重症监护病房院内下呼吸道感染病原菌及其药敏试验结果分析

目的：探讨重症监护病房（ICU）住院患下呼吸道感染的病原学特点及防治策略。指导临床应用抗生素。方法：对ICU院内肺部感染患深部普进行培养并做药敏试验。结果：221例呼吸道感染患痰培养出病原菌268株，其中革兰氏阴性（G^-）杆菌178株，占66．42％；革兰氏阳性（G^ )球菌5株，占20．29％，真菌36株，占13．43％。药敏试验表明所有细菌均对二种以上的抗生素耐药，未发现对万古霉素耐药的金葡菌。结论：ICU院内肺部感染的致病菌以G^-杆菌为主，铜绿假单胞菌仍是首要致菌；ICU内真菌感染比较严重，ICU内获得性肺部感染不仅数量增加而且细菌耐药性增强，了解本单位病原菌种类及耐药性的变化，合理使用抗生素是降低危重病患院内肺部感染发病率和病死率的重要措施。     

老年病科院内肺部感染细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的:分析老年病科院内获得性肺部感染的细菌的分布及其耐药性,为临床合理应用抗生素治疗提供依据。方法:对老年病科院内肺部感染的所有分离的细菌菌株、真菌菌株的耐药性进行调查。结果:医院获得性感染中仍以G-菌为主占73.3%,其次为G+菌17.9%,真菌8.7%。在细菌感染中,G-菌占80.3%,G+菌占19.7%。G-菌仍以铜绿假单胞菌为主,占21.7%。G+菌以金黄色葡萄球菌为主31.4%。耐药性方面,细菌耐药性严重,真菌耐药性较轻。结论:细菌对常用抗生素的耐药性严重,且呈多重耐药。应严格掌握抗生素使用原则,根据药敏选用抗生素。     

医院内肺部感染的病原菌及耐药性分析

医院内感染日益受到临床上的重视，而呼吸道是院内感染的主要易感部位。医院获得性肺部感染常常病情较重，处理棘手，死亡率较高，而医院内感染的细菌对抗生素耐药率的升高，是院内感染难以控制的主要原因之一。为了解我院医院获得性肺部感染的致病菌及耐药情况，对46例院内肺部感染患者进行了病原菌及药物敏感性分析，为临床合理选用抗生素提供依据。     

呼吸道感染病原菌分布及药敏结果分析

目的 为了解医院感染病原菌的分布耐药率。以控制院内感染，并为临床合理用药提供依据。方法 对我院2003年住院患者的痰标本进行分离培养，鉴定细菌并进行药物敏感实验。结果 从2003年523例痰标本中检出致病菌408株，其中革兰氏阳性球菌115株，革兰氏阴性杆菌248株，酵母样真菌35株，革兰氏阳性杆菌10株。革兰氏阳性球菌对万古敏感率最高达到100％。革兰氏阴性杆菌对亚胺培南的敏感率为90．4％。结论 院内感染以葡萄球菌属，假单胞菌属。肠杆菌属为主要菌群。分别占28．9％、34．7％、27．6％。随着细菌产酶率及多重耐药率的增加，抗生素合理应用十分必要。     

112例老年人尿路感染的细菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解近年来老年人尿路感染致病菌分布及其耐药性情况，为临床合理应用抗生素提供依据。方法分析112例培养阳性的尿路感染致病菌分布及其对抗生素敏感性。结果本院老年人尿路感染常见致病菌为大肠埃希菌、克雷伯菌属、变形杆菌、肠球菌、表皮葡萄球菌、真菌。以革兰阴性杆菌为主，占68％，对哌拉西林耐药率最高，达39．1％；对头孢吡肟、头孢哌酮／舒巴坦、头孢他啶、呋喃妥因耐药率较低。大多数菌株对亚胺培南敏感，耐药率为1．5％。革兰阳性球菌对万古霉素耐药率较低。结论老年人尿路感染的细菌耐药性严重，应定期监测细菌的耐药趋势，尽量根据细菌药敏实验调整抗生素。真菌比例明显增加，提示加强抗生素规范使用。     

临床抗生素应用与细菌耐药性分析

目的 为了解抗生素使用情况，并对感染的病原菌及细菌耐药性进行分析。方法 对268例感染者中的257例住院患者抗生索应用种类和使用、病原菌种、药物敏感试验、菌种对常用抗生素的耐药性等项目进行统计分析。结果 感染者抗生素使用率为96．0％，使用两种抗生素为49．5％，使用3种为17．5％，使用4种为9．7％，使用1种仅为22．50％；感染者的细菌阳性检出率为27．9％，分离出细菌21种，革兰氏阳性菌106株，革兰氏阴性菌119株，真菌43株，其中条件致病菌19种；细菌对青霉素、头孢菌素等20种抗生素存在不同程度的耐药，其中以大肠埃希菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肠球菌、阴沟肠杆菌、产气肠杆菌耐药性较高。结论 研究此结果对指导临床医生正确合理应用抗生素，减少耐药菌株的产生，预防医院感染提供参考依据。     

