腰长（3~4）mm封堵器治疗膜周部室间隔缺损出现术后心律失常的临床观察

目的 与腰长2 mm封堵器相比较,分析腰长（3~4）mm室缺封堵器介入治疗膜周部室间隔缺损（pmVSD）术后心律失常的变化。 方法 2008年6月～2014年12月在我中心确诊的450例pmVSD患者,术前超声心动图（TTE）等检查具有介入封堵指征。根据室间隔缺损左室造影形态、大小,结合术前TTE检查,个体化选用封堵器。术后监测ECG,复查TTE,观察治疗效果,统计心律失常的发生情况,进行比较分析。 结果 450例患者造影后均尝试封堵术。444例患者成功行介入封堵治疗,成功率99.2%。所有患者依据选用封堵器的不同,分为短腰组（腰长2 mm）和长腰组[腰长（3~4）mm]。两组手术成功率无显著差异。术后新发心律失常149例,长腰组术后心律失常发生率显著低于短腰组（P<0.05）;其中,室上性心律失常和右束支传导阻滞短腰组发生率显著高于长腰组。短腰组出现3例III°AVB,1例Ⅰ°AVB,长腰组1例Ⅰ°AVB,无III°AVB发生。 结论 pmVSD介入封堵治疗安全有效,可作为具有适应证患者的首选治疗方法。长腰封堵器可使术后室上性心律失常和右束支传导阻滞的发生率更低。     

成人多孔型房间隔缺损介入治疗的临床分析

目的:总结成人多孔型房间隔缺损(ASD)介入封堵经验。方法:回顾性分析2009年11月至2014年5月,13例在本中心进行介入封堵手术多孔型ASD患者,男性4例,女性9例,年龄18~67岁,平均(39.6±15.6)岁。术前通过超声心动图确诊ASD诊断,13例患者存在27处缺损。彩色多普勒探及均为左向右分流、无右向左分流或双向分流。全部患者在本中心通过经导管介入封堵手术治疗ASD。术后通过门诊体检及超声心动图进行随访。结果:术中超声测量ASD大缺损和小缺损的平均(19.2±5.9)mm和(7.3±3.9)mm。13例患者共使用14枚封堵器,封堵器大小为16~40mm,平均(29.1±7.4)mm。封堵器释放后经胸超声监测封堵器位置形态良好,3例存在少量残余分流,随访中仅1例患者存在微量分流,心腔大小不同程度回缩,无严重并发症发生。结论:成人多孔型ASD通过介入封堵治疗近中期效果满意。     

经胸超声心动图引导Amplatzer及Sideris两种封堵器介入治疗房间隔缺损疗效评价

目的 评价经胸超声心动图引导Amplatzer和Sideris两种封堵器经导管关闭房间隔缺损（ASD）的疗效。方法14例ASD患者,年龄2.6～43岁,男6例,女8例,在经胸超声心动图和X线监测引导下,用Amplatzer或Sideris封堵器进行房间隔缺损封堵治疗。结果 球囊测量ASD直径14～34（24.16±5.16）mm,Sideris封堵5例,成功4例,术中发生补片脱落经外科开胸取出补片并缝合房间隔缺损1例;Amplatzer法封堵9例,全部成功,无并发症发生。结论 经导管介入封堵ASD操作简便,成功率高,疗效可靠。但Amplatzer法适用范围更广,术后即刻成功率更高,操作更简便。     

房间隔膨出瘤合并房间隔缺损介入治疗的临床经验

目的:分析房间隔膨出瘤合并房间隔缺损(ASD)介入封堵术的方法和疗效。方法:2013年5月至2014年5月,5例在本中心就诊的房间隔膨出瘤合并ASD患者,其中,男性1例,女性4例。年龄17~51岁,平均(37.0±13.1)岁。通过体格检查,胸片X线,超声心动图及心电图明确诊断,在本中心通过介入封堵治疗ASD。术后进行门诊临床检查及经胸超声心动图随访。结果:5例患者ASD最大径为6~13mm,平均(8.4±2.7)mm,膨出瘤最大径14~20mm,平均(18.4±2.6)mm。1例使用30/30PFO封堵器,4例使用ASD封堵器,ASD封堵器尺寸为16~24mm,平均(20.0±3.3)mm。5例患者封堵成功,无残余分流。随访期内无严重并发症。结论:通过合理的技术和器械对房间隔膨出瘤合并ASD进行介入治疗效果满意。     

