Klatskin瘤的外科治疗

目的：分析31例K1atskin瘤的治疗方法及生存时间。方法：选择术前肝动脉及门静脉造影均未显示有血管包裹侵犯的31例K1atskin瘤患者行手术治疗。手术方式为限制性肝切除、胆管一空肠．Roux-en-Y吻合术及胆道支架放置。全组患者术后均行腔内或体外照射放疗。结果：以标本切缘有无肿瘤细胞作为根治性切除或姑息性切除的标准。本组根治性切除17例，姑息性切除14例。总体平均术后生存期为17个月。根治切除组平均术后生存期为21个月，姑息性切除组为12个月。本组1例患者术后已存活6年余，至今无复发证据。5例发生术后并发症(16％)，围手术死亡2例(6％)。结论：对无肝动脉及门静脉侵犯或远处转移的Klatskin瘤患者，积极手术治疗为主要手段，术后辅以放射治疗，可预防或延迟局部复发，延长术后生存时间。     

肺癌根治术对单发脑转移的治疗价值

目的:评估非小细胞肺癌合并单发脑转移患者接受外科治疗的有效性。方法:分析行脑部和胸部病灶联合切除的非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移患者的临床及随访资料。结果:21例患者进行了单发脑转移病灶切除和后续的肺癌根治术,18例(86%)患者有纵隔淋巴结转移,其中N1淋巴结阳性8例,N2淋巴结阳性10例。中位生存期32个月(95%置信区间15～49个月),1、2和5年生存率分别为70%、43%、22%。对可能影响预后的指标进行单因素分析,提示淋巴结转移是影响预后的危险因素(P=0.002)。结论:对于非小细胞肺癌单发脑转移的患者,在保证病灶完全切除和手术耐受性的前提下,宜对胸部和脑部病灶同时采取积极的外科治疗策略,以获得最佳疗效。     

脑转移瘤的临床治疗观察

目的 探讨脑转移瘤的治疗方法 及预后.方法 回顾性分析脑转移瘤患者34 例,34例患者均行全麻下开颅手术治疗.其中肿瘤原发灶为肺癌9 例(26.5%),乳腺癌12 例(35.3%),大肠癌8 例(23.5%),其他肿瘤5 例(14.7%),包括原发灶不明1 例(2.9%).29 例单发患者中25 例肿瘤全切,4 例次全切.5 例多发患者切除单个范围较大病灶以缓解颅高压症状.术后均经病理证实为脑转移瘤.术后34 例患者均行放射治疗,18 例接受化疗.结果 术后仅行放疗的患者平均生存期为8.0 个月,而术后行放疗加化疗的患者平均生存期达15.1 个月.结论 脑转移瘤手术切除后加行全脑放疗及化疗较术后单纯行全脑放疗总生存时间明显延长.     

肾细胞癌根治术后脑转移的治疗：8例报告并文献回顾

目的分析肾细胞癌根治性切除术后脑转移的临床特点、治疗方式及预后，探讨局部切除的作用及预后影响因素。 方法回顾性分析2005年3月至2019年5月北京大学第一医院神经外科收治的肾细胞癌脑转移患者的临床资料。对患者进行随访，并绘制生存曲线。 结果8例肾细胞癌脑转移患者，男性5例，女性3例，年龄42~70岁，中位年龄63岁。脑转移发生距肾癌根治时间7~103个月，中位时间41个月。8例患者共行9次手术，切除10个颅内转移灶。随访时间为38~204个月，中位随访时间为95个月。8例患者中死亡3例，生存5例。脑转移手术后总生存时间为6~86个月，中位生存时间23个月。 结论肾癌脑转移患者的预后较差，手术局部切除结合放疗能够达到满意的局部控制，并延长患者生存期。     

腹腔镜肾癌根治术

目的 报道腹腔镜肾癌根治性切除术的经验。方法 2001年11月一2002年12月共收治肾癌13例，男性8例，女性5例，年龄36—78岁(平均57岁)。左侧6例，右侧7例，11例肿瘤直径小于5cm，采用后腹腔镜肾癌根治术。2例肿瘤直径分别为7．8及8．9cm，采用手辅式腹腔镜肾癌根治术。结果 12例腹腔镜肾癌根治手术成功，1例左肾动脉损伤改开放手术。手术时间67—213min，平均162min。术中出血量约80。400ml之间，平均120ml。8例穿刺口周围不同程度皮下气肿，3d后自行消失。术后24h下床活动，48h开始进食，术后7d出院。随访1—1．5年，13例无肿瘤复发，无穿刺孔种植转移。结论 腹腔镜肾癌根治术是一种安全，有效的治疗方法。     