神经科监护病房患者并发肺部感染致病菌及耐药性研究

目的了解神经科监护病房(NCU)住院患者并发肺部感染病原菌谱及细菌耐药性。方法对我院2001年1月至2002年6月85例神经科监护病房患者并发肺部感染进行痰菌分离，阳性菌药敏试验采用K-B纸片法。结果经培养鉴定共取得207株致病菌．其中以革兰阴性杆菌为主，占68．51％，阳性球菌占30．91％，真菌1例，占0．48％。主要致病菌依次为：金黄色葡萄球菌占14．49％，铜绿假单胞菌占14．49％，肺炎型肺炎克雷伯氏菌占8．7％，阴沟肠杆菌占6．76％，产气肠杆菌占6．28％，药敏结果表明细菌耐药明显增强，金黄色葡萄球菌对万古霉素高度敏感．大多数革兰阴性杆菌对亚胺硫霉素仍保持较高敏感。结论神经科监护病房患者并发肺部感染主要致病菌以耐甲氧西林金黄色葡萄球菌及铜绿假单胞菌为主，细菌耐药性明显增强，临床上应加强病原菌培养及药敏监测，以指导临床科室合理使用抗生素。     

老年人肺内感染病原学研究

本文报道了老年人肺内感染细菌的病原学。从109例不同程度肺内感染的痰液中培养出144株细菌；其中以绿脓杆菌、假单胞菌，不动杆菌，金黄色葡萄球菌和表皮葡萄球菌占主要部分；并且多数细菌对一些抗生素有耐药性，但对丁胺卡那霉素等敏感。老年人肺炎感染以革兰氏阴性菌占多数，且种类也多，因此，本文结果表明了老年人肺内细菌感染主要由革兰氏阴性菌引起，且这些细菌均表现不同程度的耐药，临床上应合理选用敏感的抗生素。     

1032株肺部感染致病菌分布及耐药性分析

目的了解医院肺部感染致病菌分布及其耐药性，指导临床治疗。方法对临床收集的2636份合格痰标本进行分离培养及药敏试验。结果总共分离培养出1032株病原菌，其中革兰阳性细菌312株，占30．2％，社区获得性下呼吸道感染247株，医院获得性下呼吸道感染65株，常见病原菌依次为表皮葡萄球菌（表葡菌）、肺炎链球菌、金黄色葡萄球菌、肠球菌，对青霉素类、大环内酯类、克林霉素等耐药严重，平均达60％～70％，对万古霉素敏感性仍高，平均耐药率低于3％；革兰阴性细菌720株，占69．8％，社区获得性感染559株，医院获得性感染161株，常见病原菌为铜绿假单胞菌、鲍曼不动杆菌、肠科杆菌、肺炎克雷伯菌。与社区感染菌株相比，院内感染菌株对大部分抗生素耐药严重，平均达70％-80％，仅对头孢哌酮-舒巴坦、美洛培南仍较敏感。各革兰阴性菌产ESBLs百分率均低于20％。结论表葡菌所占比例特别高是本组革兰阳性细菌的显著特点。革兰阳性菌对大部分抗生素耐药严重，仅对万古霉素仍保持高敏感性。院内感染革兰阴性菌株耐药率明显高于院外感染菌株。产ESBLs菌株对大部分抗生素呈多重耐药性。     

111例社区获得性肺部感染病原学分析

目的：调查社区获得性肺部感染病原学的分布情况,为临床治疗提供依据。方法：对111例成人社区获得性肺部感染患者留取呼吸道标本（痰或咽拭子）进行细菌培养。结果：111例患者中病原学检测阳性33例（29.73%）,其中真菌阳性20例（18.02%）,细菌阳性11例（11.71%）,细菌和真菌混合感染2例（1.80%）。结论：革兰氏阳性菌属仍然是社区获得性肺部感染的主要致病菌之一,除了细菌性感染以外,真菌感染的比例呈上升的趋势,因此经验治疗除了选用对常见细菌有效的药物,同时应充分考虑到真菌感染的可能。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.     

Scientific principles and rigorous processes should be followed in developing clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine

A clinical guideline for the therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine may be defined as a written document which states a series of recommendations on therapeutic interventions of integrative medicine for a special disease or condition. The guideline may provide assistance to medical professionals in making clinical decisions aimed at improving the clinical outcome of patients and reducing the costs of medical care（~＇4~. Recommendations issued by a guideline should be based on the best available evidence in both Western and Chinese medicine. For fulfilling this purpose, the development of clinical guidelines for therapeutic interventions in the field of integrative medicine should follow scientific principles and undergo a rigorous processes.