静脉丙种球蛋白预防和治疗早产儿感染的临床研究

目的研究静脉丙种球蛋白（IVIG）预防和治疗早产儿感染的价值。方法选择耒阳市妇幼保健院2006年1月～2007年10月早产儿100例。随机分为IVIG组和对照组，并比较入院后立即及用药后7天IgG值。结果与对照组相比，IVIG组治疗1周后IgG水平明显提高（P〈0．01）。结论IVIG对于预防和治疗早产儿感染疗效显著。     

静脉注射丙种球蛋白治疗早产儿感染临床分析

为了探讨静脉丙种球蛋白（IVG）预防及治疗早产儿感染的价值，用单向免疫琼脂扩散法检测52例出生1－3天的早产儿血清IgG、IgA、IgM。结果显示IgG均值随胎龄增加而增高（r＝0．99，P＜0．01），而IgG、IgM差异无显著意义，故胎龄越小越有应用静脉丙种球蛋白（IVIG）的指征。另外选同期患儿30例，参考相似孕周、体重及日龄，随机分为IVIG组和对照组各15例，均选用同类抗生素，且不用其它免疫制剂及血浆治疗，IVIG组按每日0．5－1g/kg稀释成50ml在2－3小时内静脉滴注，首次用后2－3天，重复一次，连用2次。IVIG组治疗一周后IgG均值从8．3g/L升到13．6g/L（P＜0．01）而对照组治疗后IgG均值仅为6．7g/L提示：早产儿重症感染时用IVIG疗效十分满意。     

静脉注射丙种球蛋白预防早产儿感染

对30例早产儿预防性应用国产静脉注射丙种球蛋白（IVIG），每天0．4g／kg，首次用后3天重复1次，治疗1周后复查血清Ig水平，IVIG组血清lgG明显升高，峰值为10·48±2．719／L，与对照组及自身对照比较差异均有显著意义，并密切观察其临床疗效，发现IVIG组交叉感染率、病死率都明显下降，未发现近期不良反应，故用国产IVIG预防早产儿感染是安全有效的。     

阿斯匹林和大剂量丙种球蛋白治疗川崎病的对比

本文治疗时将川崎病人随机分为阿斯匹林（ASP）组、丙种球蛋白（IVIG）＋ASP组。结果用IVIG后临床症状如发热、粘膜充血、淋巴结肿大及急性炎症指标短期内好转；IVIG的抗凝、改善异常心电图及心肌酶谱的作用也较ASP组显著；并证实IVIG可预防冠状动脉病变（CAD）的发生。ASP组CAD发生率为15％，IVIG组为2％，提示IVIG是改善川崎病急性期临床症状、预防CAD的首选药物。     

川崎病患儿治疗前后血清脂源性细胞因子的变化及意义

目的 检测急性期川崎病患儿静脉注射丙种球蛋白（IVIG）治疗前后血清中脂源性细胞因子Omentin-1和Chemerin浓度变化及意义。方法 选取2015年1月至2019年4月确诊为川崎病患儿60例为研究对象,同时选取40例健康儿童和40例急性感染性疾病患儿分别作为健康对照组和感染对照组。根据是否对IVIG治疗敏感将川崎病患儿分为IVIG敏感组（n=51）和IVIG不敏感组（n=9）;根据是否合并冠状动脉损害（CAL）将川崎病患儿分为合并CAL组（n=13）和不合并CAL组（n=47）。ELISA法检测川崎病患儿IVIG治疗前后及两对照组儿童血清Omentin-1和Chemerin水平。结果 川崎病患儿血清Omentin-1和Chemerin水平均明显高于健康对照组和感染对照组（P < 0.05）。经过48 h治疗后,IVIG敏感组患儿血清Chemerin水平较治疗前明显降低（P < 0.05）,血清Omentin-1水平在IVIG敏感组患儿治疗前后比较差异无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。治疗前,IVIG不敏感组患儿血清Chemerin水平明显高于IVIG敏感组（P < 0.05）;合并CAL组血清Chemerin水平明显高于不合并CAL组;而血清Omentin-1水平在IVIG敏感与不敏感组间及合并CAL与不合并CAL组间比较差异均无统计学意义（P > 0.05）。结论 川崎病患儿血清中高表达的Chemerin和Omentin-1可能参与川崎病的发生和发展;Chemerin可能参与川崎病所致CAL过程,且血清Chemerin水平可能成为临床预测IVIG敏感性的新监测指标。     

