远程医疗会诊系统在芦山地震伤员护理中的应用探讨

目的：探讨远程医疗会诊系统在灾难救援护理中的作用。方法：总结解放军总医院远程医疗会诊系统在2013-04-20四川芦山地震伤员护理中发挥其远程医疗服务的经验。结果：解放军总医院灾后迅速将无线便携式远程会诊系统配置于地震灾区伤员集合点医院,与位于地震灾区的多家医院及地震救援队救护车远程医疗系统联通,提供24h各相关专科护理的远程服务,对地震伤员的疑难护理问题提出诊治意见。据统计解放军总医院共进行远程护理会诊20余例,使灾区伤员的救治能力倍增。结论：远程医疗会诊系统使灾难救援的伤员护理工作更加高效,实现了将最好的护理专家送到了救援的第一线,为我国在灾难救援中实施远程护理指导提供了可借鉴的经验。     

远程护理会诊在雅安地震救援中的应用

目的：探讨远程护理会诊在雅安芦山地震救援中的作用。方法：总结解放军总医院远程医疗会诊系统在2013年“4·20”四川芦山地震伤员护理中发挥其远程医疗服务的经验。结果：在四川芦山地震发生后,解放军总医院第一时间组织开通面向灾区服务的远程医疗会诊系统,与位于地震灾区的多家医院及地震救援队救护车远程医疗系统联通,借助此系统。我们对部分地震重伤员进行了远程护理会诊。结论：远程医疗会诊系统在灾害救援中的应用提高了地震伤员的护理质量,有利于伤员的早日康复,为我国在灾难救援中实施远程护理指导提供了可借鉴的经验。     

集中救治动态检伤多学科合作:在重症医学平台上对地震伤员实施联合救治

目的 总结第二批“国家医疗专家组”参加和指导2013年4月20日四川芦山地震伤员救治工作的经验,分析我国对地震灾难伤员医疗救治的现况.方法与结果 在芦山地震救援中,医疗抢救明确了“集中伤员、集中专家、集中资源、集中救治”的“四个集中”原则,做到了集中重症伤员迅速转运,多环节兼顾;实行前线流动方舱、区域转运枢纽、后方救治中心的多环节串联;多学科专家团队和主管医生合作沟通,动态多次排查检伤,及时识别与治疗危重伤员;迅速摸清震伤特点,建立适当的多学科、多层次专家队伍,根据震情和伤情的不同及时调整救治队伍,做到岗位不同、派出的专家层次不同,充分发挥了医疗专家的最大作用;同时重视临床医学与康复医学的早期结合,最大程度地降低危重伤员的伤亡率和致残率.结论 “4·20”芦山地震的医疗救援是近年我国地震医疗救治经历中的典范,体现了及时、有力、迅速、科学、高效的特点;“集中伤员、集中专家、集中资源、集中救治”的“四个集中”原则是医疗抢救成功的根本保证.     

区域性国家级医院在汶川地震医疗救援中的战略支撑作用

汶川地震医疗救援中，华西医院党政领导准确定位医院作用，迅速确定医院地震医疗救援的“三中心”战略定位：即复杂危重伤员救治中心，灾区医院支援中心和省外医疗队后勤保障中心；强调集中指挥、授权管理和多部门协同合作。医院管理模式迅速从常态进入双轨制应急状态。科学合理配置和调动资源，满足随时变化的伤员抢救需求。根据地震伤员来院情况分为三个阶段，分期重点处置。依靠多学科合作，集结国内国际专家，加强了危重伤抢救力度，提高了救治水平。截至止6月2日，医院共接诊地震伤员2618例，住院1751例，其中危重伤员1135例，ICU收治127例，手术1239台，血液透析77例，住院死亡率低于0．7％。其间医院的常规医疗照常进行。     

