A Privacy Preservation Secure Cross Layer Protocol Design for IoT Based Wireless Body Area Networks Using ECDSA Framework

Internet of Things (IoT) provides the collection of devices in different applications in which Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is placed an crucial role. The WBAN is a wireless sensor network consisting of sensor nodes that is collected from IoT which is implanted in the human body to remotely monitor the patient’s physiological signals without affecting their routine work. During emergency situations or life-threatening situations there is a need for a better performance to deliver the actual data with an efficient transmission and there is still a challenge in efficient remote monitoring. So, in this paper an application for cross layer protocol design architecture of Elliptic Curve Digital Signature Algorithm (ECDSA) has been proposed. It replaces the protocol architecture of WBAN (IEEE 802.15.6), WMAN (IEEE 802.16), and 3G, WLAN (IEEE 802.11) or wired networks. The lightweight secure system provides secure data transmission and access control mechanisms by using ECDA-based proxy signature algorithm. The efficiency of the system is implemented using simulation models that were developed using NS-2, and the results obtained shows an optimum solution in terms of delay, PDR, throughput, jitter, packet transmission time, dropping ratio and packet delivery. The viability of the methodology proposed is illustrated by the response.     

An Ultra Low-power and Traffic-adaptive Medium Access Control Protocol for Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) consists of low-power, miniaturized, and autonomous wireless sensor nodes that enable physicians to remotely monitor vital signs of patients and provide real-time feedback with medical diagnosis and consultations. It is the most reliable and cheaper way to take care of patients suffering from chronic diseases such as asthma, diabetes and cardiovascular diseases. Some of the most important attributes of WBAN is low-power consumption and delay. This can be achieved by introducing flexible duty cycling techniques on the energy constraint sensor nodes. Stated otherwise, low duty cycle nodes should not receive frequent synchronization and control packets if they have no data to send/receive. In this paper, we introduce a Traffic-adaptive MAC protocol (TaMAC) by taking into account the traffic information of the sensor nodes. The protocol dynamically adjusts the duty cycle of the sensor nodes according to their traffic-patterns, thus solving the idle listening and overhearing problems. The traffic-patterns of all sensor nodes are organized and maintained by the coordinator. The TaMAC protocol is supported by a wakeup radio that is used to accommodate emergency and on-demand events in a reliable manner. The wakeup radio uses a separate control channel along with the data channel and therefore it has considerably low power consumption requirements. Analytical expressions are derived to analyze and compare the performance of the TaMAC protocol with the well-known beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC, WiseMAC, and SMAC protocols. The analytical derivations are further validated by simulation results. It is shown that the TaMAC protocol outperforms all other protocols in terms of power consumption and delay.     

A Simulation Study of TaMAC Protocol using Network Simulator 2

A Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) is expected to play a significant role in future healthcare system. It interconnects low-cost and intelligent sensor nodes in, on, or around a human body to serve a variety of medical applications. It can be used to diagnose and treat patients with chronic diseases such as hypertensions, diabetes, and cardiovascular diseases. The lightweight sensor nodes integrated in WBAN require low-power operation, which can be achieved using different optimization techniques. We introduce a Traffic-adaptive MAC protocol (TaMAC) for WBAN that supports dual wakeup mechanisms for normal, emergency, and on-demand traffic. In this letter, the TaMAC protocol is simulated using a well-known Network Simulator 2 (NS-2). The problem of multiple emergency nodes is solved using both wakeup radio and CSMA/CA protocol. The power consumption, delay, and throughput performance are closely compared with beacon-enabled IEEE 802.15.4 MAC protocol using extensive simulations.     

Performance Analysis of IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA Protocol for WBAN Medical Scenario through DTMC Model

The newly drafted IEEE 802.15.6 standard for Wireless Body Area Networks (WBAN) has been concentrating on a numerous medical and non-medical applications. Such short range wireless communication standard offers ultra-low power consumption with variable data rates from few Kbps to Mbps in, on or around the proximity of the human body. In this paper, the performance analysis of carrier sense multiple access with collision avoidance (CSMA/CA) scheme based on IEEE 802.15.6 standard in terms of throughput, reliability, clear channel assessment (CCA) failure probability, packet drop probability, and end-to-end delay has been presented. We have developed a discrete-time Markov chain (DTMC) to significantly evaluate the performances of IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA under non-ideal channel condition having saturated traffic condition including node wait time and service time. We also visualize that, as soon as the payload length increases the CCA failure probability increases, which results in lower node’s reliability. Also, we have calculated the end-to-end delay in order to prioritize the node wait time cause by backoff and retransmission. The user priority (UP) wise DTMC analysis has been performed to show the importance of the standard especially for medical scenario.     

