Transformation of the glabellar flap into an island flap

Summary Glabellar flaps have traditionally been used to cover nasal skin and soft tissue defects. The narrowing of its vascular pedicle to the cutaneous arterial branch of the angular artery categorizing it as an axial flap pattern. Three cases are presented, the first of which typifies the standard glabellar flap with an intact skin and subcutaneous pedicle. The other two cases utilize a glabellar island flap based on a subcutaneous pedicle containing cutaneous arterial branch of the angular artery. This technique extends the mobility of this flap to allow one-stage reconstruction of adjacent defects.     

Flag flap - Kite flap Dorsal metacarpal flap

The flag flap is a pedicled dorsal digital flap, combining a skin paddle (the “flag”) and a vascular pedicle (the flag “pole”). Its vascularisation depends on the dorsal metacarpal arteries (DMCA). It has been described in 1963, by Holevitch [1] with harvest of a cutaneovascular pole; it has been brilliantly modified in 1979 by Foucher et al. [2–4] under the form of a unipedicled “kite” flap, although we would like to point out that Vilain has been using it since 1952 [5]. Usually harvested from the dorsum of the metacarpophalangeal region of the index finger, this flap is reliable, but it is more uncertain and less movable at the level of the other digits. Owing to its small size, it proves useful in hand traumatology because it does not sacrifice any major vascular axis. The kite flap is considered as a sensory flap (presence of a nerve supply) with a two-point discrimination, which can be assessed from 11 to 16 mm [1–6].     

Upper transverse rectus abdominis flap: the flag flap

A flap is described that consists of skin from the upper abdomen, based on the ipsilateral rectus muscle and fed by the inferior epigastric vessel (the " flag flap"). The flap has an arc of rotation of 360 degrees, and its safety appears to be equal, and perhaps superior, to the lower transverse rectus abdominis flap. In addition, the " flag flap" avoids the potential disadvantage of creating a hernia below the semicircular line in the lower abdomen. The secondary defect is also acceptable. In all cases direct closure was possible by performing a reverse type of abdominoplasty and placing the scar at the submammary fold. The flap has been used in 8 patients for coverage of postradiation and postexcisional tumor defects in the lower trunk and extremities. The complications have been few, although it is not advised that the flap be used for reconstruction of the upper chest area by stretching the pedicle.     

Modified bilateral advancement flap: the slide-in flap.

The bilateral V-Y advancement flaps are used commonly in the closure of circular skin defects. We modified the standard bilateral V-Y advancement flap technique to reduce the tension along the closure, and used it in 10 patients between 1995 and 1997. In the presence of a circular defect, bilateral V-Y advancement flaps were marked on the skin, with the height of the V flaps measuring 1.5 to 2 times the diameter of the defect. The limbs of the V were not drawn as straight lines, but were curved outward slightly, making the flap and its two extensions broader than the standard V-Y flap. The broad extensions of the V flaps encircled the defect from above and below. Skin incisions were made vertically down to the muscle fascia. Additional undermining was carried out to elevate the upper and lower extensions of the V flaps for a distance that equaled the radius of the defect. The upper and lower extensions of the V flap on one side were transposed into the defect and sutured to the concave base of the opposing flap V flap at its midpoint. These extensions were then sutured to each other. The extensions of the opposing V flap were then transposed into the defect; the upper being superior and the lower being inferior to the extensions of the first flap. The rest of the operation was completed by advancement of the V flaps and closure in a Y configuration. The efficient redistribution of available tissue by the combined use of transposition and advancement principles resulted in the repair of relatively large skin defects with reduced tension along the closure. Satisfactory results were obtained in all patients in this series without any surgical complication.     

Distally-based superficial sural flap: Advantages of the adipofascial over the fasciocutaneous flap

Abstract

The distally-based superficial sural flap has proved to be an easy and reliable method of reconstruction in soft tissue cover of the distal third part of the leg. There are two ways to prepare this flap: as a fasciocutaneous flap, which includes the fascia with the subcutaneous tissue including the skin; or as an adipofascial flap, which is made up of both the fascia and the subcutaneous adipose tissue. In the latter case, the flap is covered with a partial thickness skin graft either immediately after or at a later stage. The aim of this study was to assess the advantages and disadvantages of the two flaps. The adipofascial flap seems to be better, as it is associated with less donor site morbidity, improved quality of reconstruction, and fewer complications.     

胫前联合踝前皮瓣的临床应用

目的 探讨胫前联合踝前皮瓣临床应用效果.方法 根据胫前动脉中下段的穿支应用解剖,设计胫前联合踝前皮瓣,修复前足皮肤坏死的创面5例,切除皮瓣面积17 cm×10 cm～10 cm×5 cm,切取面积上界至胫骨粗隆,下界至内外踝连线,两侧至小腿侧中线.结果 术后皮瓣全部成活,供区植皮愈合良好,随访2～24个月,成活的皮瓣质地良好,没有发生磨损破溃现象,临床治疗效果满意.结论 胫前联合踝前皮瓣扩大了皮瓣的切取面积并有良好的血运,可以用来修复前足大面积皮肤缺损.     

