improved statistical power by combining exposures, (2) insight into the dose-response relationship of altitude exposure and AMS risk, (3) quantitative tests for the significance of factors that might affect AMS susceptibility, and (4) practical tools to track individual climbers and plan operational ascents.     

Irregular nocturnal breathing patterns high altitude in subjects susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE): a preliminary study

We studied nocturnal breathing patterns and symptoms of acute mountain sickness (AMS) during trekking in the Japanese Alps (altitude: 2,760-2,920 m) for 4 d in five subjects susceptible to high-altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE-S-S) and five control volunteers. Breathing patterns were evaluated with the impedance plethysmograph, and symptoms of AMS were evaluated by the environmental symptoms questionnaire-III score for AMS of cerebral type (AMS-C score). In both groups, the percentage of time with periodic breathing significantly increased at high altitude and the percentage in controls was significantly higher than in HAPE-S-S on the second night. In four HAPE-S-S, other disordered breathing patterns, termed "irregular breathing," were observed frequently by night at high altitude. Irregular breathing patterns were characterized by irregularly repeated oscillatory or nonoscillatory clusters of breaths with augmented tidal volume, followed by expiratory pause, apnea, or hypoventilation of various durations. All controls did not show significant changes in AMS-C score, but four HAPE-S-S showed the increase in AMS-C score on the next morning after frequent irregular nocturnal breathing. There was significant correlation between the percentage of time with irregular nocturnal breathing and AMS-C score on the next morning. These results suggest that HAPE-S-S are prone to irregular nocturnal breathing patterns at high altitude, which is associated with the development of AMS, but it was not possible to determine whether these abnormal breathing patterns are a cause or an effect of AMS.     

利用简易指标预测急性高山病的方法探讨

目的：探讨利用体表指数（BMI）对于急性高山病（AMS）的预测作用,寻找可以预测AMS反应的指标和办法。方法：26名志愿者,测量体表指数并计算相关幽会,按照高原评分标准划分为重度高原反应组和轻度无反应组,对两组人群之间的体表指数指标进行统计分析。结果：胸廓的呼吸体积差值和体表面积与胸廓呼吸体积差比值可用于预测高原反应易感者。胸廓呼吸体积差小于2139和体表面积与胸廓呼吸体积差比值大于9．22时,急性高原反应评分高于普通人群。结论：体表指数可以用于预测急性高山病反应程度。     

Prediction of acute mountain sickness by monitoring arterial oxygen saturation during ascent

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is a common problem while ascending at high altitude. AMS may progress rapidly to fatal results if the acclimatization process fails or symptoms are neglected and the ascent continues. Extensively reduced arterial oxygen saturation at rest (R-Spo?) has been proposed as an indicator of inadequate acclimatization and impending AMS. We hypothesized that climbers less likely to develop AMS on further ascent would have higher Spo? immediately after exercise (Ex-Spo?) at high altitudes than their counterparts and that these postexercise measurements would provide additional value for resting measurements to plan safe ascent. The study was conducted during eight expeditions with 83 ascents. We measured R-Spo? and Ex-Spo? after moderate daily exercise [50?m walking, target heart rate (HR) 150?bpm] at altitudes of 2400 to 5300?m during ascent. The Lake Louise Questionnaire was used in the diagnosis of AMS. Ex-Spo? was lower at all altitudes among those climbers suffering from AMS during the expeditions than among those climbers who did not get AMS at any altitude during the expeditions. Reduced R-Spo? and Ex-Spo? measured at altitudes of 3500 and 4300?m seem to predict impending AMS at altitudes of 4300?m (p?相似文献   

从高原急进特高海拔地区人体血浆内皮素—1水平的变化及其意义

目的：为探讨ＥＴ－１在高原地区及急进特高海拔地区的变化及其对急慢性高原病的意义；方法：Ｃ地２０名健康战士在主原和急进特高海拔后的血浆ＥＴ－１水平进行检测，同时检测了两地的血氧饱和度；结果Ｌ：高原地区的ＥＴ－１水平明显高于平原参考值，急进海拔４７００ｍ后ＥＦ－１水平更显著的增高，且与ＳａＯ２呈明显负要关。结论：在高原地区及急进特高海拔后ＥＴ－１水平皆增同，ＦＴ－１水平的增高是生高原病发病的重要因素。     

