A long-term survival case of unresectable hepatohilar bile duct cancer treated with radiotherapy and hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy

The patient, a 79-year-old woman, underwent distal gastrectomy for gastric cancer in November 2002. The lesion was judged to be T1 N0H0POM0 and fStage IA. A hepatohilar tumor was found 1 year after gastrectomy by CT scan. Radiological examinations revealed a presence of right portal vein stenosis and left portal vein obstruction due to hepatohilar bile duct cancer. Surgical treatment was considered to be difficult because of the consequence of the tumor involved in the right hepatic artery. We performed hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy of 5-fluorouracil 1000 mg/body/week for 8 courses through the reservoir catheter. Radiation therapy was delivered concurrently with hepatic arterial infusion. The condition of the patient was good after receiving 40 Gy, Three months after the additional 20 Gy radiation, the tumor was markedly reduced in size, and was not detected 7 months thereafter. MRI showed no recurrence for three and a half years since chemo-radiation.     

碘化油阿霉素肝动脉及门静脉支分期栓塞治疗原发性肝癌

Despite recent advances in hepatic surgery, management of unresectable carcinoma of the liver is still a challenging problem. From September 1988 through March 1989, 10 primary liver cancer patients were treated by hepatic artery embolization (HAE) using lipiodol-adriamycin with or without hepatic artery ligation (HAL). One of them received HAE twice in seven weeks. In two of these patients, following right HAE and HAL, right portal vein embolization (PVE) by catheterization via the ileac vein was performed. Transcatheter portal vein embolization via the ileac vein was simple, easy and safe even it was impossible to expose the hepatic hilum. All patients are alive from 7 to 12 months after operation except one who died of hepatic failure after having survived for 54 days. There was marked alleviation of symptoms and tumor shrinkage was observed in 9 out of 10 patients. HAE and PVE using lipiodol-adriamycin may have the potential of improving the therapeutic effect in patients with hepatocellular carcinoma.     

A resected case of metastatic lung cancer after curative operation in appendiceal cancer

A rare intense of a metastatic lung cancer after an operation for a primary appendiceal cancer is reported. A 51-year-old woman was admitted to Yamato Municipal Hospital due to a right lower abdominal pain. Subsequently, a curative right hemicolectomy was performed for a primary appendiceal cancer. Two and a half years later, a chest X-ray and a CT scan revealed a solitary coin lesion in the right lower lung, and she was readmitted to our hospital where a percutaneous needle aspiration of a portion of this lesion was carried out. A cytological examination of this specimen led to a diagnosis of a mucinous adenocarcinoma, with a suspected appendiceal cancer metastasis. Thus, a wedge resection of the right lower lobe was performed. A year and a half later, the patient is still alive and shows no signs of a recurrence. In addition to discussing this case, autopsied cases of appendiceal cancer in literature are also reviewed.     

肝门部胆管癌的外科治疗:291例回顾

目的 分析一个单位1986年-2002年间治疗肝门部胆管癌291例的经验。方法 回顾1986年-2002年在解放军总医院肝胆外科治疗291例肝门部胆管癌的纪录,病例分为2组:Ⅰ组:1986年1月-1999年1月,共157例;Ⅱ组为1999年2月-2002年6月,共134例。外科治疗手段包括根治性切除术、姑息性切除术或内、外胆道引流术,主要是依据手术中所发现的病理情况决定。根治性切除术的标准是指切除的边缘病理上未发现残留癌细胞者。根治性切除率在两组分别为37.6％和41.2％。无切除术后30天内死亡。随访结果是通过信件、电话及门诊获得,随访率为88.8％。结果 在我国,肝外胆管癌是并非少见的疾病,近年来手术治疗的病例数有增多倾向。然而,由于肿瘤居于肝门部胆管的深在位置,所以根治性切除手术有困难,甚至联合肝切除亦难以达到根治目的,因而在两组病例中,根治性切除率分别仅为37.6％和41.2％。在第Ⅰ组中,有4例病人于切除术后长期无瘤生存,5年以上生存率为13.3％;另有2例病人亦生存达5年以上,但癌复发,现仍在接受进一步治疗。在第Ⅱ组中尚未有5年生存者,3年生存率为13.6％。结论 肝门部胆管癌是多态性的疾病,只有极少数表现为较“良性”的倾向,而绝大多数则于手术切除后易于复发,虽然手术似乎是已达治愈性。切除性治疗,甚至是姑息性切     

Portal vein stenting for portal hypertension caused by local recurrence following hepato-pancreatoduodenectomy for bile duct cancer

