APACHE Ⅱ评分在CBP治疗MODS时机选择中的应用研究

目的探讨APACHEⅡ评分在指导选择连续性血液净化(CBP)治疗MODS最佳时机中的作用和价值。方法按APACHEⅡ评分不同,将136例MODS患者分别在APACHEⅡ评分<15分;15~25分;>25分3个分数段内分为CBP治疗组和非CBP治疗组。在不同APACHEⅡ评分分数段内分别比较是否行CBP治疗的两组患者的病死率、住院时间、医疗费用等的差异。结果APACHEⅡ评分<15分时,CBP治疗组和非CBP治疗组患者均无患者死亡,医疗费用也无显著差异;但CBP治疗组患者住院时间明显短于非CBP治疗组(P<0.05)。APACHEⅡ评分15~25分时,CBP治疗组患者病死率、住院时间明显低于非CBP治疗组(P<0.05,P<0.01),2组间的医疗费用则无显著性差异。APACHEⅡ评分>25分时,2组患者病死率无显著差异,但CBP治疗组住院时间、医疗费用明显高于非CBP治疗组(P<0.05,P<0.01)。结论APACHEⅡ评分为15~25分是CBP治疗MODS患者的最佳时机,可以产生最佳的“效-价”比。APACHEⅡ评分可以作为确定MODS患者是否选择进行CBP治疗,以及何时进行CBP治疗的指标之一。     

通腑颗粒对多器官功能障碍综合征胃肠功能障碍患者病情严重程度的影响

目的:观察通腑颗粒治疗多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)胃肠功能障碍的临床疗效.方法:采用前瞻性、多中心、临床随机对照研究方法,将140例MODS患者随机分为莫沙必利组和通腑颗粒组,于试验开始时(0 h)以及用药后48 h和7 d或死亡前对患者进行胃肠功能评分、急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分和Marshall评分;记录患者机械通气时间、住重症监护室(ICU)时间及28 d的转归情况.结果:两组治疗后胃肠功能评分、APACHEⅡ评分及Marshall评分均有所降低,且通腑颗粒组较莫沙必利组改善更为明显,差异均有显著性(P＜0.05或P＜0.01).与莫沙必利组比较,通腑颗粒组机械通气时间明显缩短(P＜0.05);住ICU时间有所缩短,但差异无显著性.APACHEⅡ≤8分时两组患者病死率均为0,8～20分时差异有显著性,＞20分时差异无显著性.通腑颗粒组28 d总病死率较莫沙必利组显著降低(P＜0.05);且随受累器官数目的增加病死率逐渐增高.结论:通腑颗粒能够改善MODS患者的病情严重度及预后.     

血必净注射液对脓毒性多器官功能障碍综合征患者心功能及预后的影响

目的 观察血必净注射液对脓毒性多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者心功能及预后的影响,以指导脓毒症治疗.方法 将63例获得随访数据的脓毒性MODS患者按随机原则分为血必净组(33例)和常规治疗组(30例).常规治疗组给予西医常规治疗;血必净组在常规治疗的基础上加用血必净注射液治疗,200 ml/d,连用10d.于治疗前及治疗后1、3、7、10d检测肌酸激酶(CK)、肌酸激酶同工酶(CK-MB)、肌钙蛋白Ⅰ(cTnI),心排血量(CO)及B型钠尿肽(BNP),记录急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分及Marshall评分,随访统计28 d病死率.结果 治疗后7～10d血必净组CK、CK-MB、BNP较常规治疗组明显下降(均P＜0.05);治疗后3～7d血必净组cTnI较常规治疗组明显下降(均P＜0.05);治疗后1～10d血必净组CO与常规治疗组比较差异均无统计学意义(均P＞0.05);治疗后7～10d血必净组APACHEⅡ评分较常规治疗组明显下降;治疗后10dMarshall评分较常规治疗组明显下降(均P＜0.05).血必净组较常规治疗组28 d病死率降低(27.27％比53.33％,P＜ 0.05).结论 应用中药血必净治疗7～10d后,脓毒性MODS患者的心肌酶及BNP水平明显降低,APACHEⅡ及Marshall评分改善,病死率降低,说明中药血必净注射液有减轻脓毒性MODS患者心脏损害、改善预后的作用.     

