齿状突疾患合并寰枢椎脱位的手术治疗

目的：评价各种类型手术治疗齿状突突患并寰枢椎脱位的应用效果，方法：回顾性分析1995年6月－2000年4月间收治的32例齿状突疾患合并寰枢仪表闰的病例，其中齿状突骨折20例，齿状突畸形10例，齿状突骨巨细胞瘤2例。后路C1－2钢丝固定5例，Apolfix椎板夹5例，寰椎侧块螺钉6例，不能复位者行枕融合术8例，前路齿状突螺钉固定6例，前后路联合手术（前路肿切除，后路寰枢椎融合）2例，所有术式自体或异体骨植骨融合术。结果：术后随访14月－5年，平均2年6个月，30例获得坚强骨愈合，2例不愈合。无主中，后并发症，亦无内固定松动，脱出，断裂，及肿瘤复发转移，结论：运用多种术式治疗齿状突疾患合并寰枢椎位，只要适应证选择恰当，其结果是令人满意的，其中对能复位的寰枢椎脱们以前路或后路螺钉固定与植骨融合术最为简单，安全，有效，值得推广应用。     

齿状突骨折并寰枢椎脱位的手术治疗

目的评价几种手术方法治疗齿状突骨折合并寰枢椎脱位的临床应用效果。方法回顾性分析了采用手术治疗的24例齿状突骨折合并寰枢椎脱位的病例,其中齿状突Ⅱ型10例,Ⅲ型14例,采用前路齿状突加压螺钉内固定8例;椎板间ATLAS钛缆系统固定或Apofix椎板夹固定、后路寰枢椎融合10例;改良后路Magerl联合Gallie内固定、寰枢椎融合6例。结果术后随访3～30个月,颈椎活动度的保持以齿状突螺钉固定最佳,后路椎板间固定和Magerl联合Gallie内固定病例颈椎旋转度丧失较多;7例出现不完全性四肢瘫患者的术前脊髓功能Frankel分级C级4例、D级3例,术后D级5例、E级2例,无一例发生脊髓损伤加重及术后感染;术后3个月X线片显示所有内置物无松动、脱落及断裂,无复位丢失。结论前路齿状突螺钉技术是治疗齿状突骨折合并寰枢椎脱位的首选,只有在齿状突螺钉禁忌时才考虑采用寰枢椎融合;坚强内固定是后路寰枢椎融合的有力保障,改良Magerl联合Gallie三点内固定具有较好的生物力学性能,是实施后路寰枢椎融合的理想内固定技术。     

Apofix椎板夹治疗寰枢椎骨折及脱位

目的 探讨Apofix椎板夹治疗寰枢椎骨折及脱位。方法 对14例寰枢椎骨折脱位者行后路Apofix椎板夹加压固定及自体髂骨植骨术。其中资料完整的12例，寰枢椎脱位8例，齿状突骨折4例。结果 12例随访1—2年，全部病例获得骨性愈合。结论 Apofix椎板内固定系统结构简单，稳定性好，术后不需要复杂外固定，可早期下床活动。     

经后路寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定治疗寰枢椎失稳

[目的]探讨经后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合术治疗寰枢椎失稳的临床疗效。[方法]搜集2010年6月~2016年3月由各种原因引起的寰枢椎不稳患者31例,其中,男23例,女8例;年龄21~70岁,平均45.4岁。寰枢椎不稳的原因:陈旧性齿状突骨折17例,游离性齿状突7例,陈旧性寰枢关节脱位3例,横韧带断裂1例,类风湿性关节炎1例,Jefferson骨折合并齿状突骨折2例。所有患者均伴有枕颈痛症状,均行后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉复位固定。术前JOA评分6~13分,平均9.4分。[结果]31例患者平均手术时间2 h,平均出血量250 ml。术中均未发生脊髓、神经根损伤,有3例出现静脉丛出血。术后1例患者出现切口感染,后经抗感染治疗后得到控制。所有患者均获得随访,平均随访时间16.8个月(12~48个月)。术后JOA评分12~17分,平均15.9分,平均改善率为85.5%。无内固定松动及断裂,植骨均融合。[结论]经后路寰枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定融合术是治疗寰枢椎失稳的有效方法,具有固定牢靠、操作安全等优点。     