介入治疗先天性心脏病封堵器脱落6例

2007～2008年我院共行先天性心脏病房间隔缺损（ASD）及动脉导管未闭（PDA）介入封堵治疗114例,其中发生术中术后封堵器脱落6例;审间隔缺损（VSD）介入封堵治疗75例,未发生封堵器脱落。发生封堵器脱落患者情况如下。     

超声心动图引导下经胸微创房间隔缺损封堵术34例临床观察

目的 探讨彩色超声心动图（TTE）在经胸微创房间隔缺损（ASD）封堵术中的应用价值.方法 对34例ASD患者行经胸微创封堵术,并于术前采用TTE测量各切面ASD长度及周缘情况,术中采用TTE监测封堵过程,术后采用TTE观察心房水平有无残余分流、封堵伞有无脱落及右心系统回缩情况.结果 TTE测量ASD长度为（14.54±7.05）mm,所选封堵器型号大于TTE测量值4～6 mm;33例经胸微创ASD封堵术成功,1例因ASD长度大、一侧无残端组织而无法牢固放置封堵器改开胸手术缝补;术后随访1周、1个月均无残余分流,封堵器封堵牢固、无脱落;右心系统回缩明显.结论 TTE用于经胸微创ASD封堵术能于术前准确测量ASD大小、术中及时监测与引导封堵过程、术后准确观察有无残余分流并评价疗效.     

经导管同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病的疗效和安全性

目的:探讨经导管介入同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病的可行性、方法及疗效.方法:13例患者,男5例,女8例.其中房间隔缺损(ASD)合并肺动脉瓣狭窄6例,ASD合并动脉导管未闭(PDA)4例,ASD合并膜部室间隔缺损2例,PDA合并肺动脉瓣狭窄1例.ASD合并其他畸形的患者,均先治疗其他畸形,最后行ASD封堵.PDA合并肺动脉瓣狭窄者,先行肺动脉瓣狭窄球囊扩张术,最后封堵PDA.结果:13例患者均经导管一次治疗成功.ASD合并肺动脉瓣狭窄6例,跨肺动脉瓣压差由术前平均(138.3±41.4)mmHg下降到术后平均(12.0±5.6)mmHg,有显著性差异(P＜0.01).所用ASD封堵器直径为8～24 mm.ASD合并PDA4例,PDA最窄径2～5 mm,封堵器直径为6～8 mm;ASD封堵器直径为8～28 mm.ASD合并膜部室间隔缺损2例,室间隔缺损直径分别为3.5 mm和5.0 mm,用直径6 mm和8 mm的双盘状室间隔缺损封堵器封堵成功,所用ASD封堵器的直径为12 mm和18 mm.1例PDA合并轻度肺动脉瓣狭窄,用聚乙烯球囊扩张、PDA用4 mm封堵器治疗成功.结论:经导管介入同期治疗复合型先天性心脏病具有技术上的可行性、安全性和良好的治疗效果.     

