24 h食管pH监测诊断儿童胃食管返流病临床意义

目的 总结胃食管返流病患儿行24h食管pH监测的回溯性检查结果，分析其在临床上的应用意义。方法 对收治的150例无消化道梗阻患儿进行24h食管pH监测，男64例，女86例；年龄最小1个月，最大7岁，平均年龄3．45岁。按吞钡检查结果和临床表现将患儿分为4组：A组18例，为不明原因呕吐、内科保守治疗无效者，B组80例拟诊为胃食管返流病，C组47例为食管裂孔疝患儿，D组5例，表现为夜间有突然呛咳、胸痛。其中A组和D组食管吞钡检查均无异常。结果 A组患儿存在明显的胃食管返流；B组有65例存在胃食管返流，15例不符合胃食管返流病的诊断标准，检查结果与食管吞钡不一致；C组41例滑疝患儿存在胃食管返流，而6例食管旁疝无返流；D组患儿有胃食管返流病，以睡眠期返流为主，且返流的出现与其症状发生相一致。结论 通过24h食管pH检查可明确症状与返流的关系、返流程度及返流与体位、进食、疼痛的关系；24h食管pH监测特异性、敏感性较高，对检查者无损伤，因此在临床应用中，应与食管吞钡检查相互结合、相互补充，有利于提高诊断的正确性。     

24小时食管pH及动力学监测在新生儿胃食管返流诊断中价值

为了解24h食管pH值监测在新生儿胃食管返流(GER)诊断中的作用和新生儿胃食管返流的临床特点及与之相关的疾病，采用便携式pH自动记录仪监测：106例临床上怀疑有胃食管返流的新生儿(症状组)，其中55例同时用台式高分辨八道胃肠动力监测系统行食管动力学监测；同时监测17例无症状新生儿(对照组)，动力学测定5例。结果显示，新生儿胃食管返流临床表现多样。以呕吐(溢乳)多见(97．6％)，其次为呼吸暂停(发绀，占14．5％)，呛咳(9．6％)；除了单纯病理性GER及继发于消化道畸形外，新生儿缺氧缺血性脑病及败血症与GER关系密切，而继发有消化道器质性疾病时，返流更严重。病理性GER食管动力异常的检出与对照组相比差异无显著性。提示新生儿胃食管返流临床表现复杂，可由多种疾病引起，及早行24h食管pH值测定是早期诊断新生儿GER的客观依据，但同时应警惕有基础疾病的可能，及时作相应的检查以增加诊断的正确性；此外尚需进一步制定与年龄相关的食管动力标准。     

小儿胃食管反流病24小时食管pH监测1160例体会

为探讨24h 小时pH监测在小儿胃食管反流病（GERD）诊治中的作用,本院应用例携式24hpH自动记录仪对临床疑诊GERD患儿1160例进行1252次监测,报告如下。     

动态24小时食管pH值监测小儿胃食管返流

为了解２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ）诊治中的作用，研究小儿病理性ＧＥＲ的特点及其诊断标准，对５０例经钡餐造影诊为ＧＥＲ的患儿进行动态２４小时食管内ｐＨ值监测，３０例健康小儿为对照组，复查１３例病理性ＧＥＲ患儿治疗后（９例为手术治疗）的食管ｐＨ值。结果表明，ＧＥＲ组各项返流指标显著高于对照组。对照组中１例为病理性ＧＥＲ，ＧＥＲ组３１例为病理性，另１９例则为生理性。１３例食管裂孔疝（ＨＨ）患儿均有明显的病理性返流，其各项返流指标除ｐＨ值＜４次数外均显著高于单纯病理性ＧＥＲ；ＨＨ组卧位时返流≥５分钟次数、最长返流时间、总ｐＨ值＜４的时间占总观察时间的百分比和平均返流周期均显著大于立位时；单纯病理性ＧＥＲ组卧位时返流≥５分钟次数、最长返流时间和平均返流周期显著大于立位时，而返流次数则小于立位时。提示小儿病理性ＧＥＲ以卧位时明显，伴有食管裂孔疝者返流更为严重。动态２４小时食管内ｐＨ值监测可用于小儿ＧＥＲ的诊断、分析和疗效评定。     

窒息后新生儿食管测压及双PH监测的研究

目的 探讨出生窒息对新生儿胃肠运动功能的影响。方法 用多导生理记录仪测定了３５例窒息后新生儿和１７名对照新生儿的食管和胃内压力，并用晶体锑双ＰＨ微电极和便携式２４小时ＰＨ记录仪，对受试者进行了２４小时胃食管双ＰＨ动态监测。结果 两组食管及胃内测压差异不显著：双ＰＨ动态监测发现，窒息组反映酸性胃食管返流的各项参数均明显高于对照组，其中酸性返流指数窒息组／对照组为７．１／１．３；返流次数为１３７．４／     