IEEE 802.11 WLAN多业务综合传输性能分析

研究了IEEE802．11标准中的多址接入协议(MAC)在数据、语音业务综合传输情况下的性能。数据业务由分布协调功能(DCF)传送,语音业务由点协调功能(PCF)传送。通过仿真,评估了协议参数对网络通过量和平均MAC协议数据单元(MPDU)时延的影响。确定在一定数据通过量前提下IEEE802．11能支持的最大语音用户个数。特别地,语音业务对时延抖动敏感,指出了影响其抖动性能的主要因素。数值结果表明,合理选择参数对性能至关重要,IEEE802．11性能必须在语音站点数量和数据业务通过量之间进行折衷。最后。通过理论推导验证了仿真结果的正确性。     

Throughput and delay analysis of IEEE 802.15.6-based CSMA/CA protocol

The IEEE 802.15.6 is a new communication standard on Wireless Body Area Network (WBAN) that focuses on a variety of medical, Consumer Electronics (CE) and entertainment applications. In this paper, the throughput and delay performance of the IEEE 802.15.6 is presented. Numerical formulas are derived to determine the maximum throughput and minimum delay limits of the IEEE 802.15.6 for an ideal channel with no transmission errors. These limits are derived for different frequency bands and data rates. Our analysis is validated by extensive simulations using a custom C+?+ simulator. Based on analytical and simulation results, useful conclusions are derived for network provisioning and packet size optimization for different applications.     

一种基于双功能节点的节能多跳路由协议

针对无线传感网融合节点位置欠佳和传感器节点的能量消耗不均会严重影响网络生存周期的问题,提出了一种基于双功能节点的节能多跳路由协议。该协议综合考虑节点的能量、位置以及所在层次区域等多种因素,通过引入通信节点来重组网格和中继网格间路由,减轻了网格融合节点的开销,均衡了网络的能量分布。仿真结果表明,该路由协议的网络生命周期比Multi hop EEBCDA等协议至少延长17.5%,且节点的能量消耗更加均衡。     

Network Coded Cooperative Communication in a Real-Time Wireless Hospital Sensor Network

The paper presents a network coded cooperative communication (NC-CC) enabled wireless hospital sensor network architecture for monitoring health as well as postural activities of a patient. A wearable device, referred as a smartband is interfaced with pulse rate, body temperature sensors and an accelerometer along with wireless protocol services, such as Bluetooth and Radio-Frequency transceiver and Wi-Fi. The energy efficiency of wearable device is improved by embedding a linear acceleration based transmission duty cycling algorithm (NC-DRDC). The real-time demonstration is carried-out in a hospital environment to evaluate the performance characteristics, such as power spectral density, energy consumption, signal to noise ratio, packet delivery ratio and transmission offset. The resource sharing and energy efficiency features of network coding technique are improved by proposing an algorithm referred as network coding based dynamic retransmit/rebroadcast decision control (LA-TDC). From the experimental results, it is observed that the proposed LA-TDC algorithm reduces network traffic and end-to-end delay by an average of 27.8% and 21.6%, respectively than traditional network coded wireless transmission. The wireless architecture is deployed in a hospital environment and results are then successfully validated.     

Provably Secure Heterogeneous Access Control Scheme for Wireless Body Area Network

Wireless body area network (WBAN) provides a medium through which physiological information could be harvested and transmitted to application provider (AP) in real time. Integrating WBAN in a heterogeneous Internet of Things (IoT) ecosystem would enable an AP to monitor patients from anywhere and at anytime. However, the IoT roadmap of interconnected ‘Things’ is still faced with many challenges. One of the challenges in healthcare is security and privacy of streamed medical data from heterogeneously networked devices. In this paper, we first propose a heterogeneous signcryption scheme where a sender is in a certificateless cryptographic (CLC) environment while a receiver is in identity-based cryptographic (IBC) environment. We then use this scheme to design a heterogeneous access control protocol. Formal security proof for indistinguishability against adaptive chosen ciphertext attack and unforgeability against adaptive chosen message attack in random oracle model is presented. In comparison with some of the existing access control schemes, our scheme has lower computation and communication cost.     