寰椎后弓椎板钩联合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定治疗游离齿状突并可复性寰枢椎脱位

背景：游离齿状突并可复性寰枢椎脱位常需要手术治疗,但目前缺乏操作简单且安全有效的寰枢椎内固定方式。 目的：评估寰椎后弓椎板钩联合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定植骨融合治疗游离齿状突并可复性寰枢椎脱位的疗效。 方法：回顾性分析2005年7月至2012年6月采用寰椎后弓椎板钩联合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定自体髂骨植骨融合术治疗游离齿状突并可复性寰枢椎脱位患者l1例。对脱位复位情况、内固定植骨融合率、JOA功能评分、影像学评估及术后并发症等进行分析。 结果：11例术中均未发生椎动脉和脊髓损伤。术后均获得随访,随访时间为12~37个月,平均25个月,均未发生内固定物松动、断裂,术后疼痛和神经症状均得到缓解,术后JOA评分较术前明显改善（P＜0.01）,寰枢椎均融合。 结论：寰椎后弓椎板钩联合枢椎椎弓根螺钉固定植骨融合术治疗游离齿状突并可复性寰枢椎脱位是一种安全有效的方法。     

椎板钩加压内固定在寰枢椎融合术中的应用

目的　评价椎板钩加压内固定治疗寰枢椎不稳的临床效果。方法　对寰枢椎不稳者行C1-2 后路自体髂骨植骨、椎板钩(Apofix及Halifix)内固定术。包括齿状突骨折 6例 ,陈旧性齿突骨折伴横韧带断裂 1例 ,齿突骨折骨不连结 1例。术后颈椎X线片检查。结果　随访 3个月～ 5年 ,8例均获得骨性愈合。结论　对寰枢椎不稳可采用寰枢椎后路融合椎板钩内固定术治疗 ,椎板钩内固定术无需椎板下穿越钢丝 ,避免了钢丝断裂及松脱。而术前解剖复位是手术成功的主要措施。     

Apofix椎板夹治疗寰枢椎骨折、脱位

目的探讨应用Apofix椎板夹治疗寰枢椎骨折、脱位的方法及疗效。方法对8例寰枢椎骨折、脱位患者采用Apofix椎板夹固定。结果随访5~24个月,脱位纠正,颈部活动基本恢复正常,颈部不稳感消失,按照JOA评分法,术前平均为8.3分,术后平均为14.6分。结论Apofix椎板夹治疗寰枢椎骨折、脱位,术后无需坚强的外固定,具有操作技术难度小、手术风险低、安全、实用的特点。     

创伤性寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗策略

目的探讨创伤性寰枢椎不稳的手术治疗方式,指导选择安全稳定可靠的术式。方法29例创伤性寰枢椎不稳的病例,男22例,女7例;年龄16~52岁,平均32岁。齿状突骨折19例中,Ander-sonⅡ型16例,浅Ⅲ型3例;另外,寰椎横韧带损伤6例,陈旧性寰枢关节旋转性脱位1例,HangmanⅠ型骨折合并齿状突骨折1例,寰椎骨折合并寰椎横韧带损伤1例,齿状突骨折合并单侧枢椎上关节骨折1例。根据不同的损伤部位选择相应的手术方法,其中前路单枚齿状突螺钉固定10例,后路Magerl螺钉固定6例,Magerl联合Gallie5例,Magerl联合Brooks双钛缆固定2例,Magerl联合Apofix椎板夹固定2例,寰枢椎侧块钉板固定4例。19例后路手术中11例采用C1、C2椎板间颗粒状植骨,8例未行植骨融合。结果随访时间6个月~5年,平均18个月。术中未出现椎动脉或脊髓损伤等严重并发症,无内固定断裂。1例术后出现舌下神经麻痹,2周后缓解。10例前路齿状突螺钉固定中9例获得骨性愈合,1例齿状突螺钉固定发生松动,枢椎前方皮质破裂,取出齿状突螺钉,改行后路Magerl Gallie法固定,获得骨性融合。19例后路手术中8例未做融合的病例获骨折愈合,其中6例行内固定取出,基本恢复头颈旋转功能,其余11例均获得骨性融合。结论新鲜齿状突骨折不适于前路齿状突螺钉固定时,后路C1、C2椎弓根钉板暂时固定,可保留寰枢旋转功能。寰枢椎椎弓根钉板系统在生物力学稳定及适应证方面有一定的优势。     