动态24小时食管pH值监测小儿胃食管反流

为了解２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿胃食管返流诊治中的作用。研究小儿病理性ＧＥＲ的特点及其主仍断标准，对５０例经钡餐造影诊为ＧＥＲ的患儿进行动态２４小时食管内ＰＨ值监测，３０例健康小儿为对照组，复查１３例病理性ＧＥＲ患儿治疗后结果表明，ＧＥＲ组各项返流同于对照组。     

动态胃、食管双pH监测小儿胃食管反流

目的 判断小儿胃食管反流病（GERD）的类型,提高GERD的诊断率。方法 采用晶体锑双pH微电极对临床疑诊GERD患儿65例进行食管下段和胃底部pH值24h动态监测。结果 29例（44．6％）有酸性胃食管反流,4例（6．1％）有碱性胃食管反流,总检出率50．7％,两组各项反流指标与对照组相比差异有显著意义。结论 动态胃、食管双pH监测能较准确地判定反流的有无及其类型,并提高GERD的诊断率。     

窒息后新生儿胃食管测压及双pH监测的研究

目的探讨出生窒息对新生儿胃肠运动功能的影响。方法用多导生理记录仪测定了３５例窒息后新生儿和１７名对照新生儿的食管和胃内压力，并用晶体锑双ｐＨ微电极和便携式２４小时ｐＨ记录仪，对受试者进行了２４小时胃食管双ｐＨ动态监测。结果两组食管及胃内测压差异不显著；双ｐＨ动态监测发现，窒息组反映酸性胃食管返流的各项参数均明显高于对照组，其中酸性返流指数窒息组／对照组为７．１／１．３；返流次数为１３７．４／２８．５；返流＞５分钟的次数５．９／０．７；ｐＨ＜４总时间１５７．０／２０．１；食管廓清时间１．０／０．４，差异均有非常显著意义（Ｐ＜０．０１）。结论窒息后新生儿酸性胃食管返流较对照组明显增加，各项参数已超过病理性胃食管返流诊断标准     

胃食管双pH监测小儿十二指肠胃食管返流

采用胃、食管双ｐＨ电极对２１例１～１２个月小儿进行２４ｈｐＨ值监测。７例无返流小儿为对照组，１４例有返流的小儿中９例为酸性返流（６４％），５例（３６％）为碱性返流即十二指肠胃食管返流（其中４例合并酸性返流）。碱性返流可引起严重的食管病变。传统的单一食管下端ｐＨ监测难以作出准确诊断，增加胃底ｐＨ监测为准确判定返流，特别是十二指肠胃食管返流提供重要根据，对于提高胃食管返流诊断率和指导临床对不同类型的返流进行有效治疗具有重要意义。     

胃食管双PH监测小儿十二脂肠胃食管返流

采用胃、食管双ＰＨ电极对２１例１～１２个月个月小儿进行２４ｈｐＨ值监测。７例无返流小儿为对照组，１４例有返流的小儿中９例为酸性返流（６４％），５例（３６％）为碱性返流即十二指肠胃食管返流（其中４例合并酸性返流）。碱性返流可引起严重的食管病变。传统的单一食管下端ＰＨ监测难以作出准确诊断，增加胃底ＰＨ监测为准确羊定返流，特别是十二脂肠胃食管返流提供重要根据，对于提高胃食管返流诊断率和指导临床对不同类型     

新生儿胃食管反流发病机理的研究

为探讨新生儿胃食管反流（ＧＥＲ）的发病机理，对３８例经钡餐造影诊为ＧＥＲ的患儿进行食管ｐＨ值动态监测和食管动力功能检查，１５例无症状儿作对照组。结果：ＧＥＲ组各项反流指标均显著大于对照组。３８例中１８例为生理性ＧＥＲ，２０例为病理性ＧＥＲ。病理性反流组下食管括约肌压力（ＬＥＳＰ）和屏障压（ＢＰ）均显著低于对照组，而食管功能的其他指标则差异无显著意义。以总ｐＨ值＜４百分时间２．７７％和综合评分８．９２为９５％参考值上限，则ＧＥＲ组病理性反流的检出率为５５．３％（２１／３８），高于对照组的６．７％（１／１５）（Ｐ＜０．０１）。ＬＥＳＰ和ＢＰ的９５％参考值下限分别为８．３９ｋＰａ、８．１５ｋＰａ，对照组无一例ＬＥＳＰ低下，ＧＥＲ组ＬＥＳＰ降低占１５．７％（６／３８），二组差异无显著意义（Ｐ＞０．０５）。提示：新生儿期食管功能已成熟，新生儿ＧＥＲ的发生不单是ＬＥＳＰ降低这一因素，还可能与短暂下食管括约肌松驰有关。     

