腹腔镜下结直肠癌手术

随着微创外科的迅速发展，腹腔镜手术也被尝试用来治疗结、直肠癌疾病。这种新型的手术方法在国内正在开展。本文通过回顾近年的相关文献，侧重于随机对照试验及一些大宗报告的数据分析，对腹腔镜结直肠癌手术中转开腹率、肿瘤学治疗效果、并发症、生存率等作出简要评价。腹腔镜手术具有切口小、术后疼痛轻、恢复快等优点，肿瘤治疗短期疗效与开腹手术相比无明显差别，但是长期疗效的评价尚缺乏大宗随机对照试验结果。     

达芬奇机器人直肠癌根治术的现状和发展

达芬奇机器人手术是当前微创外科的最新潮流之一,它克服了传统腹腔镜的很多技术局限性,在提供立体视野、手术操作精细化和消除操作抖动等方面的优势显著。越来越多研究表明达芬奇机器人直肠癌手术安全可行。与传统腹腔镜手术相比较,机器人手术在降低中转开腹率、减少术后并发症率、改善术后生活质量等方面具有优势。在肿瘤远期生存方面,机器人术式与开腹手术、传统腹腔镜手术相当。近年来,机器人经自然腔道标本取出手术成为直肠癌治疗发展的重要分支。另外,在高速通信时代背景下,机器人系统将成为远程医疗的重点发展方向之一,积极推动远程会诊、学术交流、医院建设甚至就医模式的革新。     

腹腔镜辅助与开腹直肠癌手术围手术期及长期生存率比较的研究

由于直肠手术操作局限于狭小的骨盆,且腹腔镜器械本身存在一定的局限性,腹腔镜辅助直肠癌手术难度较大。当前缺乏充分的证据证明腹腔镜辅助直肠癌手术能达到开腹手术同样的疗效。本研究是一项拟行的Ⅱ期随机对照临床试验的前期研究,比较腹腔镜辅助直肠癌手术与开腹手术,以评估腹腔镜手术的安全性以及肿瘤治疗效果。     

机器人手术系统在结直肠癌手术临床应用现状

机器人手术系统的优点是三维图像清晰和操作稳定灵活,缺点是力反馈缺失、费用昂贵和手术时间延长。其可安全应用于结直肠癌手术,具有创伤小和术后恢复快的特点。机器人结肠癌手术的安全性和有效性已得到肯定,但关于长期生存的研究证据仍不够。目前,与腹腔镜手术比较,机器人直肠癌手术并未在肿瘤短期和长期结局方面显现出优势。机器人手术系统在结直肠癌手术中的合理应用还需进一步的前瞻性随机对照研究。随着第4代达芬奇Xi手术系统面世和外科技术的不断进步,机器人手术系统将在结直肠癌手术中发挥更重要的作用。     

腹腔镜和开腹结直肠癌手术器官损伤的Meta分析

目的 探讨结直肠癌腹腔镜手术和开腹手术中器官损伤发生率的差异.方法 收集1970年1月至2011年7月Cochrane数据中心、MEDLINE、EMBASE和CNKI数据库,公开发表的临床随机对照研究以及相关的科学会议文摘文献,用Meta分析方法评价腹腔镜和开腹结直肠癌根治术中肠损伤、实质器官损伤的发生率.结果 全部数据在9个临床随机对照研究中获取.4410例患者被纳入研究,2331例是腹腔镜手术组,2079例是开腹手术组.在腹腔镜组中术中肠损伤发生率比开腹组高(OR=1.84,P=0.03).术中实质器官的损伤在两组中差异无统计学意义(OR=0.79,P=0.52).结论 腹腔镜结直肠癌根治术肠损伤的发生率比开腹手术高.     