寰枢椎椎板减压联合寰枢椎椎弓根钉术中复位固定融合术治疗新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折并颈髓损伤

目的总结应用经后路寰枢椎椎板减压联合寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定,术中提拉复位固定颗粒状植骨融合术治疗新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折并颈髓损伤的临床疗效。方法自2010—11—2013-05对7例新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折合并颈髓损伤应用经后路寰枢椎椎板减压联合寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定。术中提拉复位固定颗粒状植骨融合术进行治疗,随访观察患者临床症状和神经功能改善情况,影像学检查寰枢椎复位及植骨融合情况。结果患者均顺利完成手术,术中均无血管及脊髓神经的损伤。所有患者脊髓神经功能恢复较理想,随访期间未发现内固定松动、断裂以及骨折不愈合。结论后路寰枢椎椎板减压联合寰枢椎椎弓根钉内固定系统术中提拉复位固定颗粒状植骨融合是治疗新鲜Ⅱ型齿状突骨折并颈髓损伤比较理想的术式选择。     

Apofix与Simmons在治疗寰枢椎脱位并脊髓不全损伤中的对照研究

目的：回顾性分析Apifix与Simmons方法在寰枢椎脱位并脊髓不全损伤，寰枢椎融合内固定中的应用价值。方法：61例陈旧性寰枢椎脱位并脊髓不全损伤行减压，后路融合、Apifix或Simmons内固定，Apifix29例，Simmons32例。男36例，女25例，年龄11～65岁，平均35．9岁。寰枢椎脱位23例，新鲜齿状突骨折11例，陈旧性齿状突骨折9例，先天性脱位5例，创伤性寰椎横韧带断裂8例，单侧椎弓骨折3例，一侧关节脱位2例。结果：Simmons组椎体移位1例，植骨未融合2例，钢丝断裂2例。术后脊髓功能JOA改善率两者无差异。结论：Simmons对旋转和侧移位控制能力差，无法控制平移；Apofix与之相比有独特的优点。     

Vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction during major abdominal surgery

Background : We investigated the vasopressor hormone response following mesenteric traction (MT) with hypotension due to prostacyclin (PGI₂) release in patients undergoing abdominal surgery with a combined general and epidural anesthesia. Methods : In a prospective, randomized, placebo-controlled study we administered 400 mg ibuprofen (i.v.) in 42 patients scheduled for abdominal surgery. General anesthesia was combined with epidural anesthesia (T4-L1). Before as well as 5, 15, 30, 45, and 90 min after MT we recorded plasma osmolality, hemodynamics and measured 6-keto-PGFlα (stabile metabolite of PGI₂), TXB₂ (stabile metabolite of thromboxane A₂) active renin, and arginine vasopressin (AVP) plasma concentrations by radioimmunoassay. Catecholamine levels were assessed by high-pressure liquid chromatography (HPLC) with electrochemical detection. Results : Following MT, arterial hypotension occurred along with a substantial PGI₂ release. This was completely abolished by ibuprofen administration. Although plasma levels of 6-keto-PGF_1α (1133 (708) vs. 60 (3) ng/L, median (median absolute deviation), P=0.0001, placebo vs. ibuprofen) remained significantly elevated, blood pressure was restored within 30 min after MT in the placebo group. At the same point in time plasma concentrations of TXB² (164 (87) vs. 58 (1) ng/L, P=0.0001), epinephrine (46 (33) vs. 14 (6) ng/L, P=0.001), AVP (41 ± (18) vs. 12 (7) ng/L, P=0.0004), and active renin (27 (12) vs. 12 (4) ng/L, P = 0.001) were significantly higher in placebo-treated patients. Conclusion : Under combined general and epidural anesthesia arterial hypotension following MT due to endogenous PGI₂ release is associated with enhanced release of AVP, active renin, epinephrine and thromboxane A₂, presumably contributing to hemodynamic stability within 30 min after MT.     

