南通市3～12岁儿童厌食的分布特征

目的 了解儿童厌食的发生情况以及分布特征,为进一步分析厌食的影响因素和防治厌食提供理论依据。方法 运用随机整群抽样的方法,对南通市2 598名3~12岁儿童进行问卷调查,调查内容包括儿童的一般进食习惯、家庭情况、疾病因素、精神因素、围产期及婴儿期保健等5个方面。结果南通市3~12岁儿童厌食的检出率为14.2％,其中男性15.3％,女性12.9％。不良的进食习惯、父母强制进食、训斥、父母存在挑食等行为方式、消化道疾病、精神状况、围产期及婴儿期保健等因素在厌食儿童中较为多见。结论 饮食习惯、家庭因素、疾病情况、精神状况、围产期及婴儿期保健等因素显著影响厌食儿童的分布。     

儿童头发中锌含量调查

锌为人体必需微量元素之一.缺锌将影响儿童的生长发育及智力.1996年～1997年莒南县卫生防疫站测定了1～12岁儿童头发中锌含量,以了解莒南县儿童体内缺锌情况.1 材料与方法1.1 调查对象 厌食儿童152名,均有厌食、挑食、消瘦、头发偏黄等表现.另选非厌食儿童120名,无偏食、挑食、消瘦等表现,两组儿童性别、年龄、家庭状况等方面均衡性较好.     

妈妈的烦心事:孩子厌食怎么办

孩子的吃饭问题经常是最令父母烦恼的事。一般来说,厌食是指小朋友较长时期的食欲不振或是食量减少,甚至是讨厌进食的一种脾胃病症,是目前小朋友常见的病症之一,常见于1～6岁儿童。对于小儿厌食症的判断,应注意以下几点:1.食欲减退,厌食症状持续2个月以上,食量明显减少。2.排除其它疾病如慢性腹泻、肝炎、肾炎等慢性疾病引起的食欲低下。3.与积滞、夏天气候炎热食欲不振、消化不良等症状加以区别。     

宠出来的少儿神经性厌食

儿童厌食可由躯体疾病和精神因素引起。由精神因素引起的厌食称神经性厌食,在幼儿中颇为多见。小儿进食习惯不好,不仅影响营养的摄取,而且易患不少疾病,小儿神经性厌食就是其中之一。不良的饮食习惯会逐渐     

486名3～6岁儿童体重指数与饮食行为的相关分析

目的 了解3～6岁儿童体重指数和饮食行为,并分析两者之间的关系,为儿童营养不良的防治措施提供参考依据。方法 2017年9月-2018年1月,采用分层整群抽样的调查方法,对所选取的486名3～6岁儿童的主要看护人进行调查,填写学龄前儿童饮食行为量表。调查员测量儿童身高、体重,计算体重指数。采用χ²检验、独立样本t 检验、单因素方差分析和多因素非条件Logistic回归分析对数据进行统计分析。结果 调查发现,在486名儿童中,体重指数正常儿童356名、消瘦11名、超重61名、肥胖58名,检出率分别为73.25%、2.26%、12.55%和11.93%。3～6岁儿童不同性别饮食行为各维度得分的差异无统计学意义(P>0.05),不同年龄组情绪性饮食(F=3.472,P=0.032)、主动进食能力得分(F=3.816,P=0.023)差异有统计学意义。不同体重指数组儿童在挑食(F=4.804,P=0.003)、不良进食习惯(F=6.077,P<0.001)及过饱响应维度得分(F=4.392,P=0.005)差异有统计学意义。儿童体重指数的影响因素有挑食(OR=-0.367,95%CI:-0.966~-0.112,P<0.001)、不良饮食习惯(OR=-0.097,95%CI:-20.705~-0.204,P=0.045)。结论 该地区3～6岁儿童存在肥胖、消瘦等营养不良问题;挑食、不良进食习惯影响儿童体重指数;不同体重指数组儿童饮食行为在挑食、不良进食习惯及过饱响应方面有所不同。     

宠出来的少儿神经性厌食

儿童厌食可由躯体疾病和精神因素引起。由精神因素引起的厌食称神经性厌食，在幼儿中颇为多见。小儿进食习惯不好，不仅影响营养的摄取，而且易患不少疾病，小儿神经性厌食就是其中之一。不良的饮食习惯会逐渐降低小儿食物中枢的兴奋性，引起小儿神经性厌食。     

原子吸收法测定人发中锌

锌是人体必须微量元素,对人体健康有着重要的关系,锌含量过低将会引起疾病,尤其是对儿童的生长发育极智力开发有着极其重要的意义。测定人发中锌取样方便,可以反映出人体内微量锌的情况。因此我们对1～12岁少年儿童头发进行了测定,精密度、准确度都较好。 本次调查的对象是,1997～1998年选择272名1～12岁的少年儿童。分为:厌食儿童152名,均有厌食、挑食、注意力不能集中,头发偏黄等特点,对照组为120名,无偏食、挑食发育情况都     