机器人辅助低位直肠癌手术的优势

正结肠直肠癌手术中,腹腔镜手术已是被广泛接受并大量应用的微创方法。但对于直肠癌,尤其是中、低位直肠癌,由于解剖空间有限以及腹腔镜器械本身灵活和精细程度不足等,腹腔镜手术相对困难且耗时,学习曲线延长,应用受到一定的限制[1-3]。不仅如此,在环周切缘等标本切除质量方面,腹腔镜手术甚至存在达不到开腹手术效果的风险[4-5]。机器人是新兴的微创手术方式,在世界范围内陆续开展。目前已有多项回顾性研究和小样本随机     

腹腔镜技术在中低位直肠癌中的应用

腹腔镜结肠癌手术的微创优势已经得到证实。但腹腔镜与开腹手术在直肠癌外科治疗中能否取得相同的效果,目前尚无统一的认识,其争论焦点在于腹腔镜直肠癌治疗的吻合技术、手术并发症和肿瘤学疗效。本文就腹腔镜直肠癌切除的近期手术学结果和远期肿瘤学效果进行简要的综述,认为经过适当的训练和选择适当的病人,腹腔镜在直肠癌治疗中可达到开腹手术同样的疗效。     

腹腔镜直肠全系膜切除治疗中低位直肠癌的前瞻性非随机对照研究

目的：通过与开腹直肠全系膜切除的前瞻性非随机对照研究，评价腹腔镜TME治疗中低位直肠癌的临床疗效。方法：将2001年9月至2005年3月我院外科收治的中低位直肠癌病人，按纳入与剔除标准非随机分为腹腔镜组和开腹组，进行对照分析。结果：人组病例共251例，腹腔镜组和开腹组分别为110例和141例。腹腔镜组的中转开腹率为1．82％。腹腔镜组的平均手术时间、手术切除范围、术后并发症的发生率以及住院天数和开腹组均无显著性差异，而术中出血量、术后肠道功能的恢复要优于开腹组。中位随访期为28（11-57）个月，随访期内两组病例的局部复发率、远处转移率及无瘤生存率均无显著性差异。结论：腹腔镜TME治疗中低位直肠癌是安全、可行的．可以获得和传统开腹手术相同的中长期疗效，且在术后恢复上明显优于传统开腹手术。     

腹腔镜胃肠外科在优化和创新中不断前行

随着腹腔镜手术流程的不断优化和技术的不断创新,腹腔镜胃肠外科在过去的20年中得到了迅速的发展,为当代外科实践和患者术后恢复带来了许多重要改变。各种新型微创外科技术包括全腹腔镜、单孔腹腔镜和经自然腔道标本取出技术的涌现,极大地减轻了术后患者的疼痛并降低了手术并发症发生率。然而,这些技术的确切疗效还有待进一步证实。目前,国际上已有多项多中心随机对照研究证实,腹腔镜结直肠癌手术无论在近期还是远期疗效方面都是安全的;但腹腔镜应用于胃癌手术是否可获得与开腹手术相似的远期疗效,目前仍缺乏高水平证据支持。     

机器人结直肠癌手术中国专家共识(2020版)解读

微创手术是当代外科的主流.结肠癌的腹腔镜手术已经得到广泛认可[1 -2].对于直肠癌,特别是中低位直肠癌,腹腔镜手术难度较大,其根治效果尚存在一定的争议:国际多中心ALaCaRT研究比较了腹腔镜直肠癌手术和开腹手术的根治性切除率,提示腹腔镜手术可能劣于开腹手术(82％ vs.89％),劣势主要集中在环周切缘方面(93％...     

腹腔镜下直肠癌根治术的争议与难点

随着腹腔镜直肠癌根治手术的改进,其应用也越来越广泛,其手术的安全性、可行性及远期疗效也逐渐得到认可,最新指南逐渐推荐腹腔镜技术代替开腹技术。然而在实施过程中,由于学习曲线长、技术难度大,仍存在诸多操作性问题,加之越来越清晰的"膜解剖理念"的出现,有必要对腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的争议与难点进行探讨,以供临床参考。     

腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术治疗极低位直肠癌初步报道

目的:探讨腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术治疗极低位直肠癌的手术安全性、可行性和经验体会。方法:2013年6月至2014年6月对8例符合Rullier极低位直肠癌外科学分类标准中Ⅱ、Ⅲ型病人施行腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术。结果:本研究8例病人均在腹腔镜下完成切除手术,平均手术时间为(168.4±27.3)min,术中出血量(47.0±13.0)m L,远切缘距离(0.6±0.3)cm,肠系膜淋巴结(14.9±2.8)枚。1例术后发生骶前感染,经抗感染及引流后治愈。术后随访未发现肿瘤局部复发及远处转移病人,3例回肠造口还纳术后病人肛门功能良好。结论:治疗极低位直肠癌的腹腔镜联合经肛门拖出适形切除术是一种极限位保肛技术,决定能否保肛的最重要因素不是肿瘤与齿线距离,而是肿瘤对肛管直肠环的侵犯及类型。     

Laparoscopic Resection for Rectal Cancer: A Review

Despite increasing evidence on the success of laparoscopic resection in colorectal diseases, clinicians remain skeptical about the application of laparoscopic resection in rectal cancer, although it may benefit patients by resulting in early return of bowel function, reduced postoperative pain, and shorter hospital stay. Rectal cancer surgery has been regarded as a technically demanding procedure. Deviation from the oncologic principle of mesrectal dissection will lead to a higher local recurrence rate. Therefore, rectal cancer was not included in earlier studies on laparoscopic versus open resection for colorectal cancer. However, many colorectal surgeons who practice laparoscopic surgery soon appreciated that the improved optics of laparoscopy can provide a much better view of the pelvis, and the Heald principle of meticulous sharp dissection for total mesorectal excision could be performed without compromise. In recent years, there has been increasing number of reports on laparoscopic resection of rectal cancers. Apart from the issues on postoperative outcomes and long-term results, laparoscopic resection has generated interest in its impact on the preservation of sexual and bladder function. We summarize the current evidence on laparoscopic resection for rectal cancer.     

腹腔镜直肠癌根治术的热点与未来发展

腹腔镜直肠癌手术的临床实践和临床研究,一直备受关注。基于近几年来发表的高级别临床研究证据,腹腔镜手术治疗直肠癌似乎已经证据确凿且疗效明确;但尚有研究表明,腹腔镜手术环周切缘阳性及直肠全系膜切除不彻底的发生率更高,将成为研究的热点。腹腔镜直肠癌手术仍然可以用于临床实践,对于环周切缘存在阳性风险的患者,仍建议优先选择开腹手术。此外,腹腔镜辅助经肛全直肠系膜切除手术,也是近几年研究的热点问题,现有研究已经表明其安全性和可行性,其是否会成为未来中低位直肠癌手术的发展方向,仍然值得期待,仍需更多的循证医学证据支持。     

A Standardized Technique for Laparoscopic Rectal Resection

Introduction

Laparoscopic rectal resection (LRR) has not gained the same acceptance as laparoscopic segmental colonic resection because of technical challenges, increased operating time and costs, and concerns about the oncological outcome.

Discussion

One way to overcome these challenges is by standardizing the laparoscopic technique in the same way as has been done with the open rectal cancer surgery. We have established a standardized, stepwise laparoscopic procedure for rectal resections that enhances the transformation of laparoscopic skills, identifies indications for conversion early in the operation, and makes the operation predictable and reproducible for the whole surgical team.

Conclusion

We believe this saves time in the operating room and builds up laparoscopic team expertise.     

Hand-assisted laparoscopic low anterior resection

Background: Laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer has never gained wide acceptance among general surgeons, mainly due to the technical difficulties encountered during pelvic dissection. It has therefore been stated that these patients should undergo open rather than laparoscopic surgery. Hand-assisted laparoscopic surgery (HALS) is a new technique that has the potential to overcome many of the existing limitations of pure laparoscopy. In the treatment of rectal cancer, HALS could reproduce an operative setting similar to that of the open approach. Methods: To assess the technical feasibility of hand-assisted laparoscopic low anterior resection for rectal cancer and evaluate potential benefits and drawbacks of this new procedure, a pilot study was conducted at a university hospital on 16 consecutive patients during a 12-month period. Only patients with extraperitoneal rectal cancer were included in this series. Patients' clinical data, operative time, conversion rate, complications, and early outcome measures were prospectively examined. Results: There were 9 men and 7 women. The average ± SD operation time was 238 ± 38 min. Conversion to open surgery was never required. Ten of 16 patients were off pain medication on the third postoperative day. Eight were able to walk the day after surgery. Three minor postoperative complications were recorded. Mean postoperative stay for patients without complications was 5.6 ± 1.4 days. Conclusion: From a technical standpoint, the reported hand-assisted procedure makes pelvic dissection during laparoscopic low anterior resection almost equivalent to the laparotomic operation. The incision for hand access that is needed with this technique does not seem to compromise the quick recovery of patients undergoing purely laparoscopic procedures.     