The patient was a 73-year-old man diagnosed with bile duct cancer. He underwent hepato-pancreatoduodenectomy and a combined resection of portal vein in July 2002. The post operative course was uneventful. In December 2003 he had a loss of consciousness, and was admitted to our hospital as an emergency patient. Abdominal CT scan and angiography revealed the presence of portal vein stenosis due to local recurrence of bile duct cancer resulting in portal hypertension. Thus, a metallic stent was placed in the portal vein to maintain portal blood flow. A non-covered metallic stent, 10 mm in diameter and 80 mm in length (SMART stent, Cordis Endovascular), was deployed through the stenotic portal vein. Portography after the stent placement showed a relief of the portal vein stenosis. Intravenous heparin administration was performed at a dose of 5,000 IU per day for 5 days after the stent placement, and this was followed by oral warfarin potassium administration. The clinical course was uneventful and the patient was discharged 21 days after portal stent placement. Portal stenting successfully improved portal hypertension due to stenosis of the portal vein without any complication. Our experience suggests that the portal vein stenting using the SMART stent is useful palliative therapy for portal vein stenosis.     

Surgical treatment of hilar bile duct carcinoma

From June, 1986 to June 1989, 24 cases of hilar bile duct carcinoma were explored in the Surgical Department of General Hospital of PLA, 16/24 cases were resected, a resectability rate of 66%. The increase of resectability rate was due to earlier recognition of this condition and the extension of surgery, including major resection of liver as well as radical dissection of the hepato-duodenal ligament and repairative operations on the blood vessels. Among these 16 cases, major hepatic resection was performed in 10 cases, in which, 3 cases of resections of the middle lobe of the liver were done instead of right or extended right lobectomy. No operative mortality in the 30 days’ postoperative period, but the postoperative morbidity rate was still high and most of the complications were related to biliary leakage and infection. Three patients died in the follow up period at 6, 14 and 15 months respectively. All of them died from biliary infection. The remaining 13 patients were still alive, the longest being 40 months and the average living time was 16.1 months. Probably, lowering of the operative mortality rate and morbidity rate are still the most important considerations in the surgical treatment of hilar carcinoma at the present time. Extensive liver resection especially on the right side, carried a high mortality rate in the deeply jaundiced patients. We considered that preoperative PTCD was of much less value than that used in lower bile duct obstruction such as tumors of the periampullary region. Preservation of the superior and posterior portion of the right lobe of the liver may be of advantages as to lowering postoperative hepatic failure and infection of the right subphrenic space as observed in this series of cases.     

A case of intrahepatic bile duct necrosis following hepatic arterial infusion chemotherapy

A 51-year-old man underwent partial hepatectomy in July 2000 for metastatic liver tumor after gastrectomy for gastric cancer. He received seven cycles of hepatic arterial infusion with mitomycin C 20 mg during induced hypertension with angiotensin II from October 2000 to April 2001. His body temperature sometimes rose above 38 degrees C in June and jaundice appeared in August 2001. Blood biochemistry tests showed an elevated value of alkaline phosphatase, gamma-glutamyl transpepsidase and total bilirubin. Based on an enhanced CT scan of the liver showing a low-density area along intrahepatic biliary tracts and hepatic arteriography showing stenosis of the proper hepatic artery, we diagnosed bile duct necrosis and hepatic necrosis. Bile duct necrosis is a serious complication in arterial infusion chemotherapy, and the infusion chemotherapy should be suspended or the dose should be reduced for patients with abnormalities shown by hepato-biliary function tests.     

肝动脉化疗栓塞对原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的治疗作用

目的:研究肝动脉化疗栓塞(HACE)对原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓的治疗作用及影响患者预后的临床病理因素。方法:随访35例HACE治疗的原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓患者,其中14例患者经导管肝动脉化疗栓塞,21例患者术中行肝动脉插管,术后经药物泵定期化疗栓塞。单因素分析各临床病理因素对患者预后的影响。多因素分析用Cox比例风险模型。结果:原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓行HACE治疗的患者中位生存时间8·3个月,其半年、1和2年生存率分别为57·5%、15·7%和0。单因素分析提示门静脉癌栓部位、化疗栓塞次数是影响患者预后的主要因素。多因素分析仅提示门静脉癌栓部位影响患者的预后。结论:HACE治疗原发性肝癌伴门静脉癌栓可以延长患者的生存期。门静脉癌栓的部位是影响患者预后的独立因素。     

Individualization of treatment for hilar bile duct cancers

Two cases of hilar bile duct cancer are presented, 1 treated with the preferred technique of left intrahepatic anastomosis, the other with tube drainage. The many factors to be considered before choosing the most appropriate procedure are stressed. A critique of several techniques is offered, with a discussion of the nuances in decision making. The surgeon who embarks upon treatment of such tumors should be thoroughly familiar with the wide range of procedures available; better selection should improve palliation.     