儿保门诊幼儿进食行为调查

目的研究幼儿各种进食行为问题及相关影响因素,为婴幼儿营养与喂养指导提供依据,预防不良进食行为的发生。方法采取问卷调查的形式,分析儿保门诊中197例1～6岁儿童进食行为问题的发生及原因。结果 197例儿童中,厌食和挑食的发生率分别为18.3%、32.0%,有咀嚼问题和吞咽问题的儿童分别占11.7%、24.9%。经卡方分析,不会咀嚼、吞咽时易呕吐、边吃边玩、进餐时间过长、饮食无规律的儿童厌食发生率高（P〈0.05）。厌食儿童的家长采取强食、自行用药、哄食、责骂、迁就等行为的比例比非厌食儿童家长高,差异有统计学意义。儿童不良进食行为的发生与婴幼儿早期不良的喂米糊方式、未及时锻炼用手抓取食物咀嚼、未及时喂食粗颗粒食物有关。结论婴幼儿期未及时培养进食技能,家长不正确的喂养态度和喂养方式是导致儿童厌食、挑食、有咀嚼吞咽问题发生的重要原因。成功的婴幼儿喂养的关键在于建立良好的喂养关系和帮助小儿学习吃的技能。     

儿童饮食行为问题及其家长的知信行问卷调查

儿童饮食行为问题主要包括喂养行为、进食行为、食物选择和进食氛围异常,常见的有挑食、偏食、厌食,好发年龄为2～6岁,发生率为25%～30%[1-3].如不及时采取措施加以干预,易导致儿童生长发育迟缓、体重减轻、微量元素缺乏、抵抗力差等结局[4-6].     

学龄前儿童饮食行为对蔬菜水果摄入水平的影响

目的探讨3～5岁学龄前儿童饮食行为对蔬菜水果摄入水平的影响。方法在广东、辽宁、内蒙古、上海和四川选取10个幼儿园923名3～5岁学龄前儿童作为研究对象,使用儿童饮食行为问卷量化学龄前儿童饮食行为,采用有序多分类Logistic回归分析儿童各维度饮食行为对蔬菜水果摄入水平的影响。结果本研究中3～5岁儿童蔬菜的摄入量中位数为130.5g/d(P25～P75:75.0～220.0g/d),水果的摄入量为175.0g/d(P25～P75:100.0～250.0g/d)。3～5岁学龄前儿童蔬菜和水果的消费率分别为98.5%和98.4%,达标率分别为22.1%和68.8%。儿童饮食行为中,主动性进食、外因性进食、挑食、食物响应、过饱响应、不良进食习惯、情绪性进食得分依次是(3.77±0.69)分、(2.86±0.66)分、(2.77±0.65)分、(2.48±0.66)分、(2.37 ±0.69)分、(2.27±0.64)分和(1.59±0.56)分。多因素Logistic回归分析显示,儿童挑食行为是蔬菜摄入水平的影响因素(OR=0.740,95% CI:0.608～0.899),过饱响应(OR=0.786,95% CI:0.633～0.976)和外因性进食(OR=1.297,95% CI:1.063～1.584)是水果摄入水平的影响因素。以儿童家庭年收入、儿童体格发育情况和年龄进行调整后,结果一致。结论儿童挑食行为对蔬菜摄入有负向影响;过饱响应对水果摄入有负向影响,外因性进食对水果摄入有正向影响。     

Caffeine intake in eating disorders

OBJECTIVE: The current study compares caffeine consumption in females with an eating disorder and females without an eating disorder. METHOD: Caffeine intake in three diagnostic groups (10 females with anorexia nervosa, 27 females with bulimia nervosa, and 42 females with binge eating disorder [BED]) was compared with caffeine intake in three comparison groups (n = 659 each). Data were obtained from a longitudinal study of Black and White girls. Three-day food records were examined for the years before the onset of the eating disorder, the onset year, and the years after the onset of the eating disorder. Data from the same years were used for the comparison groups. RESULTS: Caffeine intake increased over time between ages 9 and 19 years across all groups and this trend was not moderated by diagnostic status. For anorexia nervosa, relative to the non-eating disorder group, the proportional intake of caffeine from soda increased significantly before onset to onset to after onset and ingestion of chocolate-containing foods decreased sharply over time. CONCLUSION: Caffeine consumption in young girls with eating disorders differs from girls with no eating disorders only for anorexia nervosa, but not for bulimia nervosa or BED.     

Opening the box: intrahousehold food allocation in rural Nepal.

The study examined intrahousehold food behavior in six villages in a rural hill area of mid-Western Nepal. Qualitative and quantitative methodologies taken from both anthropology and nutritional sciences were used to collect data on food belief systems, household allocation of food resources, and the effect of these features on diet and anthropometric status in a sample of 767 individuals in 115 households. Background data were also collected on socioeconomic status and demographic variables such as education levels, occupation, and migration patterns. The core methodological approach used direct structured observations of meals to examine how food is distributed within households. The results document a variety of mechanisms by which some individuals are favored over others through household food distribution, including serving order, serving method, refusing to serve foods, channeling foods and substituting low status foods for high status foods. No differences were observed in mechanisms of food distribution or nutrient intake between male and female children, contrary to evidence in the literature suggesting that male children will be favored. On the other hand, adult women were less likely to meet their nutrient requirements for energy, beta-carotene, riboflavin, and vitamin C than men of the same age. Women's late position in household serving order, channeling of special foods to males and children, and lower total intake of food accounts for these findings.     

