胸骨后甲状腺肿物的手术处理

为探讨胸骨后甲状腺肿物手术切除的进路方式，回顾性分析３０年来外科治疗的结果。１９６５年至１９９４年间全部患者共８７例，其中结节性甲状腺肿６４例，占７３．６％；甲状腺腺瘤１３例，占１４．９％；甲状腺恶性肿瘤１０例，占１１．５％。通过颈部入路手术切除的占７０％（６１／８７），胸骨正中劈开切除的占１６％（１４／８７），前切口开胸切除的占１４％（１２／８７）。随着经验的积累，除误诊为纵隔其它来源的肿物外，１９８０年以后已不再行前切口开胸手术切除，１９８５年以后的４３例中，只有１例胸骨后结节性甲状腺肿的患者行胸骨劈开手术，其余均从颈部入路手术。由于颈部入路相对并发症少、损伤小、安全可靠，建议对良性的胸骨后甲状腺肿物和部分恶性肿物行颈部衣领式切口手术。     

胸骨后甲状腺肿物的手术处理

为探讨胸骨后甲状腺肿物手术切除的进路方式，回顾性分析３０年来外科治疗的结果，１９６５年至１９９４年间全部患者共８７例，其中结节性甲状腺肿６４例，占７３．６％，甲状腺腺瘤１３例，占１４．９％，甲状腺恶性肿瘤１０例，占１１．５％，通过颈部入路手术切除的占７０％（６１／８７），胸骨正中劈开切除的占１６％（１４／８７），前切口开胸切除的占１４％（１２／８７）。随着经验的积累，除误诊为纵隔其它来源肿物外，１     

Surgical treatment of substernal thyroid disease

The thyroid surgeon must have a full understanding of the anatomy and surgical approaches to the mediastinum. Although most benign substernal goiters may be removed by a transcervical approach, the surgeon needs to know indications for transclavicular and median sternotomy approaches. When there is direct evidence of extension of thyroid cancer into the mediastinum, the possibility of median sternotomy should be considered. This is certainly mandated when disease extends to the inferior mediastinum. Superior mediastinal node dissection is usually easy to approach transcervically. Unilateral extension of the disease may be accessed readily with a transclavicular approach for most cases. Careful dissection of the recurrent laryngeal nerve as well as parathyroids is essential to diminish postoperative morbidity. The morbidity is a reflection of the experience and technical skills of the surgeon as well as the extent of the disease. The best results for resection of substernal thyroid disease are obtained by the experienced thyroid surgeon, not the occasional operator.     

Thyroidectomy for substernal goiter via a mediastinoscopic approach

We report an unusual case in which a patient presented with a large posterior mediastinal goiter that extended to the level of the aorta. The goiter was resected through a standard Kocher neck incision with mediastinoscopic assistance. The large goiter was completely excised without the need for a sternotomy.     

老年胸骨后甲状腺肿瘤外科治疗

目的探讨老年胸骨后甲状腺肿瘤的手术入路方法。方法采用颈部低领式切口入路,按甲状腺常规切除方法进行。对于坠入上纵隔较深的肿瘤采用“共力牵引”法,而对于甲状腺癌需进行上纵隔暴露及淋巴结清扫的病例,采用咬除锁骨内1/3及部分胸骨的方法,充分暴露上纵隔。结果22例老年胸骨后甲状腺肿瘤采用低领式切口入路均获成功。无手术并发症。随访率100%,随访29个月,无复发病例。结论采用颈部低领式切口入路完成老年胸骨后甲状腺肿瘤切除具有创伤小,时间短,并发症少的优点。“共力牵引”法方便了术中暴露。甲状腺恶性肿瘤采用咬除锁骨内1/3及部分胸骨的方法,可充分暴露上纵隔。     

胸骨后甲状腺肿物32例外科治疗

目的：探讨胸骨后甲状腺肿物的手术入路及方法。方法：良性甲状腺肿物采用颈部低领式切口入路,按甲状腺切除的方法给予处理;胸骨后甲状腺乳头状癌,采用颈部低领式切口加颈部正中纵切口,行肿瘤姑息切除加气管切开术。结果：31例良性甲状腺肿物患者采用颈部切口入路均获成功;1例甲状腺乳头状癌患者采用颈部纵切口,姑息切除肿瘤加气管切开,术后追加放疗及同位素治疗,生存期超过5年。32例患者中,9例（28．1％）出现并发症;5例（15．6％）出现喉返神经损伤;出血3例（9．4％）。结论：颈部低领式切口是切除胸骨后甲状腺良性肿瘤的理想入路,恶性肿瘤手术径路有待进一步探讨。     