芦山地震住院伤员伤情和转运方式调查

目的 探讨芦山地震住院伤员伤情和转运方式,为救治大规模伤病员提供依据。方法 采用“军卫一号”医院信息系统和自编“4·20四川芦山地震住院伤员调查表”,收集整理成都军区总医院收治的芦山地震住院伤员资料。结果 全院累计收治65名地震伤员。主震时受伤共63人,占96.92%。被建筑倒塌等砸伤28名,占43.08%;逃生时跌碰伤23人,占35.38%;意外损伤14人,占21.54%。伤员救援方式：自救32人,占49.23%;互救23人,占35.38%;地方救援10人,占15.38%;军队救援34人,占52.31%。空中转运伤员26人,占44.83%。结论 为应对未来地震等突发事件和重大灾害,科学救治大规模伤员,应科学合理设置应急病区,广泛开展防震减灾教育,加强灾区自救互救,迅速派出救援医疗队并组织伤员空中转运训练。     

5·12地震伤患者救治体会与思考

5·12四川汶川发生了里氏8．0级特大地震，灾难发生时，急救中心做为救治伤病员的第一现场，除了要马上派出医疗队开赴灾区现场外，还要应对大批量转运来的伤员。本文通过对地震当天成功救治的一千余名伤员的救治过程进行回顾和总结，有如下体会与思考。     

灾难救援远程医疗救治模式的探讨

目的:探讨灾难救援中远程医疗救援的作用和地位。方法:以汶川和玉树地震救援为例,分别收集两次地震中湖北省紧急医疗救援队接诊的1801例和19例地震伤病员资料,分析病情特点、救援方法、实际效果与病员流向。结果:汶川地震接诊1801例伤病员中,外伤病例明显多于其他病种(P<0.01);外伤病例中,单部位伤多于复合伤(P<0.01),且以四肢损伤居多;伤病员在地震后1周内最多,明显多于其他时间(P<0.01)。对所有伤病员进行了检伤分诊,科学规范地进行了院前急救处理,1206例患者在震区部队医院或当地医院得到了及时救治、手术或其他稳定病情措施后分流至德阳、成都等其他地区,救治效果良好。玉树接诊伤病员全部为地震造成的外伤病例,灾区救出伤员、规范处置后全部转运至机场,与空军合作,全程跟踪救护伤病员,抢救转送了19位藏族同胞,无一例死亡。结论:远程医疗救援的快速启动响应,对规范灾区医疗救治秩序,及时有效救治短期内出现的大批伤病员,发挥了重要作用。"绵竹模式"探索了一条远程医疗救援的新模式,在玉树救援中得到了检验与升华,为今后开展灾难救援探索了一条远程医疗救援组织与灾区医疗部门合作、与部队救援力量合作的新途径。     

5&#183;12地震伤患者救治体会与思考

5&#183;12四川汶川发生了里氏8．0级特大地震，灾难发生时，急救中心做为救治伤病员的第一现场，除了要马上派出医疗队开赴灾区现场外，还要应对大批量转运来的伤员。本文通过对地震当天成功救治的一千余名伤员的救治过程进行回顾和总结，有如下体会与思考。     

4·20芦山地震急诊科院感防控探讨

地震灾害发生后,大量伤员由灾区直接送往医院进行后续抢救治疗的过程中很可能因其所携带的各种病原菌而导致院内感染发生。因此,做好灾害现场的消毒灭菌及参与救援医疗机构院感防控工作十分必要。2013年＂4.20芦山大地震＂是继2008年＂5.12四川汶川特大地震＂后,四川所遭遇的最严重地质灾害。本次地震破坏性强,受灾群众多,社会经济影响特别重大。作为一家区域性中心医院,我院被指定为灾区危重伤员接诊的定点接收医院之一。为做好院感防控工作,我科根据《医院感染管理规范》、《四川汶川大地震灾区医院感染预防与控制指南》及汶川地震时院感防控经验及时采取了各项相关措施并取得良好成效,现报道如下。     

汶川大型灾害中急诊护理的救援能力与应对策略

国际救灾专家给灾难（害）下的定义是：“超过受灾地区现有资料承受能力的人类生态环境破坏”。2008年5月12日突然发生在我国四川汶川里氏8．0级的强地震，我国立即启动了以医疗救援为中心的紧急救援，短短几天救援人员就达到20余万，其中参与医疗紧急救援的人员达10万人以上。四川大学华西医院是距离地震中心最近的一所国家级大型综合性医院，其急诊科首当其中被灾害事件推到了救治伤员战斗阵地的最前线，成为灾区伤病员的特殊救护通道。我们运用急救护理出色的完成了地震抢救任务，现将其介绍如下，旨在总结大型灾害中的救援能力与应对策略。     