A Teaspoon Pump for Pumping Blood with High Hydraulic Efficiency and Low Hemolysis Potential

Abstract: Virtually all blood pumps contain some kind of rubbing, sliding, closely moving machinery surfaces that are exposed to the blood being pumped. These valves, internal bearings, magnetic bearing position sensors, and shaft seals cause most of the problems with blood pumps. The original teaspoon pump design prevented the rubbing, sliding machinery surfaces from contacting the blood. However, the hydraulic efficiency was low because the blood was able to "slip around" the rotating impeller so that the blood itself never rotated fast enough to develop adequate pressure. An improved teaspoon blood pump has been designed and tested and has shown acceptable hydraulic performance and low hemolysis potential. The new pump uses a nonrotating "swinging" hose as the pump impeller. The fluid enters the pump through the center of the swinging hose; therefore, there can be no fluid slip between the revolving blood and the revolving impeller. The new pump uses an impeller that is comparable to a flexible garden hose. If the free end of the hose were swung around in a circle like half of a jump rope, the fluid inside the hose would rotate and develop pressure even though the hose impeller itself did not "rotate"; therefore, no rotating shaft seal or internal bearings are required.     

Microspheres Based Detoxification System: A New Method in Convective Blood Purification

Abstract: A variety of protein-bound or hydrophobic substances, accumulating as a result of pathologic conditions such as exogenous or endogenous intoxications, are removed poorly by conventional detoxification methods because of low accessibility (hemodialysis), insufficient adsorption capabilities (hemosorption), low efficiency (peritoneal dialysis), or economic limitations (high-volume plasmapheresis). Combining advantages of existing methods with microspheric technology, a module-based system was designed. Major operating parameters of the latter can be modified to allow for adjustment to individual clinical situations. An extracorporeal blood circuit including a plasmafilter is combined with a secondary high-velocity plasma circuit driven by a centrifugal pump. Different microspheric adsorbers can be combined in one circuit or applied in sequence. Thus, a prolonged treatment can be tailored using specially designed selective adsorber materials. Comparing this system with existing methods (high-flux hemodialysis, molecular adsorbent recycling system), results from our in vitro studies and animal experiments demonstrate the superior efficiency of substance removal.     

Tissue perfusion in relation to cardiac output during continuous positive-pressure ventilation and administration of propranolol or verapamil

Background : Our objective was to determine whether administration of propranolol or verapamil modifies the hemodynamic adaptation to continuous positive-pressure ventilation (CPPV), in particular the regional distribution of cardiac output (CO).
Methods : General hemodynamics and regional blood flows assessed by microsphere technique (15 (μm) were recorded in 16 anesthetized pigs during spontaneous breathing (SB) and CPPV with 8 cm H₂O end-expiratory pressure (CPPV8) before and after intravenous administration of propranolol (0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.15 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8) or verapamil (0.1 mg · kg⁻¹ followed by 0.3 mg · kg⁻¹ · h⁻¹, n=8).
Results : CPPV8 depressed CO by 25% without shifts in its relative distribution with the exception of a noteworthy increase in adrenal perfusion. Propranolol increased arterial blood pressure, and due to a fall in heart rate, CO dropped by 25%. The kidneys and, to a lesser extent, the splanchic region and central nervous system received increased fractions of the remaining CO at the expense of skeletal muscle flow. Similar patterns were seen during SB and CPPV8 such that the combination of propranolol and CPPV8 depressed CO by 50%. The circulatory effects of verapamil were less evident but myocardial perfusion tended to increase.
Conclusions : The combination of propranolol or verapamil with CPPV does not result in any specific hemodynamic interaction in anesthetized pigs, except that the combined effect of propranolol and CPPV may severely reduce CO.     