A Lightweight Security Scheme for Wireless Body Area Networks: Design, Energy Evaluation and Proposed Microprocessor Design

In order for wireless body area networks to meet widespread adoption, a number of security implications must be explored to promote and maintain fundamental medical ethical principles and social expectations. As a result, integration of security functionality to sensor nodes is required. Integrating security functionality to a wireless sensor node increases the size of the stored software program in program memory, the required time that the sensor's microprocessor needs to process the data and the wireless network traffic which is exchanged among sensors. This security overhead has dominant impact on the energy dissipation which is strongly related to the lifetime of the sensor, a critical aspect in wireless sensor network (WSN) technology. Strict definition of the security functionality, complete hardware model (microprocessor and radio), WBAN topology and the structure of the medium access control (MAC) frame are required for an accurate estimation of the energy that security introduces into the WBAN. In this work, we define a lightweight security scheme for WBAN, we estimate the additional energy consumption that the security scheme introduces to WBAN based on commercial available off-the-shelf hardware components (microprocessor and radio), the network topology and the MAC frame. Furthermore, we propose a new microcontroller design in order to reduce the energy consumption of the system. Experimental results and comparisons with other works are given.     

Towards Interactive Medical Content Delivery Between Simulated Body Sensor Networks and Practical Data Center

With the development of IoT (Internet of Thing), big data analysis and cloud computing, traditional medical information system integrates with these new technologies. The establishment of cloud-based smart healthcare application gets more and more attention. In this paper, semi-physical simulation technology is applied to cloud-based smart healthcare system. The Body sensor network (BSN) of system transmit has two ways of data collection and transmission. The one is using practical BSN to collect data and transmitting it to the data center. The other is transmitting real medical data to practical data center by simulating BSN. In order to transmit real medical data to practical data center by simulating BSN under semi-physical simulation environment, this paper designs an OPNET packet structure, defines a gateway node model between simulating BSN and practical data center and builds a custom protocol stack. Moreover, this paper conducts a large amount of simulation on the real data transmission through simulation network connecting with practical network. The simulation result can provides a reference for parameter settings of fully practical network and reduces the cost of devices and personnel involved.     

Seamless Interworking Architecture for WBAN in Heterogeneous Wireless Networks with QoS Guarantees

The IEEE 802.15.6 standard is a communication standard optimized for low-power and short-range in-body/on-body nodes to serve a variety of medical, consumer electronics and entertainment applications. Providing high mobility with guaranteed Quality of Service (QoS) to a WBAN user in heterogeneous wireless networks is a challenging task. A WBAN uses a Personal Digital Assistant (PDA) to gather data from body sensors and forwards it to a remote server through wide range wireless networks. In this paper, we present a coexistence study of WBAN with Wireless Local Area Networks (WLAN) and Wireless Wide Area Networks (WWANs). The main issue is interworking of WBAN in heterogenous wireless networks including seamless handover, QoS, emergency services, cooperation and security. We propose a Seamless Interworking Architecture (SIA) for WBAN in heterogenous wireless networks based on a cost function. The cost function is based on power consumption and data throughput costs. Our simulation results show that the proposed scheme outperforms typical approaches in terms of throughput, delay and packet loss rate.     

分布式实时嵌入式系统的能耗建模与分析

为支持分布式实时嵌入式（DRE）系统的能耗分析,提出了一种能耗时延Petri网（ECTPN）对系统的模块、任务、任务间关系、通信协议等进行建模。基于所建DRE的ECTPN模型,分析系统的可调度性和能耗约束,并给出启发式算法来计算满足时间约束和能耗约束的可行调度。最后应用一个实例模拟系统的建模和分析过程,从而直观地展示了该方法的可行性。     

Massive Access Control Aided by Knowledge-Extraction for Co-Existing Periodic and Random Services over Wireless Clinical Networks

The prosperity of e-health is boosted by fast development of medical devices with wireless communications capability such as wearable devices, tiny sensors, monitoring equipments, etc., which are randomly distributed in clinic environments. The drastically-increasing population of such devices imposes new challenges on the limited wireless resources. To relieve this problem, key knowledge needs to be extracted from massive connection attempts dispersed in the air towards efficient access control. In this paper, a hybrid periodic-random massive access (HPRMA) scheme for wireless clinical networks employing ultra-narrow band (UNB) techniques is proposed. In particular, the proposed scheme towards accommodating a large population of devices include the following new features. On one hand, it can dynamically adjust the resource allocated for coexisting periodic and random services based on the traffic load learned from signal collision status. On the other hand, the resource allocation within periodic services is thoroughly designed to simultaneously align with the timing requests of differentiated services. Abundant simulation results are also presented to demonstrate the superiority of the proposed HPRMA scheme over baseline schemes including time-division multiple access (TDMA) and random access approach, in terms of channel utilization efficiency, packet drop ratio, etc., for the support of massive devices’ services.     