静脉注射丙种球蛋白治疗早产儿重症感染50例

目的探讨静脉注射丙种球蛋白(IVIG)治疗早产儿重症感染的疗效。方法采用免疫透射比浊法检测50例重症感染出生1~5 d(胎龄28~36周)早产儿血清IgG、IgA、IgM。随机分为IVIG治疗组及对照组,各25例。均选用同类抗生素,IVIG组给予IVIG 1.0 g/(kg.d)在2~3 h内静脉滴注,连用2 d。结果早产儿50例血清IgG均值随胎龄增加而升高(r=0.99 P<0.01)。IVIG组治疗1周后IgG均值从8.2 g/L升至13.5 g/L(P<0.01);而对照组治疗后IgG均值为7.7 g/L。结论早产儿呈现生理性低丙种球蛋白血症,抗体缺乏是早产儿易发生感染的重要原因,早产儿重症感染用IVIG疗效最佳。     

不同剂量静脉丙种球蛋白或加甲泼尼龙治疗无反应川崎病患儿疗效观察

目的:探讨不同剂量静脉丙种球蛋白（IVIG）或加甲泼尼龙治疗无反应川崎病（KD）患儿疗效观察。方法:回顾性收集2002至2010年首都医科大学附属北京儿童医院IVIG无反应KD住院患儿的临床资料,根据归纳的6种IVIG或加甲泼尼龙的给药方法分为IVIG 2 g组、IVIG 1次1 g组和IVIG 2次1 g组（1次1 g组不敏感病例再次IVIG 1次1 g组方案）。以接受不同剂量IVIG或加甲泼尼龙（2 mg·kg-1×3 d）治疗后48 h患儿体温降至38℃以下定义为敏感,以接受不同剂量IVIG或加甲泼尼龙治疗2周后超声心动图判断冠状动脉是否损伤。结果:9年间在KD急性期接受规范首剂IVIG 2 g·kg-1治疗无反应KD的发生率为18.3%（230/1 257）。IVIG 2 g组40例,36例敏感（90.0%）,4例加用甲泼尼龙敏感;IVIG 1次1 g组190例,123例敏感（64.7%）,7例加用甲泼尼龙敏感;IVIG 2次1 g组60例,25例敏感,35例加用甲泼尼龙敏感。不加甲泼尼龙时,IVIG 2 g组与IVIG 1次1 g组敏感率差异有统计学意义（P<0.01）;IVIG 2 g组与IVIG 1次1 g组、IVIG 2次1 g组敏感率之和差异无统计学意义（P=0.082）。不加甲泼尼龙时,3组中IVIG敏感184例,发生冠状动脉损伤44.0%;IVIG不敏感46例,加甲泼尼龙治疗后均敏感,发生冠状动脉损伤32.6%;加或不加甲泼尼龙治疗的KD患儿发生冠状动脉损伤差异无统计学意义（P=0.183）。3组发生冠状动脉损伤差异无统计学意义（P=0.623）。加或不加甲泼尼龙治疗时,IVIG 1 g·kg-1给药冠状动脉损伤的结局不比IVIG 2 g·kg-1给药差,在药费上减少了一半,如仍不敏感还可选择甲泼尼龙或再次IVIG 1 g·kg-1给药。结论:IVIG无反应的KD患儿中,IVIG 2 g·kg-1比IVIG 1 g·kg-1治疗效果好,因经济条件等所限不能行IVIG 2 g·kg-1再治疗者,可选择先行IVIG 1 g·kg-1治疗,仍不敏感时可选择甲泼尼龙,也可选择再次IVIG 1 g·kg-1治疗。     

广东地区婴肝患儿的HCV感染

目的探讨广东地区婴儿肝炎综合征中丙型肝炎病毒感染及其传播途径。方法采用酶联免疫吸附法（ELISA法）检测血清中丙型肝炎病毒（HCV）抗体，多聚酶链反应（PCR）检测血清中HCVRNA。结果90例婴肝中有11例HCV标志阳性，阳性率为12．2％（11／90），其中抗HCV以及HCVRNA均阳性4例，单项抗HCV阳性3例，单项HCVRNA阳性4例。母亲抗HCV阳性2例。结论HCV感染是广东地区婴儿肝炎综合征中一个不可忽视的病因，本组11例阳性患者的传播途径主要与输注血制品有关，其次为母婴传播。     