X线立体定向放疗及全脑照射治疗脑转移瘤临床观察

我院自 1999- 0 6～ 2 0 0 2 - 10采用全脑放疗加 X线立体定向放疗及全脑放疗局部缩野加量放疗 ,治疗脑转移瘤 5 3例 ,取得较好的效果 ,现报告如下。1　对象和方法1.1　对象　本组男 32例 ,女 2 1例 ,年龄 2 7～ 80岁 ,中位年龄6 3岁。 Karnofs评分 6 0分以上。全部按放疗计划治疗。治疗前查血常规、肝、肾功能及心电图 ,异常者除外。本组原发灶均经病理或细胞学检查确诊 ,治疗后肿瘤消失。脑转移瘤均经 CT、MRI检查确诊 ,其中原发灶肺癌 2 3例 ,乳腺癌 17例 ,直肠癌 8例 ,胃癌 3例 ,肾癌 2例。单发的脑转移灶 36例 ,2个以上的转移灶 17…     

显微手术后间质化疗联合增敏放疗治疗恶性脑胶质瘤

目的：探讨显微外科手术后间质化疗联合增敏放疗治疗脑胶质瘤的临床疗效。方法：对45例恶性脑胶质瘤患者行开颅显微手术全切除，术中于瘤腔内安置化疗囊，并行化疗药物体外敏感性及放疗增敏作用检测，术后第2，4，8，12周和6个月分别行经皮穿刺注入敏感化疗药物联合增敏放疗。随访6～36个月，并与以前随访的40例接受肉眼下全切后常规放化疗的脑胶质瘤结果相比较。结果：45例患者均获随访，生存期明显延长，6个月内复发4例(8．8％)，死亡3例(6．6％)；1年内复发9例(20．0％)，死亡7例(15．6％)；2年内复发19例(42．2％)，死亡15例(33．3％)；3年内复发25例(55．6％)，死亡22例(48．9％)。未发现明显的不良反应，生存质量得到明显改善。结论：显微外科手术力争全切除，术后敏感药物间质化疗联合增敏放疗，是一种可供选择的治疗人脑恶性胶质瘤安全有效的方法。     

胸腔镜肺癌根治术的临床研究

目的：探讨电视胸腔镜对肺癌切除及肺门，纵隔淋巴结清扫的可行性，手术适应证并介绍手术操作方法。方法：1997年9月－2001年11月，我院经胸腔镜行肺癌根治术67例，Ⅰ期36例，Ⅱ期25例，Ⅲa期6例。行右上肺叶切除17例，右中肺叶切除5例，右下肺叶切除10例，左上肺叶切除16例，左下肺叶切除8例，右中上肺叶切除3例，右中下肺叶切除4例，左全肺切除4例。术后Ⅱ－Ⅲa期肺癌辅以化疗或放疗等综合治疗。结果：术中除2例因胸膜与肺广泛致密粘连转传统开胸手术外，其余病例都顺利完成手术，术中清扫淋巴结757个，平均11．3个／例，病理证实有淋巴结转移者31例。手术平均时间186min，平均拔胸腔引流管时间53h，术后平均住院时间9.5d。术后发生并发症4例，均治愈。术后随访50个月，其1，3年总的生存率分别为100％和70．1％。结论：电视胸腔镜对肺癌根治术，只要严格掌握手术适应证，合理利用胸壁小切口操作技术，该技术是安全的，对肺门及纵隔淋巴结清扫也是可行的，能达到与传统开胸肺癌根治同等治疗目的。     