24小时食管pH值监测在小儿支气管哮喘诊治中的应用

目的探讨胃食管返流（ＧＥＲ）与小儿支气管哮喘的关系，了解２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿哮喘诊治中的作用。方法用便携式２４小时ｐＨ自动记录仪，监测３８例支气管哮喘患儿食管下端ｐＨ值变化，３０例无症状儿为对照组，对１５例合并病理性ＧＥＲ患儿进行抗返流治疗，复查８例。结果哮喘组８项返流指标均显著大于对照组（Ｐ＜０．０１），其病理性ＧＥＲ的检出率为３９％（１５／３８），显著高于对照组（１／３０）（Ｐ＜０．０１）；小儿哮喘合并病理性ＧＥＲ者其返流以卧位和夜间时严重；经雷尼替丁抗返流治疗后，各项返流指标除了立位ｐＨ＜４时间百分比外，均显著下降（Ｐ＜０．０１或＜０．０５），近期随访结果显示，哮喘得到有效控制。结论ＧＥＲ是诱发小儿哮喘发作的一个重要因素，哮喘合并病理性ＧＥＲ的患儿对制酸药物抗返流治疗有良好的反应，２４小时食管ｐＨ值监测在小儿哮喘的病因诊断和疗效观察上有重要的应用价值。     

近端食管胃酸反流与胃食管反流患儿呼吸道症状的关系

目的了解胃食管反流(GER)患儿近端食管胃酸反流与呼吸道症状发生的关系。方法采用食管双pH动态监测法，对31例单纯性呕吐、23例伴有反复呼吸道症状的GER患儿同时监测食管近端和远端pH值的变化，以35例健康儿作为对照组。结果单纯呕吐组远端食管各项酸反流指标、近端食管酸反流指标除最长反流时间外均大于对照组，差异有显著性；呼吸道症状组远端食管、近端食管各项酸反流指标均大于对照组，差异有显著性；但单纯呕吐组与呼吸道症状组相比较，无论在近端食管还是在远端食管，各项指标的差异无显著性；病例组远端食管各项酸反流指标均大于近端食管，差异有显著性。结论近端食管酸反流并不是GER患儿发生呼吸道症状的主要因素，而远端食管酸反流是小儿GER的主要反流形式。     

24 h食管pH监测在婴儿难治性肺炎中的临床应用研究

目的探讨24h食管pH监测在婴儿难治性肺炎中的临床应用及其意义。方法对57例难治性肺炎患儿进行24h食管pH监测,监测指标包括食管pH〈4.0的次数、反流时间≥5min的次数、最长反流时间、卧位pH值〈4的时间占总监测时间的百分比和Biox-Ochoa评分。结果57例中存在胃食管反流（GER）28例（占49.1%）;有呕吐与无呕吐症状患儿各项反流指标比较差异有统计学意义;伴有胃食管反流患儿经促动力剂治疗者,肺部罗音消失时间和咳嗽持续时间均较未用促动力剂治疗者短,差异有统计学意义（P〈0.05）。结论难治性肺炎患儿经正规抗炎治疗效果不佳者,应考虑是否合并胃食管反流,进行24h食管pH监测,以确定病因并指导治疗。     

Does postoperative pH monitoring predict complicated gastroesophageal reflux in patients with esophageal atresia?

Gastroesophageal reflux (GER) is common after repair of esophageal atresia with a distal tracheoesophageal fistula (EATOF). In a retrospective study we assessed whether early 18-h pH monitoring can predict the development of EATOF-associated gastroesophageal reflux. During 1980–1997, 90 consecutive patients had primary repair for EATOF. Development of GER was classified as favorable if the patient developed no esophagitis or mild esophagitis and needed no antireflux medication, and as unfavorable if the patient developed moderate or secondary esophagitis or required an antireflux procedure. Patients who developed unfavorable GER outcome before pH monitoring or needed secondary reconstruction or those whose endoscopic follow-up data were insufficient were excluded. Eighteen-hour pH monitoring was considered pathologic if esophageal pH was <4 more than 10% of the recorded time or 5% of the recorded time minus 2 h after each meal, or if there were more than three preprandial reflux periods lasting longer than 5 min. A total of fifty patients were included into the study. pH monitoring was performed at the median age of 9.2 (range 2.5–95.0) months and classified as pathologic in 10 and normal in 40 patients. After a median follow-up of 59 (0.3–217.6) months, nine of 10 (90%) patients with pathologic pH monitoring and five of 40 (12.5%) patients with normal pH monitoring developed unfavorable outcomes (p<.05). We conclude that early pH monitoring predicts the development of significant GER, but because 12.5% of patients with normal early pH monitoring also developed significant GER, early pH monitoring alone does not rule out the development of significant GER.     