静脉注射不同剂量丙种球蛋白治疗川崎病的临床研究

目的 评价静脉注射丙种球蛋白（intravenous immune globulin,IVIG）1g／kg单次静脉注射治疗川崎病（Kawasaki disease,KD）的临床效果。方法 242例KD患儿随机分为IVIG1s／kg组与IVIG 2g／kg组,对两种治疗方法的疗效进行前瞻性对比研究。分别采用IVIG 1g／kg和2s／kg单次静脉注射,观察患儿总热程、退热时间、黏膜充血、手足肿胀和颈淋巴结肿大消退时间,监测外周血白细胞计数（white blood cells count,WBC）、血小板计数（platelet count,PLT）、血清丙种球蛋白（immunoglobulin,Ig）、C反应蛋白（Creacting protein,CRP）、血沉（erythrocyte sedimentation rate,ESR）、心电图（electrocardiogram,ECG）和冠状动脉病变（coronary artery lesion,CAL）恢复情况,并对治疗前后组内结果、治疗后组间结果进行比较。结果 IVIG 1g／kg组平均热程为10．6d,WBC、PLT、CRP、ESR及ECG异常率与治疗前比较显著降低（P〈0．001）,IVIG1g／kg组与IVIG2g／kg组比较差异无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。WIG1g／kg组CAL发生率为29．5％（36／122）,随访1年有87．5％的CAL恢复正常,12．5％未能恢复正常,其中9．4％为IVIG耐药病例;IVIG2g／kg组CAL发生率为24．2％（29／120例）,随访1年有89．3％的CAL恢复正常,10．7％未能恢复正常,均为IVIG耐药病例,两组比较,差异亦无统计学意义（P〉0．05）。结论 IVIG1g／kg单次静脉注射治疗KD,可有效缓解临床症状,减低CAL发生率,减轻心血管系统损害,与IVIG2g／kg比较具有同样的近期和远期治疗效果。     

IL-19基因多态性与儿童乙型肝炎病毒易感性研究

目的 探讨白介素19（IL-19）基因的单核苷酸多态性（SNP）与儿童乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）易感性的关系。方法 采用病例对照研究,收集HBsAg阳性儿童136例（病例组）,HBsAg阴性的健康儿童297例（对照组）,应用PCR 聚合酶链反应和DNA测序法进行基因分型。结果 IL-19基因的rs1798位点的基因型在病例组和对照组人群中频率分布差异有统计学意义,病例组的CG 基因型的比例显著高于对照组（P < 0.05）;IL-19基因的rs2243191位点的基因型和等位基因在HBV感染高危儿童感染组和未感染组人群中频率分布差异有统计学意义,感染组TC、CC基因型以及C等位基因的比例显著高于未感染组（P < 0.05）。结论 IL-19 基因SNP 位点rs1798的基因多态性可能与儿童乙型肝炎易感性相关;rs2243191的基因多态性可能与HBV感染高危儿童突破感染易感性相关。     

Post-transfusion chronic hepatitis C in children

Two hundred and twenty-six patients who received blood products for open-heart surgery in childhood were screened by a second-generation enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and with surrogate markers for hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, such as alanine aminotransferase (ALT). Twenty-two (14%) of the 161 recipients who received blood products before 1989 and none of the subjects who had received blood products after 1990 (the year that the blood bank began to screen for HCV antibody) were HCV seropositive. Virologic and histologic studies showed that 10 (45%) of 24 seropositive patients had persistent hepatitis C virus infection, many with ongoing hepatitis. The remaining 12 seropositive patients with absent HCV RNA had normal ALT levels, indicating resolved hepatitis C infection. Enrolment in screening is important to detect chronic hepatitis C in children who received blood products prior to screening of blood donors for HCV antibody.     

Importance of recall and follow-up screening for chronic hepatitis C in children receiving blood products prior to 1990 in Japan

The objective was to detect chronic hepatitis C virus infection in recipients of blood products using retrospective analysis by recall and enrollment of recipients. 226 patients who received blood products for open heart surgery from January 1983 to June 1992 were examined for HCV antibody by using a second generation assay and liver function test. 22 (14%) of the 161 patients who received blood products before November 1989 had detectable HCV antibody, but none of the 65 recipients receiving blood products after 1990, the year the Japanese blood bank began to screen for HCV-antibody. Abnormal alanine aminotransferase (ALT) levels, more than 25 iu/L, during the chronic phase of HCV infection was recognized in nine of 22 (41%) seropositive patients. The liver function test and second generation HCV antibody in the serum are effective markers to screen for chronic hepatitis C in blood product recipients transfused before 1990.     