A case of pancreatic cancer with celiac trunk and common hepatic artery invasion successfully resected after gemcitabine+S-1therapy

We present a case of a 59-year-old female who was admitted to our hospital for upper abdominal pain. She was diagnosed with pancreatic body carcinoma by computed tomography and magnetic resonance imaging. We started gemcitabine+S-1 chemotherapy because the tumor had invaded the celiac trunk, common hepatic artery, superior mesenteric vein, and splenic vein. We reduced the S-1 to 100mg/body after the third course of gemcitabine(1, 000mg/m2 on days 1 and 8, every 21 days)+S-1(120mg/body on days 1-14, every 21 days)because of side effects. The tumor became smaller, and the celiac trunk and common hepatic artery were released. Thus, we conducted a distal pancreatectomy with a D2 lymph node dissection.     

Tumor and liver drug uptake following hepatic artery and portal vein infusion

Anatomic dye injection studies of the blood supply of colorectal hepatic metastases suggest that tumors are supplied predominantly by the hepatic artery. Using 13N amino acids with dynamic gamma camera imaging in patients with colorectal hepatic metastases, it has been shown that hepatic artery infusion results in a significantly greater nutrient delivery to tumor compared with portal vein infusion. However, direct measurements of drug levels in tumor following hepatic artery and portal vein infusion in humans have not previously been reported. Patients with metastatic colorectal cancer confined to the liver received fluorodeoxyuridine (FUdR) through the hepatic artery or through the portal vein. All patients had previously failed systemic chemotherapy. Five patients with hepatic artery catheters were matched (by age, serum lactic dehydrogenase levels, percent hepatic replacement, and tumor size) with five patients with portal vein catheters. At operation, 3H-FUdR (1 microCi/kg) and 99mTc-macroaggregated albumin (MAA) (6 mCi) were injected into the hepatic artery or portal vein. Liver and tumor biopsies were obtained two and five minutes later. 3H and 99mTc were measured per gram tissue by scintillation and gamma counting. The mean liver levels following hepatic artery infusion (23.9 +/- 11.4 nmol/g) and portal vein infusion (18.4 +/- 14.5 nmol/g) did not differ. However, the mean tumor FUdR level following hepatic artery infusion was 12.4 +/- 12.2 nmol/g, compared with a mean tumor FUdR level following portal vein infusion of 0.8 +/- 0.7 nmol/g (P less than .01). This low level of tumor drug uptake after portal vein infusion of FUdR predicts minimal tumor response to treatment via this route. Thus, regional chemotherapy for established colorectal hepatic metastases should be administered through the hepatic artery.     

术后肝动脉门静脉化疗预防肝癌复发的探讨

目的 探讨肝癌术后肝动脉和门静脉联合化疗对预防肝癌复发的作用。方法 对３８例原发性肝癌根治术后的１～２周开始经肝动脉和门静脉灌注化疗药物，３天为１周期，每隔３～４周重复灌注（平均灌注２．３周期），并以２５例单纯手术未化化疗者作对照，比较其复发率及生存率。结果 随访２～５年，治疗组９例复发，复发病例和术前肿瘤大小，ＨＡＡ、ＡＦＰ及肝功能无明显差异（Ｐ〉０．０５）。对照组复发１３例。两组的１、２、３、     

Macronodular hepatic tuberculosis associated with portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension

Tuberculosis (TB) of the liver is usually associated with miliary spread. Macronodular TB of the liver is rare. A case of macronodular TB of the liver in a 31‐year‐old woman causing portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension is presented. Ultrasound and CT appearances are described. There was coexistent ileo‐caecal TB with extensive mesenteric and retroperitoneal lymphadenopathy. Macronodular TB should be considered in the differential diagnosis when a patient presents with multiple calcified masses in the liver with portal vein thrombosis and portal hypertension.     

A resected case of hepatocellular carcinoma effectively treated by hepatic artery embolization and systemic chemotherapy

A 64-year-old male complaining of abdominal fullness was admitted to hospital for close examination. Hepatocellular carcinoma was diagnosed by various imaging techniques and the patient was treated by 3 transarterial embolizations and 2 courses of systemic chemotherapy with CDDP. The tumor was reduced and the effect was judged to be a partial response to these therapies. By resection, a residual mass had histologically no live cancer cells. This case was considered to have had a complete response with multidisciplinary treatment.     