Special study modules in medical illustration in the undergraduate medical curriculum

The General Medical Council's recommendations on undergraduate medical education, published in December 1993 under the title of 'Tomorrow's Doctors', put forward the concept of the Special Study Module (SSM) as part of the medical undergraduate curriculum. This was to have a major impact on medical schools, requiring them to introduce a new element into their teaching and calling for input from departments not normally involved in the delivery of the undergraduate course. The Media Resources Centre in the University of Wales College of Medicine saw the introduction of SSMs as an opportunity to contribute to the education of medical students in ways that had not been possible previously. Several SSMs are now offered by the Centre and involvement in the SSM programme has been an interesting and rewarding experience.     

Nursing on the medical ward

This paper considers some issues confronting contemporary medical nursing and draws upon psychoanalytic theories to investigate some seemingly straightforward and taken-for-granted areas of medical nursing work. I am arguing that the everyday work of medical nurses in caring for patients is concerned with bringing order to and placing boundaries around inherently unsettled and destabilized circumstances. I am also arguing that how nurses manage and organize their work in this regard stems from traditional practices that tend to be taken for granted and not explicitly thought about. It is therefore difficult for nurses to consider changing these practices that often have negative consequences for the nurses. I want to examine the impact upon nurses of the consequences of three taken-for-granted nursing practices: (i) the tendency of nurses to confine their reactions to what is going on so as to present a caring self; (ii) the tendency of nurses in their everyday talk to patients to confine, limit and minimize meaning; and (iii) the tensions and ambiguities that emerge for nurses in the policing function they perform in confining patients to the bed or the ward. Negative consequences on nurses of these practices potentially include stress and confusion regarding their ability to care for patients; an undervaluing of nursing skills; and a deterioration in the nurse-patient relationship. Clinical supervision for medical nurses is proposed as a means of facilitating greater understanding of the nature of nurses' relationships with patients and the complex dimensions of their medical nursing role.     

Evaluation of the efficiency of medical masks and the creation of new medical masks

The effectiveness of medical masks in preventing respiratory infection was investigated by testing bacterial leakage, filtration efficiency, respiratory resistance and oxygen concentration of the enclosed space. Polypropylene (PP) fibres were treated with dimethyldioctadecylammonium bromide to impart a positive electrical charge capable of attracting bacteria. The fluffed PP fibres were used to make a polypropylene mask and to edge standard surgical and N-95 respirators to prevent leakage. A PP napkin was created by melting and blowing PP. The PP edging seal dramatically reduced bacterial leakage of standard masks and was more effective than adhesive paper tape edging in reducing respiratory resistance. Bacterial or viral filtration efficiency was almost 100% for the PP mask and the PP napkin. The specially designed PP mask with a synthetic adhesive at the edge of the mask may be more effective than the standard surgical mask and the N-95 respirator. The PP napkin is an important tool in preventing the spread of pathogens.     

Assessment of clinical competencies by the foreign medical graduate examination in the medical sciences

A test to assess clinical competence requires the inclusion of a domain consisting of multiple clinical competencies. Although some can be tested in simulated clinical settings with standardized patients, others should not be tested in such integrated clinical encounters because of the limited amount of time that can be allotted in a case‐specific context. This is particularly true of diagnosis/management competencies, which include problem identification and differential diagnosis, interpretation of diagnostic and laboratory procedures, and patient management.

In this study, responses to all 139 multiple‐choice questions (MCQs) addressing diagnosis/management competencies in the July 1989 Day 2 component of the Foreign Medical Graduate Examination in the Medical Sciences (FMGEMS) were compared with the entire Day 2 scores and with the other categories of MCQs in that component. The results show that FMGEMS Day 2 scores are reliable in measuring the ability of examinees to address diagnosis/management competencies.