Hepatitis A, B und C im Kindesalter

Hepatitis A, B, and C in children can raise diagnostic and therapeutic problems. Hepatitis A is a self limited infection with a fecal-oral transmission route. In children the clinical course is often asymptomatic or unspecific. The rate of icteric hepatitis A is growing with increasing age of the patient at time of infection. The prognosis is excellent in children. Active immunization against hepatitis A prevents infection. Hepatitis B is a more complex disease as chronic liver disease, aggressive hepatitis, and lack of therapeutic options are common problems in managing these patients. In children vertical transmission of the virus leads to a high rate of chronic disease. As therapeutic options are not very promising prevention of infection is a major tool. Active immunization is a safe and successful way to decrease the infection rate amongst populations. The prevalence of HCV infection in children is often underestimated. Children who have been treated with blood or blood products before 1991 are at major risk for Hepatitis C infection. As HCV in children is often mostly present without any symptoms or with minor symptoms, the disease often remains undiagnosed for a long period of time, especially these patients are at risk to distribute the disease. HCV infection in children seems to be more benign compared to adults, the rate of spontaneous elimination of the virus seems to be higher in children. Treatment of HCV infection in children should currently performed within clinical trials only.     

Chronic viral hepatitis

Among hepatitis A to E viruses, hepatitis B, C, and D viruses can cause chronic hepatitis, in both children and adults. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) infection is the most prevalent and important one. Perinatal transmission accounts for about 40–45% of chronic HBV infection in hyperendemic areas. Horizontal transmission through intramuscular injection using non-sterile needles and intrafamilial spread accounts for the other half of carriers. During the natural course of HBV infection, the host gradually clears HBV and hepatitis B e antigen (HBeAg), liver damage and elevation of aminotransferases occur during the process of HBV clearance. The most effective way to eliminate HBV infection is immunoprophylaxis starting since birth. It can prevent both HBV and hepatitis D virus (HDV) infections. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection in children occurs mainly in high risk children, such as those who received blood product or injection using non-sterile needles, or infants of HCV viremic mothers, etc. Screening of blood product reduced markedly the prevalence of post-transfusion HCV infection, but the prevention of sporadic cases requires HCV vaccination which is still under investigation.     

Hepatitis C virus (HCV). Low infection rate in premature and full-term neonates following multiple transfusions]

BACKGROUND: Nearly all cases of non-A, non-B post-transfusion hepatitis are caused by hepatitis C virus (HCV). Data for HCV infection in childhood are limited. METHODS: 262 Children who received poly-transfusion between 1979 and 1983 were re-examined at a mean age of 3.5 years for HCV infection using an first-generation enzyme immunoassay to detect anti-HCV antibodies. RESULTS: 14 of 262 children had positive anti-HCV titers (5.3%), 7 of them showed border line results. In further two patients HCV infection was suspected by clinical means, but initial serology was not available. 6.5 years later, 15 of these 16 children were re-examined at a mean age of 9.8 years. All had normal liver enzymes and positive anti-HCV serology was shown in 3 patients (1%). CONCLUSIONS: This study demonstrates a low incidence of HCV infection after poly-transfusion during neonatal age. The rate of HCV infection may be even higher, if other more specific tests for HCV serology or PCR will be routinely available in the near future.     

Hepatitis C and G Virus infections in polytransfused children

The prevalence of hepatitis C virus (HCV) and a newly identified hepatitis G virus (HGV) and their clinical significance were studied in 42 polytransfused Taiwanese children. Serological assays for antibodies against HCV (anti-HCV) and polymerase chain reaction for serum HCV ribonucleic acid (RNA) and HGV RNA were performed. The prevalence of anti-HCV and HGV RNA was 17% and 14%, respectively in 42 polytransfused children. Anti-HCV seropositives had a significantly higher mean age, peak serum transaminase level, and longer transfusion duration than seronegatives, while children with HGV infection usually had no or only mild hepatitis activities. The prevalence of anti-HCV dropped sharply after implementation of anti-HCV screening, however the prevalence of HGV viraemia remained unchanged. Conclusion HGV infection is not uncommon in polytransfused Taiwanese children and the virus does not cause significant hepatitis compared to HCV infection. Current blood donor screening for anti-HCV can effectively protect polytransfused children from HCV infection but the impact of additional screening for HGV markers awaits further studies. Received: 10 October 1996 and in revised form: 26 November 1996 / Accepted 26 November 1996     

High viral load and mild liver injury in children with hemophilia compared with other children with chronic hepatitis C virus infection.