完全腹腔镜前侧切除术治疗直肠癌51例临床分析

目的探讨完全腹腔镜前侧切除术治疗直肠癌的临床疗效。 方法回顾性分析2013年1月至2014年12月在新疆自治区人民医院行完全腹腔镜前侧切除术治疗的51例直肠癌患者的完整临床资料,研究其安全性与有效性。 结果51例患者未出现一例术中死亡,其中46例腹腔镜手术顺利完成,5例(9.8%)进行中转开腹。手术时间(114.0± 57.2)min,术中出血(107.4 ± 72.9)ml。术后感染1例,经积极治疗后治愈。 结论采用完全腹腔镜前侧切除术治疗直肠癌是一种有效的治疗方案,具有损伤小、并发症少、生存率高及复发率低、康复快等优势,值得推广。     

Laparoscopic surgery for rectal cancer

Although laparoscopic colon cancer surgery is widely accepted as a feasible alternative to open surgery, there is still limited evidence on the use of the laparoscopic approach for rectal cancer. Although laparoscopic rectal surgery is a technically demanding procedure with a steep learning curve because of adherence to the oncologic principle of total mesorectal excision, the laparoscopic approach has some advantages over open surgery, including not only less invasiveness but also a good surgical view of the deep pelvis through its magnification effect. At this time, information is still lacking on the long-term outcomes and efficicacy of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery based on large-scale, randomized, controlled trials, and many clinical guidelines recommend that laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery should only be performed with expertise under a clinical trial setting. Nationwide surveys show the numbers of laparoscopic rectal cancer surgery cases are increasing in Japan, and about 20% of rectal cancer operations are performed laparoscopically, but concerns about the concurrently increasing anastomotic leakage rate should be noted. The development of laparoscopic instruments specifically to facilitate dissection and transection of the rectum in the deep pelvis is expected to increase the future widespread adoption of this procedure.     

凯途弧形吻合器在腹腔镜直肠癌切除术中的应用

目的：探讨凯途弧形吻合器在腹腔镜直肠癌切除术中的应用效果。方法：回顾分析2007年1月至2008年12月为32例低位直肠癌患者用凯途弧形吻合器行腹腔镜手术的临床资料。结果：32例手术均获成功,无中转开腹,手术时间160~230min,平均180min,术中平均出血170ml。1例术后第5天发生吻合口瘘。结论：凯途弧形吻合器用于腹腔镜直肠癌低位前切除术安全可行,节省住院费用,值得推广。     

腹腔镜低位直肠癌内括约肌切除保肛手术的临床应用

目的:探讨在腹腔镜全直肠系膜切除基础上施行内括约肌切除保肛术治疗低位直肠癌的可行性和疗效。方法:回顾分析2007年4月至2008年6月我院为36例低位直肠癌患者行腹腔镜内括约肌切除保肛术的临床资料。结果:36例顺利完成手术,平均手术时间(110±32)m in,术中平均出血(15±18.5)m l,术后持续胃肠减压8~48h,肠蠕动恢复时间(24±17)h,术后1~3d开始进食,1~3d拔除导尿管下床活动,平均住院8d。术后随访8~20个月,12例出现前切除术后综合征,3~6个月后症状消失,目前未发现转移、复发病例。结论:全系膜切除是根治切除直肠癌必须遵循的原则;腹腔镜内括约肌切除保肛术治疗低位和超低位直肠癌安全可行,患者创伤小,出血少,疼痛轻,康复快。