Simultaneous recording of pH in the distal and proximal esophagus]

A 24 hour esophageal pH recording was performed in 46 infants (age: 10 +/- 12 months). Two probes were placed in the proximal and distal esophageal sites respectively. A significant correlation was shown between the upper and lower part of the esophagus for the numbers of acid (pH fall below 4 for at least 15 s) and weakly acid (fall in pH of more than one unit, irrespective of whether or not the pH fell below 4) gastroesophageal reflux (GER), the reflux index and the number of acid GER longer than 5 min. The number of acid GER and the time spent at pH less than 4 at the proximal esophagus were significantly greated in group 1 (reflux index greater than 5% in the distal esophagus, n = 10), than in group 2 (reflux index less than 5% in the distal esophagus, n = 36). The proportion of distal acid and weakly acid reflux reaching the upper esophagus presented with marked variation coefficients. These findings indicate that data obtained in the distal esophagus are poorly predictive of the results in the proximal esophagus, even if infants present high reflux index at the lower esophagus. Weakly acid GER reached the upper esophagus more frequently than acid GER.     

Frequency of gastroesophageal reflux in neonates as assessed by 24-hour pH monitoring

The purpose of the present study was to determine the frequency and the other characteristics of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in 46 asymptomatic neonates during the first weeks of life. The GER were assessed by 24-hour continuous esophageal pH monitoring (CPR). The frequency of all the GER was 0.66 +/- 0.54/h (0 to 2.21). Half of the GER were determined as acid (pH less than 4 during at least 15 sec), 23% as highly acid (pH less than 3 during at least 15 sec), 39% as weakly acid (abrupt fall of the pH higher than 1 unit pH), and 11% as non acid (abrupt increase of pH higher than 1 unit pH). According to these results, a CPR should be considered as pathologic in neonates when the following criteria are fulfilled (upper limits fixed at means + 2 S.D.): 1. frequency of acid GER longer than 5 min above 0.35/h; 2. time ratio at pH below 4 exceeding 10.4%; or 3. frequency of very acid GER greater than 0.53/h.     

Prevalence and treatment of silent gastro-oesophageal reflux in children with recurrent respiratory disorders

Thirty-six infants and children presenting with recurrent respiratory disorders (RRD) as the sole clinical symptom including bronchial asthma (6), recurrent obstructive bronchitis with or without wheezing (18), chronic nocturnal cough (3), recurrent episodes of pneumonia (3), recurrent pharyngitis (3) and recurrent laryngitis (3) were investigated for associated gastro-oesophageal reflux (GER) by oesophagram, endoscopy and continuous 24 h pH monitoring of the distal oesophagus.The pH monitoring criteria were selected on the basis of a preliminary study comparing statistically measurements of 32 variables recorded in 15 patients who all had clinical, radiological and endoscopic evidence of GER and in 8 asymptomatic controls. Although patients with symptomatic GER differed significantly from the asymptomatic ones for 27 variables examined, 6 variables emerged as having the highest value for discrimination (overlap score 0–1). Among these, the Euler-Byrne index (number of reflux pH<4+4 times the number of reflux episodes of more than 5 min), the percentage of total reflux time and the number of reflux episodes 1 h post-cibal scored 0 (no overlap). GER was considered to be present when at least five of these six parameters were abnormal.The overeall incidence of GER in children with RRD was 41% (15) when detected by oesophagram and 61% (22) when diagnosed by pH monitoring criteria. In the children with bronchial asthma or with recurrent laryngitis, the percentage of reflux time during sleep was about 40 times higher than in asymptomatic controls and 2 times higher than in those with symptomatic GER. Of the 22 patients with RRD and GER, 9 were elected to have fundoplication because of poor response to medical antireflux management. All of these, showed complete (6) or partial (3) resolution of respiratory symptoms. Of the 13 patients in whom medical therapy was continued, 9 showed satisfactory improvement with a mean follow-up time of 1 year. Silent GER might be an important contributing factor to the severity of some common chronic respiratory disorders in children.Abbreviation RRD recurrent respiratory disorders - GER gastro-oesophageal reflux     

Esophageal pH measurements in newborn infants. Value and indications

Esophageal pH monitoring is now the most reliable test in the diagnosis of gastroesophageal reflux (GER) in infants and children. A 18-24 hr esophageal pH monitoring is undertaken in 26 newborns to validate this test for this age group where GER is frequent with fair correlation of clinical presentation. In 19 infants with suspicion of GER, this test give a positive diagnosis in 12 of them. Seven out of these 12 infants have another investigations (barium- esophagram - scintigraphy - esophagoscopy) with only a positive diagnosis of GER in 4 cases. Esophageal pH monitoring in 7 control infants show that the percent of monitoring time with pH below 4.0 is one of the best discriminative values (upper limit: 4.2%) for the diagnosis of GER. Unusual symptoms of GER in the neonatal period as apneic spells, dyspnea, cyanosis or neurological signs are indications for esophageal pH monitoring.