BACKGROUND: In adults with hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection, the severity of liver disease may be influenced by the mode of transmission. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether the mode of transmission affects liver injury and viral load in children with chronic HCV infection, independent of duration of infection and/or HCV genotype. METHODS: Thirty-nine anti-HCV (EIA-2) positive patients, were divided into three groups: group 1, children with a history of blood transfusion (n = 9; age, 13.3+/-1.3 years), group 2, children with hemophilia (n = 19; age, 11.6+/-0.8 years); and group 3, children with maternal-fetal transmitted disease (n = 10; age, 4.7+/-1.1 years). Serum alanine aminotransferase, HCV viral load, HCV genotype, and liver histology were assessed. RESULTS: Serum HCV viral load was higher in group 2 (4.27+/-1.0x10(6) copies/ml; p = 0.006) than in group 1 (0.73+/-0.3x10(6) copies/ml) and in group 3 (0.83+/-0.2x10(6) copies/ml). Conversely, group 2 had less severe liver injury compared with children of similar age in group 1 (p = 0.022). Despite a shorter duration of infection, group 3 had liver injury similar to that in group 1. Hepatitis C virus genotype did not influence the level of viremia or liver injury. CONCLUSIONS: Although children with hemophilia exhibited a high HCV viral load, liver histopathology was less severe than in children who had acquired HCV by blood transfusion or maternal-fetal transmission. These observations support the need to investigate the role of host immune response rather than the virus per se in the pathogenesis of HCV infection in children.     

Hepatitis B and C virus infections in Turkish children with haemophilia

We examined 41 Turkish children with haemophilia for evidence of hepatitis B virus (HBV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infections using the enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Hepatitis B surface antigen was found to be positive in 11 patients (26. 8%) and HCV-specific antibody (anti-HCV) was detected in 10 (24. 4%) patients. There was a close relationship of the number of transfusions of blood plasma to the presence of HCV specific antibody, but not to the serum markers of HBV infection. In countries where HBV infection is commonly seen and problems in transfusion practice continue, as in Turkey, children with haemophilia are at greater risk for HBV and HCV infections.     

小儿庚型肝炎的探讨

为了探讨一种新型肝炎病毒，即庚型肝炎病毒（ｈｅｐａｔｉｔｉｓＧｖｉｒｕｓ，ＨＧＶ）在小儿中的感染特点，检测了３６例肝炎患儿及１６例健康体检儿童血清中ＨＧＶ－ＲＮＡ（套式逆转录ＰＣＲ法）。结果表明，３６例肝炎中有１１例ＨＧＶ感染者，其中６例合并慢性ＨＣＶ感染（３例接受过干扰素治疗），２例合并慢性ＨＢＶ感染，２例为慢性非Ａ－Ｅ肝炎，１例合并ＨＢＶ＋ＨＡＶ感染。１６例健康儿童均阴性。ＨＧＶ感染率在血制品输入者１０例中７例阳性，在未输入者２２例中３例阳性（两者比较，Ｐ＜０．０１），在血制品使用情况不明者２０例中１例阳性。提示输入血制品是小儿ＨＧＶ感染的主要途径，但不排除还有其他途径，感染者主要为慢性肝炎患儿，干扰素的疗效有待进一步研究     

Decline in hepatitis B infection in sickle cell anaemia and beta thalassaemia major.

Seventy five Saudi children, 55 with sickle cell anaemia and 20 with beta thalassaemia major, who were negative for all hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers five years ago were recently investigated for exposure to HBV and hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection. Of the 55 patients with sickle cell anaemia and 20 with beta thalassaemia major, 20 and five patients respectively had been vaccinated against HBV earlier and all of them still had protective antibody (anti-HBs 42-96 IU) 3-5 years after vaccination and there was no vaccine failure. Among the non-vaccinated children the exposure rates to HBV were 14.3% among those with sickle cell anaemia and 26.7% among those with beta thalassaemia and this was not statistically significant when compared with the exposure rate to HBV among the general paediatric population (20.1%). Anti-HCV positivity among those with beta thalassaemia major and sickle cell anaemia was 70% and 18.2%, respectively, and this was significantly higher than anti-HCV positivity among the control group (0.8%). Anti-HCV positivity was directly related to the amount of blood transfused and to the duration of transfusion. The results of the study show that although the exposure rates to HBV among patients with sickle cell anaemia and beta thalassaemia major were not significantly different than that among the general paediatric population, infection with HBV still takes place among non-vaccinated patients despite strict precautionary measures taken. Hence early vaccination against HBV would probably be the only effective way of controlling HBV infection. For HCV infection, and because a vaccine against HCV is still not available, preventive measures such as blood screening for anti-HCV before transfusion and stringent infection control measures are crucial steps to be implemented for the control of spread of HCV among these groups of patients.