The maximum expiratory flow-volume loop in natives of Ladakh and acclimatized lowlanders

Differences in static and dynamic volumes may exist between high altitude residents of Indian Himalayas and their South American counterparts, as well as with acclimatized lowlander sojourners. Maximum expiratory flow-volume loops were recorded in healthy native highlanders of Ladakh (NH, N = 75) and in healthy acclimatized lowlanders (AL, N = 32) at an altitude of 3450 m in the western Indian Himalayas. The forced vital capacity (FVC) and forced expiratory volume in the first second (FEV1), both corrected for a height of 168 cm, were significantly higher in NH [FVC: 5.02 (0.51) vs. 3.89 (0.45) L, p < 0.0001; FEV1: 4.27 (0.47) vs. 3.44 (0.37) L, p < 0.0001]. The flow rates at larger lung volumes (PEFR, FEF25, and FEF50) were similar in the two groups. The NH showed significantly higher flow rates at low lung volumes, that is, FEF75 and FEF75-85% [FEF75: 2.03 (0.69) vs. 1.70 (0.52) L/s, p = 0.0092; FEF75-85%: 1.42 (0.54) vs. 1.06 (0.35) L/s, p = 0.0001]. The exact mechanisms allowing the higher flow rates at low lung volumes remain to be elucidated, but it is possible that these findings may indicate an inherited adaptive response in the Ladakhi highlander.     

The prevalence of and risk factors for acute mountain sickness in the Eastern and Western Alps

Acute mountain sickness (AMS) is the most common condition of high altitude illnesses. Its prevalence varies between 15% and 80% depending on the speed of ascent, absolute altitude reached, and individual susceptibility. Additionally, we assumed that the more experienced mountaineers of the Western Alps are less susceptible to developing AMS than recreational mountaineers of the Eastern Alps or tourist populations. Therefore, the main goals of the present study were the collection of data regarding the AMS prevalence and triggers in both the Eastern and Western Alps using identical methods. A total of 162 mountaineers, 79 in the Eastern Alps (3454?m) and 83 in the Western Alps (3817?m) were studied on the morning after their first night at high altitude. A diagnosis of AMS was based on a Lake Louise Score (LLS) ≥4, the presence of headache, and at least one additional symptom. Thirty of 79 subjects (38.0%) suffered from AMS at 3454?m in the Eastern Alps as did 29 of 83 (34.9%) at 3817?m in the Western Alps. After adjustment for altitude, the prevalence in the Western Alps constituted 24.5%, which differed significantly (p?=?0.04) from that found in the Eastern Alps. The lower mountaineering experience of mountaineers in the Eastern Alps turned out to be the only factor for explaining their higher AMS prevalence. Thus, expert advice by mountain guides or experienced colleagues could help to reduce the AMS risk in these subjects.     

不同海拔高度多脏器功能障碍评分系统比较

目的：判别高原地区多脏器功能障碍综合征（multiple organ dysfunction syndrome at high altitude，H—MODS）各项诊断指标参数界值与平原地区的差异；验证新的评分诊断标准的准确性、可操作性。方法：按统一标准将总数为462例MODS患者根据海拔高度分为平原对照组（CG，n=113）、中度高原组（MHG，1517m，n=314）、高原组（HG，2808—3400m，n=35）。分别用平原地区MODS评分诊断标准（庐山会议标准和Marshall诊断标准）以及兰州修订的H—MODS评分标准，绘制ROC曲线（receiver operating characteristic curve），计算约登指数和最佳界值，验证3个标准在不同海拔高度预测MODS结局的准确性。结果：多脏器评分提示兰州标准随海拔梯度升高有进一步提高预测准确性的效果，P=0．034。分层分析还表明，肺、脑、心、肾等单项指标的ROC预测值也以兰州标准的适用度最高（P〈0．05）。结论：通用的MODS诊断标准中某些参数界值不适合中度高原以上地区；海拔高度大于1500m以上地区可能是区分平原和高原MODS诊断标准的一个有意义的分界线，值得进一步实践观察。