Bariatric Surgery in Some "Central and East-European (former Eastern bloc)"Countries - Current Status and Prediction for the Next Millennium

Background: Obesity is increasing globallly, including in the formerly "Eastern Bloc" countries. Methods: A survey was made of obesity and bariatric surgery. Results: In the 8 East and Central European countries studied, with total population 300 million, roughly 43% of the population was overweight (BMI 25-30), 23% obese (BMI > 30), with about 15 million people morbidly obese (BMI > 40). From 0-10 morbidly obese individuals/100,000/year undergo bariatric surgery. Conclusion: Most countries were found to provide inadequate treatment for obesity.The majority of the morbidly obese are not treated effectively. However, health-care awareness of obesity and bariatric surgeons are slowly increasing.     

Volatile anaesthetics reduce adhesion of blood platelets under low-flow conditions in the coronary system of isolated guinea pig hearts

Background : Inhibitory effects of volatile anaesthetics on platelet aggregation have been demonstrated in several studies. However, the influence of volatile anaesthetics on intracoronary platelet adhesion has not been elucidated so far.
Methods : Isolated hearts of guinea pigs were perfused with buffer in the absence or presence of volatile anaesthetics (0.5 and 1 MAC) at constant coronary flow rates of 5 ml/min for 25 min, then 1 ml/min for 30 min and again 5 ml/min for 10 min. Before, during and after low-flow perfusion, a bolus of human platelets was applied into the coronary system. To simulate thrombogenic conditions, 0.3 U/ml human thrombin was infused during low-flow perfusion and reperfusion. The number of platelets sequestered to the endothelium was calculated from the difference between coronary in- and output of platelets. The myocardial production of lactate and consumption of pyruvate and coronary perfusion pressure were also determined.
Results : At a flow rate of 5 ml/min only about 3% of the applied platelets did not emerge from the coronary system, in any group. In contrast, 13.1±1.2% (mean±SEM) of infused platelets became adherent in low-flow perfusion in the control group without anaesthetic. The adherence was reduced with each 1 MAC isoflurane (to 6.2±1.2%), sevoflurane (to 4.4±0.9%) or halothane (to 3.2±1.5%) (each P <0.05 vs. control). Volatile anaesthetic, 0.5 MAC, did not inhibit platelet adhesion to a statistically significant extent in any case. Perfusion pressure and metabolic parameters were not statistically different between the control and the hearts exposed to anaesthetics.
Conclusion : Volatile anaesthetics in a concentration of 1 MAC can reduce the adhesion of platelets in the coronary system under reduced flow conditions. This action does not arise from vasodilation or inhibition of ischaemic stress.     

Synergistic interaction between the effects of propofol and midazolam with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity in rabbits