A long-term survival of the patient with hepatocellular carcinoma and advanced portal vein and bile duct tumor thrombosis successfully treated with multimodal treatments

We reported a 60-year-old male patient with hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) of 5cm in diameter with advanced tumor thrombosis in the left main trunk of portal vein and bile duct. He was treated with multimodal treatments resulting in a long-term survival of more than 4 years. At first, he was treated with transcatheter arterial chemoembolization (TACE) in April 1999, but the therapeutic effect was insufficient. Therefore, we performed an extended left hepatic lobectomy in July. Since six HCCs appeared in a posterior segment in January 2000, we achieved microwave coagulation therapy under laparotomy. Because of diffuse relapse of HCCs in the same segment of the liver, we performed hepatic arterial chemotherapy (HAC) using low-dose CDDP and 5-FU. As a result, complete disappearance of the tumors was observed. A new lesion appeared in S7 in January 2001. We performed TACE, but relapsed in June, so we selected percutaneous radio-frequency ablation under CO2 angiography. Since a recurrent tumor was detected at the same therapeutic site with invasion to the diaphragm in September 2002, we performed a partial liver resection with synchronous excision of the diaphragm. We continued TACE and systemic chemotherapy for relapses in and out of the liver. Accordingly, he lived for over four years. We conclude that a long-term survival in this patient can be attributable to appropriate treatment selections and timing, such as hepatic resection, TACE, HAC and ablation therapies based on changes in diagnostic imaging and tumor markers. In addition, we have to pay attention to keep good hepatic reserve in order to continue treatment for recurrences of HCC.     

门静脉右支结扎及肝动脉右支置管治疗巨大右肝癌2例及文献复习

目的:探讨不可切除巨大肝癌的有效治疗手段.方法:对两例巨大右肝癌患者施行门静脉右支结扎和肝右动脉结扎并置管栓塞化疗,比较术前术后甲胎蛋白变化情况和复查肝脏CT片结果.结果:两例患者自觉症状术后均迅速消失.病例1 AFP由术前45ng/L,在术后1月降为2ng/L,胆红素及转氨酶曾一过性轻度升高,出现少到中量腹水,未处理自行消退.病例2术前AFP为大于1000ng/L,术后1周降为700ng/L,转氨酶最高354IU/L,胆红素最高231μmol/L,大量腹水,经积极处理后恢复.CT扫描结果显示原肿瘤位置被液性暗区替代.结论:门静脉右支结扎和肝右动脉结扎并置管栓塞化疗是治疗巨大右肝癌有效的方法,效果确切,费用低.     

内镜逆行胰胆管造影术胆道引流在胆总管恶性肿瘤及肝门部胆管癌外科围术期中的应用

目的探讨内镜逆行胰胆管造影术(ERCP)胆道引流在胆总管恶性肿瘤及肝门部胆管癌外科围术期中的应用价值。方法选取2016年10月至2018年12月间山东省立第三医院收治的行ERCP术的88例肝门胆管癌患者,根据胆道引流方式不同分为内镜下鼻胆管引流术(ENBD)组(27例)、胆道塑料支架引流术(ERBD)组(35例)与胆道金属支架引流术(EMBE)组(26例)。比较各组患者的手术情况、肝功能指标、并发症发生情况以及生存率。结果所有患者共行ERCP术93次,插管成功率为94. 6%(88/93),引流总成功率为92. 0%(81/88)。ENBD组引流成功23例,失败4例,引流成功率为85. 2%(23/27),ERBD组引流成功33例,失败2例,引流成功率为94. 3%(33/35),EMBE组引流成功25例,失败1例,引流成功率为96. 2%(25/26),三组比较,差异无统计学意义(P> 0. 05)。治疗后,三组患者的TBIL、DBIL、AST、ALT、GGT和ALP水平均较治疗前降低,差异均有统计学意义(均P <0. 05)。有3例患者术后发生胆管炎,2例患者发生消化道出血,2例患者发生胆道感染,1例患者发生急性胰腺炎,1例患者发生胆漏,并发症总发生率为10. 2%。2例行胆道支架引流患者术后出血腹痛,对症治疗后缓解。88例患者有5例患者失访,随访率为94. 3%。随访时间为1年,共有38例患者死亡,其余45例患者于随访结束时仍生存。胆总管恶性肿瘤与肝门胆管癌患者ERCP术后的3个月生存率为88. 0%,6个月生存率为68. 7%,1年生存率为54. 2%。结论ERCP胆道引流治疗胆总管恶性肿瘤和肝门部胆管癌手术成功率较高,术后并发症较少,结合不同的胆道引流术可以有效改善患者肝功能,延长生存时间。