胸膜全肺切除治疗肺癌伴癌性胸水

目的：探讨治疗肺癌胸膜转移伴癌性胸水的外科治疗方法。方法：应用胸膜全肺切除及纵膈淋巴结清扫，治疗肺癌胸膜转移伴癌性胸水２８例。结果：全组病例无手术死亡及其它并发症发生。随访１～３年，存活期８～３１个月，中位生存期１８个月。所有病例术后无胸水复发，胸痛及上腹痛症状明显缓解或消失。结论：本术式操作简单、创伤不大，控制胸水、疼痛疗效明显，为肺癌胸膜转移伴癌性胸水较理想的外科治疗方法。     

复发性结肠癌再手术5例报告

2000年5月至2006年4月我们收治复发性直肠癌5例再次手术治疗，现报告如下。 1临床资料 本组5例，男2例，女3例，年龄44岁至76岁，平均年龄58岁。首次手术后7个月～38个月，平均26．4个月。2年内复发者3例，吻合口复发2例，盆腔及会阴部复发2例，腹部切口及腹膜肠系膜转移1例。首次手术方式：miles术2例，Dixon术2例，改良Bacon术1例。Dukes分期：B期4例，C期1例。肿瘤病理分型，黏液腺癌2例，管状腺癌2例，乳头状腺癌1例。5例中术后行放疗者2例，剂量42GY-54GY，再次手术均未行放疗。再次手术4例完全切除病灶，1例切除大网膜及肠系膜内眼见多处转移灶，术后化疗药物腹腔灌注。联合子宫及附件切除1例。腹膜及肠系膜转移患者术后14个月死亡，其余4例术后3年～8个月不等仍存活。术后并发切口感染，造瘘口狭窄，不全性肠梗阻各1例。     

Determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum using immunological inhibition of creatine kinase M subunit activity. Activity kinetics and diagnostic significance in myocardial infarction.

This is a new method for the determination of creatine kinase isoenzyme MB activity in serum. The method uses direct activity measurement of creatine kinase B subunit activity after blocking of CK-M subunit activity by inhibiting antibodies. The test takes no longer than 15 min. The method yields an intra-serial C.V. of 2.0-12.9%, and a C.V. from day to day of 5.5%. The detection limit is 3.4 U/l creatine kinase MB. In the 95 cases with proven myocardial infarction several types of creatine kinase MB activity kinetics could be determined. The percentage of creatine kinase MB of peak CK-total is 6-25%, with a mean of 11.1%. The amount of creatine kinase MB with respect to total CK activity after reinfarction is higher than the amount after initial infarction.     

俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征患者氧合的影响

目的 探讨俯卧位通气对高海拔地区肺复张术(RM)治疗无效急性呼吸窘迫综合征(ARDS)患者的治疗作用.方法 从海拔2260m的地区医院筛选RM治疗无效的41例ARDS患者[平均氧合指数( PaO2/FiO2)较RM前升高＜20％视为RM无效],依不同病因分为肺内源性ARDS组(ARDSp组)和肺外源性ARDS组(ARDSexp组),每组再按信封法随机分为俯卧位组和仰卧位组,即ARDSp俯卧位组(11例)、ARDSp仰卧位组(9例)、ARDSexp俯卧位组(10例)、ARDSexp仰卧位组(11例).在通气前及通气1、2、3、4h监测动脉血氧分压( PaO2)、PaO2/FiO2、静态顺应性(Cst)、气道阻力(Raw)的变化.结果 通气lh时,ARDSexp俯卧位组PaO2/FiO2( mm Hg,l mm Hg=0.133 kPa)即较通气前显著升高(157.4±40.6比129.3±48.7,P＜0.05),并随通气时间延长呈持续增高趋势,4h达峰值(219.1 ±41.1);且ARDSexp俯卧位组通气3h内PaO2/FiO2较其他3组显著增高,另3组间则差异无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组、ARDSexp俯卧位组通气4h时PaO2/FiO2均较相应仰卧位组显著增高(208.8±39.7比127.4±47.1,219.1±41.1比124.9±50.8,均P＜0.05).4组通气前后Cst无显著改变,各组间差异也无统计学意义.ARDSp俯卧位组通气4h时Raw(cmH2O·L-1·s-1)较通气前显著降低(6.8±1.7比10.7±1.8,P＜0.05),且明显低于其他3组;其他3组各时间点Raw组内及组间比较差异均无统计学意义.结论 俯卧位通气作为ARDS机械通气重要策略之一,可以改善RM无效高原ARDS患者的氧合,为抢救患者赢得宝贵的时间.     