国产封堵器介入治疗巨大动脉导管未闭的临床评价

目的应用国产封堵器经导管治疗巨大动脉导管未闭（PDA）并对其疗效进行评价。方法全组27（男8,女19）例,年龄6～54（24±15）岁,主动脉造影示PDA最窄径为13～28（16±4）mm。封堵后即刻和30min行侧位降主动脉造影,术后2d,1、3、6个月分别行超声心动图及X线平片检查。结果24例成功,3例PDA封堵后判断为有阻力性肺动脉高压,放弃治疗。成功的患者中,14例选用国产PDA封堵器,10例选用国产ASD封堵器。术后即刻降主动脉造影检查示,使用ASD封堵器中,有2例微量残余分流,5例少量残余分流,1例少～中量残余分流;PDA封堵器中,有4例微量残余分流,2例少量残余分流。术后30min,ASD封堵器4例微～少量残余分流,1例仍为少～中量残余分流;PDA封堵器仅2例微量残余分流。1例ASD封堵器治疗术后7h发生溶血,治疗72h溶血无减轻迹象,外科开胸取出封堵器并行PDA结扎术。术后2d,超声心动图示PDA封堵器1例微量残余分流,ASD封堵器5例微量残余分流。随访1～6个月,所有左心内径增大的患者均明显回缩,未发现残余分流和导管再通。结论应用国产封堵器经导管治疗直径≥13mm的PDA是一种安全有效地介入方法。     

介入治疗心脏复合畸形疗效及安全性研究

目的评估介入治疗心脏复合畸形的可行性,安全性及疗效。方法心脏复合畸形患者10（男6,女4）例,年龄5～53岁。其中房间隔缺损（ASD）并发肺动脉瓣狭窄（PS）2例、室间隔缺损（VSD）2例和动脉导管未闭（PDA）1例,PDA并发主动脉瓣关闭不全和PS各1例;VSD修补术后遗留ASD2例,ASD修补术后遗留PDA1例和刀刺伤致左室前侧术后遗留VSD1例。ASD或PDA并发PS者,先扩张肺动脉瓣,再行ASD或PDA封堵治疗。ASD并发VSD者,先封堵VSD,再封堵ASD。结果10例患者介入手术均1次成功。5例ASD封堵器的直径为8～38mm,2例膜部对称性VSD封堵器的直径为14mm和6mm,1例用10mm肌部VSD封堵器。2例PDA均用弹簧圈封堵。封堵PDA或VSD后造影无残余分流。封堵ASD后超声心动图示无残余分流。3例并发PS者,肺动脉瓣扩张术后即刻肺动脉跨瓣压差明显下降,由术前50、38、40mmHg分别降低为20、15和21mmHg。有1例PDA封堵弹簧圈脱落至肺动脉远端未能取出。随访1年肺功能正常,无肺不张。全部患者随访3个月～1年,无任何并发症发生。结论经导管介入治疗心脏复合畸形安全可行,近期疗效肯定。     

42～46mm封堵器介入治疗巨大房间隔缺损的疗效及经验

目的:评价42～46mm国产封堵器介入治疗巨大继发孔型房间隔缺损的效果和安全性。方法:全组37例,年龄20～58（36士14）岁。术前超声心动图检查ASD最大直径34～42（37±3）mm,5例（14%）缺损的所有边缘均≥5mm,13例（35%）缺损的前缘径不足0～4mm,19例（51%）缺损的前缘径、后缘径或下腔静脉缘径不足2～4mm。其中18例有轻度肺动脉高压,12例有轻～中度肺动脉高压,4例中度肺动脉高压。5例并发心房纤颤。所有病例均经导管置入特制国产ASD封堵器。术后3d、1～6个月分别行经胸超声心动图（TTE）、心电图及X线检查。结果:37例应用的封堵器大小42mm16个、44mm14个,46mm7个。36例均一次封堵成功,1例40mm巨大ASD,用46mm封堵器关闭成功后,反复牵拉封堵器脱落,改用48mm封堵器封堵成功。术中3例出现一过性Ⅱ度房室传导阻滞,用阿托品对症处理后恢复。手术即刻,TTE显示6例（17%）有微～小量残余分流,完全堵闭率83%（29/36）;术后3d,2例（6%）有微量残余分流。1～6个月复查TTE,34例（94%）心脏大小恢复正常,2例（6%）并发心房纤颤患者心脏不同程度的缩小,无1例有残余分流。1年后随访15例,未发现主动脉壁穿孔和心脏穿孔、心包积液。结论:应用42～46mm国产封堵器介入治疗巨大继发孔型房间隔缺损,亦具有操作简便、安全、技术成功率高及封堵效果好等优点。     

胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点分析

目的胰岛素瘤是最常见的胰腺神经内分泌肿瘤，因其临床表现多样，导致诊断困难。影像学诊断尤其是超声内镜(EUS)在胰岛素瘤的诊断中起着重要作用，拥有较高的敏感性和特异性。本研究拟通过明确胰岛素瘤的解剖分布特点，以期有助于提高影像学的诊断准确率和降低漏诊率，尤其是在教育和培训实践中对于EUS的学习者更具有指导价值。 方法回顾性分析解放军总医院第一医学中心病案资料数据库1993年1月至2019年11月经外科手术、病理确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者的临床资料，检索方法采取搜索术后病理诊断为"胰岛素瘤"的病例，通过查阅病例的方法，提取出胰岛素瘤的大小和解剖分布等数据，进一步分析其特点。 结果共检索到确诊为胰岛素瘤的患者116例，其中，男45例、女71例，年龄13～76岁，平均年龄(44.4±14.85)岁。胰岛素瘤单发110例(94.8%)、多发6例(5.2%)。位置分布：头颈部46例(39.7%)，单发45例、多发1例；体尾部68例(58.6%)，单发65例、多发3例；全胰腺多发2例(1.7%)。病变大小特点：最大径0.4～3.4 cm，平均大小(1.53±0.58)cm。≤1 cm 29例、>1 cm而≤1.5 cm41例、>1.5 cm而≤2.0 cm28例，≤3 cm 15例，>3 cm 3例。年龄与肿瘤的大小相关，≤44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.36±0.51)cm、>44岁患者肿瘤平均大小为(1.70±0.60)cm，P<0.05。头颈部的肿瘤大于体尾部的肿瘤，头颈部肿瘤平均大小(1.66±0.63)cm，体尾部(1.42±0.52)cm，P<0.05。 结论胰岛素瘤在胰腺体尾部较头颈部更好发；绝大多数单发，但可以全胰腺多发；多数小于1.5 cm，肿瘤的大小与患者年龄和肿瘤的解剖分布相关。     

Pathogenesis of carcinoma of the papilla of Vater

Most adenomas and carcinomas of the small intestine and extrahepatic bile ducts arise in the region of the papilla of Vater. In familial adenomatous polyposis (FAP) it is the main location for carcinomas after proctocolectomy. In many cases symptoms due to stenosis lead to diagnosis at an early tumor stage. In about 80%, curative intended resection is possible. Operability is the most relevant prognostic factor. Most ampullary carcinomas resp. carcinomas of the papilla of Vater develop from adenomatous or flat dysplastic precursor lesions. They can be sited in the ampulloduodenal part of the papilla of Vater, which is lined by intestinal mucosa. They also can develop in deeper parts of the ampulla, which are lined by pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa. Intestinal-type adenocarcinoma and pancreaticobiliary-type adenocarcinoma represent the main histological types of ampullary carcinoma. Furthermore, there exist unusual types and undifferentiated carcinomas. Many carcinomas of intestinal type express the immunohistochemical marker profile of intestinal mucosa (keratin 7?, keratin 20+, MUC2+). Carcinomas of pancreaticobiliary type usually show the immunohistochemical profile of pancreaticobiliary duct mucosa (keratin 7+, keratin 20?, MUC2?). Even poorly differentiated carcinomas, as well as unusual histological types, may conserve the marker profile of the mucosa they developed from. These findings underline the concept of histogenetically different carcinomas of the papilla of Vater which develop either from intestinal- or from pancreaticobiliary-type mucosa of the papilla of Vater. Molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas are similar to those of colorectal as well as pancreatic carcinomas, although they appear at different frequencies. In future studies, molecular alterations in ampullary carcinomas should be correlated closely with the different histologic tumor types. Consequently, the histologic classification should reflect the histogenesis of ampullary tumors from the two different types of papillary mucosa.     