Background: It has been shown that the depressive effects of both propofol and midazolam on consciousness are synergistic with opioids, but the nature of their interactions on other physiological systems, e. g. respiration, has not been fully investigated. The present study examined the effect of propofol and midazolam alone and in combination with fentanyl on phrenic nerve activity (PNA) and whether such interactions are additive or synergistic. Methods: PNA was recorded in 27 anaesthetised and artificially ventilated rabbits. In three groups, propofol, fentanyl and midazolam were administered intravenously in incremental doses to construct dose-response curves for the depressant effects of each one on PNA. In another two groups, the effect of pretreatment with either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. on the effects of propofol and fentanyl respectively on PNA were studied. Results: Propofol and fentanyl caused a dose-dependent depression of PNA with complete abolition at the highest total doses of 16 mg · kg^?1 i. v. and 32 μg · kg^?1 i. v., respectively. In contrast, midazolam in incremental doses to a total of 0.8 mg · kg^?1 reduced mean PNA by 63%, but approximately 12% of PNA remained at a total dose as high as 6.4 mg · kg^?1. The mean ED₅₀s, calculated from dose-response curves, were 5.4 mg · kg^?1, 3.9 μg · kg^?1 and 0.4 mg · kg^?1 for propofol, fentanyl and midazolam, respectively. Initial doses of either fentanyl 1 μg · kg^?1 i. v. or midazolam 0.05 mg · kg^?1 i. v. acted synergistically with subsequent doses of either propofol or fentanyl to abolish PNA at total doses of 8 mg · kg^?1 and 8 μg · kg^?1, respectively. Conclusion: Fentanyl has a synergistic interaction with both propofol and midazolam on PNA and hence potentially on respiration.     

Influence of dopexamine hydrochloride on haemodynamics and regulators of circulation in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery

Background: Catecholaminergic support is often used to improve haemodynamics in patients undergoing major abdominal surgery. Dopexamine is a synthetic vasoactive catecholamine with beneficial microcirculatory properties. Methods: The influence of perioperative administration of dopexamine on cardiorespiratory data and important regulators of macro- and microcirculation were studied in 30 patients undergoing Whipple pancreaticduodenectomy. The patients received randomized and blinded either 2 μg · kg^?1 · min^?1 of dopexamine (n=15) or placebo (n=15, control group). The infusion was started after induction of anaesthesia and continued until the morning of the first postoperative day. Endothelin-1 (ET-1), vasopressin, atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP), and catecholamine plasma levels were measured from arterial blood samples. Measurements were carried out after induction of anaesthesia, 2 h after onset of surgery, at the end of surgery, 2 h after surgery, and on the morning of the first postoperative day. Results: Cardiac index (CI) increased significantly in the dopexamine group (from 2.61±0.41 to 4.57±0.78 1 · min^?1 · m^?2) and remained elevated until the morning of the first postoperative day. Oxygen delivery index (DO₂I) and oxygen consumption index (VO₂I) were also significantly increased in the dopexamine group (DO₂I: from 416±91 to 717±110 ml/m² · m²; VO₂I: from 98±25 to 157±22 ml/m² · m²), being significantly higher than in the control group. pHi remained stable only in the dopexamine patients, indicating adequate splanchnic perfusion. Vasopressive regulators of circulation increased significantly only in the untreated control patients (vasopressin: from 4.37±1.1 to 35.9±12.1 pg/ml; ET-1: from 2.88±0.91 to 6.91±1.20 pg/ml). Conclusion: Patients undergoing major abdominal surgery may profit from prophylactic perioperative administration of dopexamine hydrochloride in the form of improved haemodynamics and oxygenation as well as beneficial influence on important regulators of organ blood flow.     

Systemic analgesia adapted to the children's condition

A concept of balanced analgesia using nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), paracetamol (acetaminophen), opioids, and corticosteroids can also be used in patients with pre-existing illnesses. NSAIDs are the most effective treatment for acute pain of moderate intensity in children; however, these drugs should be avoided in patients at increased risk for serious side effects, e.g. patients with renal impairment, bleeding tendency, or extreme prematurity. NSAIDs can be given with minimal risks to the younger child with mild to moderate asthma, and, in these patients, the use of steroids can be encouraged; in addition to their antiemetic and analgesic action, a beneficial effect on asthma symptoms can be expected. In the non-intubated child with cerebral trauma, exaggerated sedation caused by opioids and increased bleeding tendency caused by NSAIDs must be avoided. In neonates and small infants, the oral administration of sucrose or glucose is helpful to minimize pain reaction during short uncomfortable interventions.