基于MPLS TE故障恢复的研究

对MPLS故障恢复的研究不仅是现在网络技术研究的一个重要领域，并且为下一代网络的发展奠定了基础。本文在对现有恢复方案研究的基础上，提出一种新的MPLS故障恢复方案，该方案利用绕回机制解决了在恢复期间数据包丢失的问题，利用Local repair path搜索解决了数据包绕回路径过长的问题，利用Buffer和Tag解决了包失序的问题。通过仿真实验结果和分析表明，新的方案具有以上优势。     

Standardization on Body Area Network and a Prototype System Based on UWB

Body area network (BAN) is a promising wireless technology that realizes wireless connectivity among vital signal sensors deployed on human body. Monitoring various vital signals collected through BAN provides an efficient way to lower disease occurrence rate and reduce medical expenditure. Task Group 6 (TG6) within the IEEE 802 Local and Metropolitan Area Network Standards Committee is developing a BAN standard, i.e., IEEE 802.15.6. In which, specifications of three physical layers (PHYs) and a single common medium access control (MAC) are being drafted. The standardization process has been continuing for several years in the Task Group 6 (TG6) under Working Group 15 (WG). In this paper, we describe the up-to-date status of IEEE 802.15.6 standardization. Some main specifications under drafting are presented. Moreover, as an effort of implementing a BAN model, a prototype BAN system based on the high band of ultra-wideband (UWB) is demonstrated.     

桌面虚拟化在移动查房中的应用

目的：在移动查房时医生可以通过不同的设备即时打开自己特有的桌面,查看病历、检查检验报告等,为病人开医嘱写病历。方法：应用VMware整合服务器虚拟、工作站虚拟化、应用虚拟化技术,通过安装在移动查房Pc上的ViewClient,可以高效安全地接入到数据中心内的虚拟桌面。结果：在移动查房时医生可以不限时间设备地点快速接入自己的桌面。使用虚拟桌面技术提高了数据安全性,降低能耗与成本,集中桌面管理维护方便。结论：桌面虚拟化应用于医院移动查房,方便医生护士查房,还可以减少数据安全隐患,将敏感数据从所有终端系统上移除;降低终端能耗与管理成本;实现移动医疗与办公。     

A Green Media Access Method for IEEE 802.15.6 Wireless Body Area Network

It is of utmost importance to conserve battery energy to the maximum possible extent in WBAN nodes while collecting and transferring medical data. The IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN standard does not specify any method to conserve energy. This paper focuses on a method to conserve energy in IEEE 802.15.6 WBAN nodes when using CSMA/CA, while simultaneously restricting data delivery delay to the required value as specified in medical applications. The technique is to allow the nodes to sleep all the times except for receiving beacons and for transmitting data frames whenever a data frame enters an empty buffer. The energy consumed by the nodes and the average latency of data frame for periodical arrival of data are found out analytically. The analytical results are validated and also the proposed method is compared with other energy conserving schemes, using Castalia simulation studies. The proposed method shows superior performance in both device lifetime and latency of emergency medical data.     

医疗无线网络方案对比测试探讨

利用无线局域网（WLAN）技术的优势。结合PDA或移动信息平台等移动终端可以随时随地在病人床边进行生命体征数据采集、医护数据的查询与录入，实现移动查房、床边护理等应用，充分发挥医疗信息系统的效能，突出数字化医院的技术优势。通过对两种无线网络覆盖方式的测试比较后，发现无线室内信号分布系统方式的平均时延和丢包率都低于AP覆盖方式；无线室内信号分布系统方式的平均带宽、最高带宽也高于AP覆盖方式；无线室内信号分布系统方式无丢包现象，AP覆盖方式存在丢包现象。     

TAP.NET: A Windows Messaging Service for Nursing Staff

Nurses are the foundation of any healthcare system. It is essential to alert nurses on time so that they can offer care and comfort without any delay. Pager messages (short messages) represent an important part of the overall hospital communication network. These short messages are sent through data paging systems to direct nurses to patients. Telocator Alphanumeric Protocol (TAP) is used for submitting short messages to these data paging systems. In this paper, a windows messaging service (TAP.NET) is designed to connect to a data paging system using the TAP protocol. A Web application is also proposed that uses remote technology to transmit page requests to this messaging service. With this overall design, pager messages can be sent from any computer that has an Internet connection on the hospital network. A logging scheme is also introduced to assess the performance of the TAP.NET.