静脉皮瓣供区预扩张的实验研究

目的研究皮肤软组织扩张术对静脉皮瓣成活的影响,探讨静脉皮瓣经预扩张后皮瓣成活安全性的变化.方法以新西兰成年兔为实验对象,进行自身双耳对照.采用激光多普勒微循环成像、酶组织化学染色+计算机图像分析、组织形态计量学测量以及皮瓣成活面积的测量等方法,观测预扩张静脉皮瓣的微循环变化及皮瓣的成活情况.结果静脉皮瓣经预扩张后,皮瓣的微血管管径由扩张前的(7.2±0.7) μm增至扩张后的(15.6±1.9) μm,微血管密度由(0.010 8±0.000 2) μm2/μm2增至(0.052 5±0.002 1) μm2/μm2(P＜0.01),成活率由(21.89±1.12)%增至(85.10±2.32)%(P＜0.001).结论静脉皮瓣经预扩张后,皮瓣的微血管密度、管径均有明显增加,皮瓣的成活率显著提高.     

静脉皮瓣供区预扩张的实验研究

目的研究皮肤软组织扩张术对静脉皮瓣成活的影响,探讨静脉皮瓣经预扩张后皮瓣成活安全性的变化。方法以新西兰成年兔为实验对象,进行自身双耳对照。采用激光多普勒微循环成像、酶组织化学染色+计算机图像分析、组织形态计量学测量以及皮瓣成活面积的测量等方法,观测预扩张静脉皮瓣的微循环变化及皮瓣的成活情况。结果静脉皮瓣经预扩张后,皮瓣的微血管管径由扩张前的(7.2±0.7)μm增至扩张后的(15.6±1.9)μm,微血管密度由(0.010 8±0.000 2)μm2/μm2增至(0.052 5±0.002 1)μm2/μm2(P<0.01),成活率由(21.89±1.12)%增至(85.10±2.32)%(P<0.001)。结论静脉皮瓣经预扩张后,皮瓣的微血管密度、管径均有明显增加,皮瓣的成活率显著提高。     

阴股沟皮瓣应用解剖学研究

目的明确阴股沟皮瓣的解剖学基础.方法对10具(20侧)成年女尸阴股沟区皮肤进行解剖学研究.结果阴股沟皮瓣存在多重血液供应;其中,闭孔动脉前皮支分布于皮瓣中部,浅出点距会阴正中线(3.0±0.5)cm,距阴道口前缘(1.7±0.4)cm距耻骨下支外侧缘(0.6±0.2)cm,管径(0.8±0.1)mm;阴唇后动脉主要供应大阴唇,并恒定地以本干的形式在大阴唇皮下与阴部外浅动脉形成血管吻合,在阴道口后缘前后各1.5cm的范围内,发出2、3支阴唇后动脉外侧支,外径为(0.7±0.3)mm,分布于阴股沟皮瓣后部;阴部外浅动脉斜形穿过皮瓣上端走向大阴唇,沿途发出柳枝状血管分支分布于皮瓣上端.结论阴股沟皮瓣阴道再造所利用的血管是阴唇后动脉外侧支,而非阴唇后动脉主干;由于闭孔动脉前皮支浅出点位置较高而且固定,以之为蒂形成的皮瓣不适用于阴道再造,而适合于会阴部较小皮肤缺损的修复.     

介绍一种桡动脉皮瓣切取新技术

<正>前臂桡动脉皮瓣自杨果凡等首次报道以来,在临床应用较为广泛。该皮瓣具有较薄、柔软、血运丰富、血管蒂长以及口径粗等优点。然而其最大的缺点是供区裸露。为了解决这个问题,Kajikawa等报道一种新的桡动脉皮瓣切取方法(见Plast Reconstr Surg,2009;123(1):284-287),使供区的外形明显改善,现介绍如下。     

掌背动脉逆行皮瓣及复合组织瓣的临床回顾性研究

目的 探讨用掌背动脉皮瓣及复合组织瓣修复手指组织缺损的临床效果。方法 对122例病例用掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣及复合组织瓣的临床应用做一回顾性分析。对手术病例就其手术适应证、组织供血特点、静脉回流方式、复合组织移植的种类及远期疗效进行总结和分析。结果 122例皮瓣及复合组织瓣术后均成活，受区手指外形及功能均满意；手背供区外形及功能正常。结论 掌背动脉逆行岛状皮瓣及复合组织瓣是修复手指软组织和功能重建的较为理想的手术方法，具有临床推广应用价值。     