多器官功能障碍综合征胃肠功能障碍中西医结合治疗——附208例患者的多中心临床疗效观察报告

目的 验证通腑颗粒对多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)胃肠功能障碍患者的临床疗效,为MODS中西医结合治疗方案提供有价值的循证医学证据.方法 采用前瞻性、多中心、随机对照临床试验.收集北京地区10所三级医院208例MODS伴胃肠功能障碍患者的临床资料,采用区组随机方法分为通腑颗粒组和莫沙必利组,观察通腑颗粒对MODS胃肠功能障碍的临床疗效及对急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)评分、Marshall评分及28 d内机械通气时间、住重症监护病房(ICU)天数、病死率的影响.结果 与莫沙必利组比较,通腑颗粒组可促进MODS胃肠功能障碍患者的肠蠕动,降低血浆二胺氧化酶(DAO)和D-乳酸水平,减轻细菌移位及内毒素血症,改善MODS患者Marshall评分、APACHEⅡ评分及胃肠功能评分,并可缩短机械通气时间,降低APACHEⅡ评分8～20分患者的病死率(P<0.05或P<0.01),但两组患者住ICU天数差异无统计学意义.结论 通腑颗粒多靶位保护肠屏障功能,改善部分MODS患者预后.     

早期连续性血液净化治疗多器官功能障碍综合征的临床疗效

目的 探讨早期应用连续性血液净化技术(continuous blood purification, CBP)治疗多器官功能障碍综合征(multiple organ dysfunction syndrome, MODS)的临床疗效.方法 98例MODS患者,其中治疗组(MODS发生48 h内行CBP治疗)46例,对照组(MODS发生48 h后行CBP治疗)52例,分别行CBP治疗48～276 h.观察并比较两组CBP治疗24、48 h急性生理和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)、MODS评分及ICU住院时间、ICU病死率.结果 两组年龄、性别及发生MODS时APACHEⅡ评分、MODS评分比较差异均无统计学意义(P>0.05);治疗24、48 h 两组APACHEⅡ评分、MODS评分比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).两组ICU住院时间及病死率比较差异均有统计学意义(P<0.05).结论 尽可能早期开展CBP治疗,能提高MODS患者的救治成功率.     

血必净注射液对多发性创伤患者早期的治疗作用及对预后的影响

目的 观察血必净注射液治疗对多发性创伤早期并发脓毒症、多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)患者预后的影响.方法 选择急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅰ(APACHE Ⅰ)评分15分的多发性创伤患者60例,随机分为治疗组和对照组,每组30例.两组均按多发性创伤常规治疗;治疗组在常规治疗基础上于入院1 d.起用血必净注射液80 ml静脉滴注,12 h 1次,连用7 d.统计两组脓毒症和MODS的发生率以及28 d病死率;检测入院即刻、3、5和7 d APACHE Ⅰ评分及血清肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6、IL-10水平.结果 入院3 d起,治疗组APACHE Ⅰ评分和TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6、IL-10水平均低于对照组,至5 d时下降更明显,两组比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05).治疗组脓毒症发生率为43.3%(13/30),MODS发生率为23.3%(7/30),病死率为13.3%(4/30);对照组脓毒症发生率为63.3N(19/30),MODS发生率为53.3%(16/30),病死率为40.0%(12/30),两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P均<0.05).结论 多发性创伤早期应用血必净注射液能减轻病情严重程度,显著降低脓毒症、MODS的发生率,从而改善多发性创伤患者的预后.     