The enlarged translabyrinthine and transapical extension type I approach for large vestibular schwannomas

To evaluate the results obtained by performing the enlarged translabyrinthine and transapical extension type I approaches for removal of large vestibular schwannomas and those with anterior extensions. An academic tertiary referral centre at Mumbai, India. Retrospective case review. 35 patients of vestibular schwannomas having size greater than 3?cm in extrameatal diameter with extension anterior to the internal auditory canal who underwent the enlarged translabyrinthine or transapical extension type I approach and with a minimum follow up of 1?year are considered. Other subjects who underwent translabyrinthine approach but did not fulfill the above criteria were excluded. Tumor was removed completely in 34 subjects (97.1%). Anatomic interruption of facial nerve occured in 4 cases (11.4%); 3 subjects underwent end to end anastomosis and 1 subject required a cable graft, these were done during the primary procedure itself. At 1 year follow up 28 subjects (80%) had good facial function (Grade I and II, House Brackmann Grading). Postoperative cerebrospinal fluid leak was encountered in 1 subject (2.9%). 34 subjects (97.1%) had a normal albeit slow gait by the sixth post-operative day. Complete tumor removal with a very low morbidity in our series suggest that the enlarged translabyrinthine and transapical extension type I approach offers excellent control of the neurovascular structures in the cerebellopontine angle as also of the large vestibular schwannoma itself aiding complete removal. It also offers the advantage of management of the interrupted facial nerve at the primary procedure itself since the proximal and distal segments are in the operative field.     

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis with thoracic extension after total laryngectomy

Cervical necrotizing fasciitis (CNF) with thoracic extension is rare. It has never been reported in laryngectomized patients. A case of fatal CNF in a laryngectomized patient equipped with a voice prosthesis is presented. Diagnosis and treatment are discussed. CNF with thoracic extension was diagnosed on clinical picture, computed tomography (CT) and biopsies were taken just above the tracheostoma. Antibiotic treatment was started and extensive debridement of the affected tissues performed. A minor extension to the left pleura was considered irresectable. Irradical debridement and the impossibility of administering hyperbaric oxygen therapy caused death within two day after presentation. CNF is a rare disease and to our knowledge, has never been reported after total laryngectomy. This case emphasizes the need for early antibiotic treatment and radical surgical resection of the affected tissues.     

The transglabellar subcranial approach for nasal dermoids with intracranial extension

OBJECTIVES/HYPOTHESIS: Nasal dermoids are the most common congenital midline nasal lesions. When a midline nasal pit or cyst is identified, scans should be obtained to look for an intracranial connection. The intracranial portion of the lesions has traditionally been approached by the performance of a frontal craniotomy. The transglabellar subcranial approach is a useful technique to resect these lesions and offers several advantages over a traditional craniotomy approach. STUDY DESIGN: Retrospective case review. METHODS: Records of two patients who underwent excision of nasal dermoids by way of a subcranial approach were analyzed. RESULTS: Two patients underwent successful resection of nasal dermoids with intracranial extension by way of a subcranial approach. The patients were 13 months and 19 months old at the time of excision and have been followed for 7 years and 6 years, respectively. There has not been any recurrence of the lesions. There has been no apparent negative impact on facial growth in either of these cases. CONCLUSIONS: The subcranial approach is an effective technique for the resection of nasal dermoids with intracranial extension. These lesions have traditionally been managed with lateral rhinotomy, midface degloving, or external rhinoplasty approaches combined with a frontal craniotomy. The subcranial approach offers excellent exposure, minimizes frontal lobe retraction, reduces the likelihood of cerebrospinal fluid leak, and provides for excellent cosmetic result. This approach was used in two cases with long-term follow-up. The lesions were successfully resected in both cases. Long-term follow-up has shown no recurrence or negative effect on craniofacial growth.     

Heterotopic neuroglial tissue presenting as oral cavity mass with intracranial extension

Heterotopic neuroglial tissue is a rare congenital lesion with predilection in head and neck region. We report a case of a newborn who presented with an oral cavity mass with intracranial extension and later respiratory distress that was successfully excised via transcranial and transcervical approach.