远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣转移术蒂部减张皮瓣的设计与应用

目的 探讨在远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部设计减张皮瓣的可行性和临床应用效果.方法 临床应用胫后动脉内踝上皮支逆行岛状皮瓣修复9例,胫后动脉小腿内侧穿支远端蒂皮瓣修复2例,腓动脉外踝上皮穿支逆行岛状皮瓣修复8例,腓浅神经营养血管逆行岛状皮瓣修复4例,远端蒂腓肠神经营养血管皮瓣修复3例,掌背筋膜蒂逆行岛状皮瓣修复2例.蒂部减张瓣呈梭形或圆形,面积为1.0 am×1.0 cm～5.0 cm×3.5 cm.结果 28例皮瓣术后血运良好,无肿胀、淤血,全部成活,随访皮瓣质地良好,外形美观,供区均一期愈合,疗效满意.结论 在远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣蒂部设计减张皮瓣是可行的.可有效地防止蒂部血管受压或血管网破坏而影响皮瓣的血运,是一种可靠的预防远端蒂皮瓣或逆行岛状皮瓣血供障碍的新方法.     

穿支皮瓣修复（坶）甲瓣供区皮肤缺损

目的 报道胫前、后动脉穿支皮瓣修复（坶）甲瓣供区的临床效果.方法 对25例（坶）甲瓣供区皮肤缺损患者,设计并切取游离胫前、后动脉穿支皮瓣进行修复,皮瓣切取面积为8 cm×3 cm～10 cm×5 cm.结果 应用胫前、后动脉穿支皮瓣修复（坶）甲瓣供区创面25例,均顺利成活.随访6～24个月,皮瓣质地柔软,弹性及耐磨性好,色泽接近正常,供受区功能与外观良好.结论 胫前、后动脉穿支皮瓣是精细化修复（坶）甲瓣供区创面的一种有效方法.     

Necrosis of the omental flap

The aim of this research is to review the frequency of the omental flap necrosis comparing the vascularized omental flaps based on the left or right gastroepiploic vessels. The first 100 patients, with injuries of spinal cord on different levels, are included in this prospective clinical study with follow-up from 12 to 24 months. The special surgical technique was used for preparation of omental pedicled graft, for its lengthening and transposition to the level of the spinal cord injury and direct and indirect signs of the omental flap necrosis were studied. In our patients there was no necrosis of the omental grafts based on the left gastroepiploic artery. The insufficiency of the left gastroepiploic artery was not present in any patient and so it was not the reason of the omental flap necrosis. Devascularisation of the great gastric curvature until to the root of the left gastroepiploic artery, administration of the prophylactic doses of the Heparin and to put gently pressure on the omental flap do not contribute to the appearance of the omental flap necrosis. Based on our experiences and on results of this research we conclude that this way of forming the omental graft can be used for the other omentopexies.     

A new flap model in the rat: the pectoral skin flap

The purpose of this study was to describe a new axial-pattern experimental flap model in the rat. Wistar rats weighing 200 to 250 g were used in the experiment. In 15 rats, the superficial anatomy of the ventral thoracic region was studied by anatomic dissection, dye injection, and microangiography, using 5 rats in each group. The anatomic studies revealed that the ventral thoracic skin derives its principal blood supply from the long thoracic artery--a branch of the common thoracic artery. Based on these anatomic studies, the pectoral skin flap model, pedicled on the long thoracic vessels, was created in the rat. The flap is bounded medially by the midsternal line, laterally by the anterior axillary line, and superiorly and inferiorly by transverse lines passing at the level of the suprasternal notch and the xyphoid process respectively. In 5 animals, bilateral flaps (N = 10) were raised and replaced in situ. In 15 animals, oversized flaps were created by extending the flap for both a greater width (N = 10) and length (N = 10). Although all the flaps limited to the cutaneous territory as described were found to survive totally, oversized flaps underwent partial necrosis distally. The authors conclude that the pectoral flap is a simple and reliable skin flap model for future biological and pharmacological study because it is very easy to raise, has a consistent vascular pedicle, and has well-defined borders with consistent landmarks.     

指背筋膜瓣或筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣的临床应用

目的 报道8例14指应用指背筋膜瓣或筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣修复手指皮肤缺损的临床治疗效果.方法 采用指背筋膜瓣方法修复3例3指,指背筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣移植5例11指,皮瓣面积：2.0 cm×2.0 cm～4.0 cm×3.0 cm.结果 术后皮瓣全部成活,皮瓣质地及外形好,患指伸指功能得到重建,功能恢复满意,供区功能基本无影响.结论 指背筋膜瓣或筋膜蒂岛状皮瓣是修复手指指背皮肤缺损的较好方法.