Digital imaging among medical facilities

The Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) in the USA operates a network of 172 medical centres which all utilize a hospital information system (HIS) which has been developed and is currently maintained by the VA. During the past several years, an image management and communication module has been developed, installed and clinically utilized at the Washington DC and Maryland VA Medical Centres. This image management and communication system, referred to as the decentralized hospital computer program (DHCP) imaging system, is fully integrated with a commercial picture archiving and communication system (PACS). The system is utilized to capture, archive, and display all images generated within the hospital including radiology, nuclear medicine, pathology, endoscopy, bronchoscopy, and dermatology, intraoperative photographs, ECG data, and a limited number of paper documents. The ultimate goal of the project is to have all patient text and image data available at any clinical workstation to any authorized user anywhere within the network of medical centres. Clinical requirements for an imaging workstation include ease of use, rapid and reliable access to the complete set of patient information, and images which are of acceptable quality to meet the requirements of the user and the subspecialty. Patient confidentiality and data security must be safeguarded at all times. Integration of the images with the remainder of the patient's database was found to be critical to the success of the project. The experience at the Washington and Maryland facilities suggests that an imaging system that is successfully integrated with a hospital information system can provide substantial clinical and economic benefits both within and among medical centres. Clinical acceptance and utilization of the system has been excellent, particularly in diagnostic radiology where DHCP Imaging has been interfaced to a commercial PAC system. Based upon this initial experience, the VA has begun to deploy the system throughout its large network of medical centres.     

Myocardial elastography at both high temporal and spatial resolution for the detection of infarcts

Myocardial elastography is a novel method for noninvasively assessing regional myocardial function, with the advantages of high spatial and temporal resolution and high signal-to-noise ratio (SNR). In this paper, in-vivo experiments were performed in anesthetized normal and infarcted mice (one day after left anterior descending coronary artery [LAD] ligation) using a high-resolution (30 MHz) ultrasound system (Vevo 770, VisualSonics Inc., Toronto, ON, Canada). Radiofrequency (RF) signals of the left ventricle (LV) in longitudinal (long-axis) view and the associated electrocardiogram (ECG) were simultaneously acquired. Using a retrospective ECG gating technique, 2-D full field-of-view RF frames were acquired at an extremely high frame rate (8 kHz) that resulted in high-quality incremental displacement and strain estimation of the myocardium. The incremental results were further accumulated to obtain the cumulative displacements and strains. Two-dimensional and M-mode displacement images and strain images (elastograms), as well as displacement and strain profiles as a function of time, were compared between normal and infarcted mice. Incremental results clearly depicted cardiac events including LV contraction, LV relaxation and isovolumetric phases in both normal and infarcted mice, and also evidently indicated reduced motion and deformation in the infarcted myocardium. The elastograms indicated that the infarcted regions underwent thinning during systole rather than thickening, as in the normal case. The cumulative elastograms were found to have higher elastographic SNR (SNR(e)) than the incremental elastograms (e.g., 10.6 vs. 4.7 in a normal myocardium, and 6.0 vs. 2.4 in an infarcted myocardium). Finally, preliminary statistical results from nine normal (m = 9) and seven infarcted (n = 7) mice indicated the capability of the cumulative strain in differentiating infracted from normal myocardia. In conclusion, myocardial elastography could provide regional strain information at simultaneously high temporal (>/=0.125 ms) and spatial ( approximately 55 microm) resolution as well as high precision ( approximately 0.05 microm displacement). This technique was thus capable of accurately characterizing normal myocardial function throughout an entire cardiac cycle, at the same high resolution, and detecting and localizing myocardial infarction in vivo.     

Clinical Pharmacokinetics of Morphine

Morphine, the most widely used mu-opioid analgesic for acute and chronic pain, is the standard against which new analgesics are measured. A thorough understanding of the pharmacokinetics of morphine is required in order to safely and effectively use this analgesic in a wide variety of patients with different levels of organ function. A MEDLINE search was conducted to identify literature published between 1966 and January 2002 relevant to the pharmacokinetics of morphine. These publications were reviewed and the literature summarized regarding unique and clinically important elements of morphine disposition relative to its parenteral administration (including intravenous, intramuscular, subcutaneous, epidural and intrathecal administration), absorption profile (immediate release, controlled release, and sublingual/buccal, and rectal administration), distribution, and its metabolism/ excretion. Special populations, including infants, elderly, and those with renal/liver failure, have a unique morphine pharmacokinetic profile that must be taken into account in order to maximize analgesic efficacy and reduce the risk of adverse events.     