应用不同频次支气管肺泡灌洗治疗呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的疗效比较

<正>呼吸机相关性肺炎(VAP)泛指机械通气48 h至拔管后48 h内出现的医院获得性肺炎,是机械通气最严重并发症之一,具有极高的死亡率[1]。VAP一旦出现后需第一时间予以治疗,一旦继发循环系统异常与多脏器功能衰竭综合征后,死亡率将大幅提高[2]。支气管肺泡灌洗是针对该病有效的治疗方案。本研究探讨应用不同频次支气管肺泡灌洗治疗对呼吸机相关性肺炎患者的临床疗效,现报告如下。     

低分子肝素治疗脓毒症中P-选择素的变化及临床意义研究

目的 研究低分子肝素治疗脓毒症过程中P-选择素(CD62p)表达的动态变化及其临床意义.方法 20例健康体检者为正常组.将40例脓毒症患者随机分为对照组和抗凝组,在诊断脓毒症第1、3、5、7天,采用ELISA法检测CD62p表达,同时观察急性生理和慢性健康状况评分Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)及血浆凝血酶原时间(PT)、活化部分凝血活酶时间(APTT)、纤维蛋白原(FIB)、血小板(PLT)和D-二聚体(D-D)的变化,并统计多器官功能障碍综合征(MODS)发生率及28 d病死率.结果 与正常组比较,对照组CD62p表达显著增加(P均<0.05).随着时间的延长,抗凝组CD62p表达及APACHEⅡ评分均下降,治疗第5、7天与治疗第1天比较差异有统计学意义(P均<0.05);而对照组两指标是先下降后升高.治疗第7天抗凝组CD62p表达及APACHEⅡ评分均低于对照组(P均<0.05).抗凝组MODS发生率(20%)较对照组降低(50%,P<0.05);28 d病死率(20%)也较对照组(35%)降低,但差异无统计学意义(P>0.05).对照组和抗凝组治疗前后PT、APTT、FIB、PLT和D-D水平比较差异均无统计学意义(P均>0.05).抗凝组CD62p表达与APACHEⅡ评分呈正相关(r=0.989,P=0.011).结论 脓毒症早期血小板就处于高激活状态,且活化程度与疾病严重程度呈正相关;早期应用低分子肝素治疗脓毒症,可显著抑制CD62p表达,降低MODS发生率,改善预后,且临床应用安全.     

急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ和营养风险筛查-2002在危重症患者中的应用

目的探讨危重症患者中急性生理学与慢性健康状况评分系统Ⅱ(APACHEⅡ)与营养风险筛查-2002(NRS-2002)的关系。方法选择重症监护病房(ICU)的128例危重症患者,按下列分组:组A(APACHEⅡ18分)34例、组B(18分≤APACHEⅡ≤25分)63例、组C(APACHEⅡ25分)31例;Ⅰ组(NRS-2002分值在0~4分)28例、Ⅱ组(NRS-2002分值在5~6分)68例、Ⅲ组(NRS-2002分值7分)32例,分别比较下列指标:住院天数、住院总费用、日均住院费用、并发症数、并发症发生率、病死率在各组间的差异,并分析APACHEⅡ与NRS-2002的相关性。结果在A/B/C分组中,随着APACHEⅡ分值的增加,日均住院费用、并发症数、病死率、NRS-2002分值等指标升高明显(P0.05);在Ⅰ/Ⅱ/Ⅲ分组中,随NRS-2002分值增加,APACHEⅡ分值、日均住院费用、住院总费用、并发症数、并发症发生率等指标增加显著(P0.05)。APACHEⅡ分值与NRS-2002分值呈正相关(r=0.509,P=0.000)。结论 APACHEⅡ与NRS-2002均有助于判断危重症患者的病情及预后,两者相结合,可以更好指导临床医师对患者进行病情评估及预后判断。     

丙氨酰谷氨酰胺在创伤性急性肺损伤机械通气治疗中的临床研究

目的:探讨丙氨酰谷氨酰胺(Ala-Gln)在创伤性急性肺损伤(ALI)机械通气治疗中的临床疗效.方法:将创伤性ALI机械通气患者60例随机分为观察组(n=30)和对照组(n=30),观察组在常规治疗基础上加Ala-Gln 0.5 g/(kg·d),连用7 d,比较两组的 PaO2、氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、机械通气时间、住 ICU 时间、ARDS发生率及病死率.结果:观察组治疗后PaO2、氧合指数、APACHEⅡ评分、机械通气时间、住ICU 时间、ARDS发生率组均明显优于对照组(P均<0.05),但病死率无显著性差异(P>0.05).结论:Ala-Gln在创伤性ALI机械通气治疗中可能有肺保护作用,适合创伤性ALI的治疗.     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.