Demonstration of the mechanism of action of biguanides

Summary Palmitic acid oxidation in rat diaphragm homogenate is depressed by biguanide concentrations that are still incapable of inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation. Glucose oxidation is not directly effected by the same biguanide concentrations: however, the inhibitory effect of palmitic acid on glucose oxidation is partly removed by biguanides. Inhibition of fatty acid oxidation, which accounts for most of the metabolic effects caused by these drugs, can be regarded as the fundamental mechanism of action of biguanides. There is some evidence suggesting that these drugs might interact with carnitine, thus preventing long-chain fatty acids from being transported across the mitochondrial membrane to the site of oxidation. Traduzione a cura degli AA.     

Lack of correlation of degree of villous atrophy with severity of clinical presentation of coeliac disease

BACKGROUND AND AIM: Both the clinical presentation and the degree of mucosal damage in coeliac disease vary greatly. In view of conflicting information as to whether the mode of presentation correlates with the degree of villous atrophy, we reviewed a large cohort of patients with coeliac disease. PATIENTS AND METHODS: We correlated mode of presentation (classical, diarrhoea predominant or atypical/silent) with histology of duodenal biopsies and examined their trends over time. RESULTS: The cohort consisted of 499 adults, mean age 44.1 years, 68% females. The majority had silent coeliac disease (56%) and total villous atrophy (65%). There was no correlation of mode of presentation with the degree of villous atrophy (p=0.25). Sixty-eight percent of females and 58% of males had a severe villous atrophy (p=0.052). There was a significant trend over time for a greater proportion of patients presenting as atypical/silent coeliac disease and having partial villous atrophy, though the majority still had total villous atrophy. CONCLUSIONS: Among our patients the degree of villous atrophy in duodenal biopsies did not correlate with the mode of presentation, indicating that factors other than the degree of villous atrophy must account for diarrhoea in coeliac disease.     

血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展

血吸虫童虫是宿主免疫系统攻击的重要靶标,包括皮肤型、肺型和肝门型童虫。宿主分子对童虫生长发育具有重要作用。童虫生长发育机制包括免疫调节、信号转导、性别发育及凋亡等。肌动蛋白、组织蛋白酶、烯醇化酶和葡萄糖基转移酶等分子为血吸虫童虫生长发育的重要分子。本文对血吸虫童虫生长发育及其机制的研究进展做一综述。     

124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌基因突变特征分析

目的对临床分离的耐多药结核分枝杆菌相关基因的突变特征进行分析。方法对124例耐多药结核分枝杆菌以及50株敏感株的耐药相关基因(包括异烟肼inh A、kat G、oxyR-ahp C间隔区以及利福平rpo B)进行序列测定,分析其基因突变情况。结果异烟肼耐药inh A基因突变率为14.5%;kat G基因突变率为70.2%(87/124),主要位于315位;oxyR-ahp C间隔区突变率为15.3%;inh A、kat G两种基因同时突变率75.0%,三种基因同时突变率为89.5%。利福平rpo B基因突变的检出率高达95.2%,突变主要发生在531、526、516位点。结论我省耐多药菌异烟肼耐药相关基因最常见突变为kat G 315、inh A C-T(-15)、axyR-ahp C间隔区(-10)C-T,利福平为rpo B531、526、516。结合MDR-TB耐药相关基因的特征分析,可以建立一种快速、准确、特异的适合于我省的检测结核菌耐多药性的新方法。     

氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性评价

目的评价氯硝柳胺悬浮剂的毒性，为现场大规模应用灭螺提供依据。方法按照中华人民共和国国家标准GB 15670-1995《农药登记毒理学试验方法》和鱼类毒性试验方法进行。结果经口、经皮肤的LDso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000 mg/kg，经呼吸道的LCso雌、雄性大鼠均>5 000mg/m3，该药经口、经皮肤、经呼吸道毒性均属微毒类药物；兔眼用药后，观察期内无不良反应，对眼无刺激性；皮肤用药后对皮肤无刺激性。与氯硝柳胺原药、氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐原药和氯硝柳胺乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂相比，氯硝柳胺悬浮剂对鱼急性毒性最低。结论氯硝柳胺悬浮剂属微毒类药物，对鱼的毒性低于其乙醇胺盐可湿性粉剂，适合于现场应用。     

Assessment of quality of life of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis

The aim of the study was to assess the quality of life (QOL) and the psychological status of parents of children with juvenile chronic arthritis (JCA). The QOL, anxiety and depression of the parents of 28 children with JCA were evaluated and compared to those of the parents of 28 healthy children. Mothers of JCA children and mothers of healthy children reported similar QOL. The reported anxiety and depression levels were similar for mothers and fathers in both groups. The parents of children with pauciarticular-type JCA reported lower QOL and higher levels of anxiety and depression than the parents of children with other types, namely polyarticular and systemic JCA. These findings may be explained by the fact that the pauciarticular patients had shorter disease duration and were less frequently seen in the outpatient clinic. The QOL of mothers of children with JCA was found to be slightly impaired in the group of children with pauciarticular JCA. Future larger studies are needed to confirm these results, as the number of subjects in the three groups was rather low. Received: 26 September 2001 / Accepted: 8 February 2002     

Numerical Simulation of the Effect of Rate of Change of Glucose on Measurement Error of Continuous Glucose Monitors

Background

A 5-day in-patient study designed to assess the accuracy of the FreeStyle Navigator® Continuous Glucose Monitoring System revealed that the level of accuracy of the continuous sensor measurements was dependent on the rate of glucose change. When the absolute rate of change was less than 1 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (75% of the time), the median absolute relative difference (ARD) was 8.5%, with 85% of all points falling within the A zone of the Clarke error grid. When the absolute rate of change was greater than 2 mg•dl⁻¹•min⁻¹ (8% of the time), the median ARD was 17.5%, with 59% of all points falling within the Clarke A zone.

Method

Numerical simulations were performed to investigate effects of the rate of change of glucose on sensor measurement error. This approach enabled physiologically relevant distributions of glucose values to be reordered to explore the effect of different glucose rate-of-change distributions on apparent sensor accuracy.

Results

The physiological lag between blood and interstitial fluid glucose levels is sufficient to account for the observed difference in sensor accuracy between periods of stable glucose and periods of rapidly changing glucose.

Conclusions

The role of physiological lag on the apparent decrease in sensor accuracy at high glucose rates of change has implications for clinical study design, regulatory review of continuous glucose sensors, and development of performance standards for this new technology. This work demonstrates the difficulty in comparing accuracy measures between different clinical studies and highlights the need for studies to include both relevant glucose distributions and relevant glucose rate-of-change distributions.     

Study of constancy of hydrogen-consuming flora of human colon

The constancy of the hydrogen consuming flora of the human colon was studied in 15 healthy subjects via two measurements obtained 18 to 36 months apart. Hydrogen disappearance rate and the major products of H₂-consuming bacteria, methane and sulfide, were measured during incubation of fecal homogenates with excess hydrogen and sulfate. In 11/15, the hydrogen consumption rate and the predominant hydrogen-consuming pathway (methanogenesis, sulfate reduction, or neither) remained constant. However, major shifts in these pathways were observed in four subjects, with two losing and two gaining the ability to produce methane. Methanogenesis was associated with the highest hydrogen consumption rate. This study demonstrates that clinically unrecognizable, major alterations of the colonic flora occur in healthy subjects. Understanding of the factors responsible for these alterations might allow for therapeutic manipulation of the colonic flora.Supported in part by the Department of Veterans Affairs and NIDDKD RO1 DK 13309-25.