手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局临床分析

目的 探讨手转胎头术失败的原因与分娩结局.方法 选择2008年1月至2010年12月于我院住院分娩的持续性枕横位、枕后位产妇198例,根据行手转胎头术后结果分为成功组126例、失败组72例.比较两组分娩结局,对比分析失败原因.结果 失败组胎儿体质量≥3500 g的发生率[76.4％(55/72)]明显高于成功组[31.7％(40/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=30.177,P=0.001)、失败组宫缩乏力发生率[58.3％(42/72)]高于成功组[38.1％ (48/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=7.569,P=0.006)、失败组骨盆临界或轻度狭窄发生率[38.9％ (28/72)]高于成功组[23.8％(30/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2 =5.030,P=0.002)、失败组手转胎头时机不当(宫口开大＜6 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘上及宫口开大8～10 cm、胎头位于坐骨棘下≥2 cm)发生率[61.1％(44/72)]高于成功组[38.9％(49/126)],差异有统计学意义(x2=9.084,P=0.003).失败组母儿并发症(产后出血、产褥病率、胎儿窘迫、新生儿窒息)发生率高于成功组(x2 =9.586,P=0.002、x2=9.334,P=0.002、x2=5.910,P=0.015、x2=5.240,P=0.022)、失败组剖宫产发生率[72.2％(52/72)]明显高于成功组[34.1 ％(43/126),x2=26.641,P=0.001)].结论 手转胎头术能使难产变顺产,降低剖宫产率,减少母儿并发症,但须积极预防、处理导致手转胎头术失败的原因,对矫正失败后继续矫正及试产应慎重.     

Evidence-Based Pain Management and Palliative Care in Issue Four for 2009 of The Cochrane Library

ABSTRACT

The Cochrane Library of Systematic Reviews is published quarterly. Issue 4 for 2009 contains 4027 complete reviews, 1906 protocols for reviews in production, and 11447 one-page summaries of systematic reviews published in the general medical literature. In addition, there are citations of 600,000 randomized controlled trials, and 12,200 cited papers in the Cochrane methodology register. The health technology assessment database contains over 7500 citations. This edition of the Library contains 90 new reviews, of which 19 have potential relevance for practitioners in pain and palliative medicine.     

Wie zuverlässig sind Angaben zu nichtentzündlichen ausgedehnten Schmerzen?

ZusammenfassungFragestellung Es wurde geprüft, wie sich der Differenziertheitsgrad zweier Schmerzmessmethoden auf Angaben zur Ausgedehntheit klinischer Schmerzen auswirkt. Zugleich wurde der Referenzzeitraum variiert, über den die Patienten berichten sollten.Methode Erfasst wurde der Einfluss zu Lasten der Befragungsdifferenziertheit durch den Vergleich zweier Körperschema-Bildvorlagen. Drei Referenzzeiträume (Schmerz aktuell, letzte Woche, letztes halbes Jahr) wurden vorgegeben.Ergebnisse Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen gaben bei differenzierter Befragung um so mehr Schmerzen an, je weiter die Schmerzen zurück lagen und je größer der Berichtszeitraum war. Patienten mit gelenknahen Schmerzen gaben bei hoch differenzierter Befragung weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen in der Vergangenheit an als bei globaler Einschätzung. Patienten mit Rückenschmerzen berichteten bei differenzierter Befragung zum aktuellen Schmerz über weniger ausgedehnte Schmerzen als bei globaler Befragung.Schlussfolgerung Die Angaben zur Schmerzausdehnung variieren vor allem bei Patienten mit ausgedehnten Schmerzen in Abhängigkeit von der Differenziertheit der Befragung. In diesen Fällen ist die Wahrscheinlichkeit erhöht, dass sich die Beschwerdesymptomatik zumindest teilweise erst in der Reaktion auf die situativen Befragungsbedingungen konstituiert und daher nicht auf andere Befragungsbedingungen generalisiert werden kann.