Consumption of 'extra' foods by Australian children: types, quantities and contribution to energy and nutrient intakes

OBJECTIVE: To measure the types and quantities of energy-dense, nutrient-poor 'extra' foods consumed by Australian children and adolescents and their contribution to total energy and nutrient intakes. DESIGN, SETTING AND SUBJECTS: We used data from 3007 children, aged 2-18 years, who participated in the nationally representative 1995 National Nutrition Survey. Intake was determined by 24-h recall and 'extra' foods were defined using principles outlined in the Australian Guide to Healthy Eating (AGHE) and by applying cut points for maximum amounts of fat and sugar within each food category. RESULTS: All children (99.8%) consumed at least one 'extra' food and the most commonly consumed were margarine, sugar-sweetened soft drinks, cordials and sugar. 'Extra' foods contributed 41% of daily energy intake. Those foods contributing most to energy intake were fried potatoes (4.2%), sugar-sweetened soft drinks (3.3%), ice cream/ice confection (3.1%) and cordials (2.7%). Age and sex were important determinants of 'extra' food intake, with males and older children generally consuming more and different types of, 'extra' foods than females and younger children. 'Extra' foods contributed 19% protein, 47% total fat, 47% saturated fat, 54% sugar, and approximately 20-25% of selected micronutrients to the diet. Calcium and zinc intakes from core foods were below 70% of the recommended dietary intakes for adolescent girls. CONCLUSIONS: 'Extra' foods are over-consumed at two to four times the recommended limits and contribute excessively to the energy, fat and sugar intakes of Australian children, while providing relatively few micronutrients. This is of concern in terms of children's weight and nutrient status.     

Individual and family environment correlates differ for consumption of core and non-core foods in children

Children's diets contain too few fruits and vegetables and too many foods high in saturated fat. Food intake is affected by multiple individual and family factors, which may differ for core foods (that are important to a healthy diet) and non-core foods (that are eaten more for pleasure than health). Data came from a sample of twins aged 11 years (n 342) and their parents from the Twins Early Development Study. Foods were categorised into two types: core (e.g. cereals, vegetables and dairy) and non-core (e.g. fats, crisps and biscuits). Parents' and children's intake was assessed by an FFQ. Mothers' and children's preference ratings and home availability were assessed for each food type. Parental feeding practices were assessed with the child feeding questionnaire and child television (TV) watching was maternally reported. Physical activity was measured using accelerometers. Correlates of the child's consumption of each food type were examined using a complex samples general linear model adjusted for potential confounders. Children's non-core food intake was associated with more TV watching, higher availability and greater maternal intake of non-core foods. Children's core food intake was associated with higher preferences for core foods and greater maternal intake of core foods. These results suggest that maternal intake influences both food types, while preferences affect intake of core foods but not of non-core foods, and availability and TV exposure were only important for non-core food intake. Cross-sectional studies cannot determine causality, but the present results suggest that different approaches may be needed to change the balance of core and non-core foods in children's diets.     

Intake of vitamin D by Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years in relation to sociodemographic factors

OBJECTIVE: To study the total daily intake of vitamin D from food and supplements among Finnish children aged 3 months to 3 years, the dietary sources of vitamin D and the association between vitamin D intake and sociodemographic factors. SUBJECTS AND METHODS: The subjects are participants in the Finnish Type I Diabetes Prediction and Prevention Nutrition Study born between October 1997 and October 1998. At the age of 3 and 6 months, 1, 2 and 3 years, 342 (72% of the invited families), 298 (63%), 267 (56%), 233 (49%) and 209 (44%) families, respectively, participated in the present study. Food consumption was assessed by a 3-day food record. A structured questionnaire was used to record the parents' socioeconomic status. RESULTS: The mean dietary vitamin D intake exceeded the recommendation (10 microg/day) at the age of 3 (11.0 microg) and 6 months (12.0 microg), but decreased thereafter being 9.8, 5.0 and 4.1 microg at 1, 2 and 3 years of age, respectively. Among the children 91, 91, 81, 42 and 26% used vitamin D supplements at the age of 3 and 6 months, and 1, 2 and 3 years, respectively. In children not using vitamin D supplements, vitamin D intake was less than 10 microg/day at all ages. Vitamin D intake from food did not differ in children who used and did not use vitamin D supplements. Vitamin D supplements were the main source of vitamin D intake in all age groups studied, followed by vitamin D-fortified infant formula in 3-month-olds and infant formula and baby foods in 6-month-olds. After the age of 1 year, the most important food sources of vitamin D were margarine, fish, baby foods, low-fat milk and eggs. Sociodemographic factors, especially the number of children in the family and maternal age, were associated with the total vitamin D intake and vitamin D supplement use. CONCLUSION: Vitamin D supplements are not used according to the dietary recommendations in a substantial proportion of Finnish children.     

Effect of a voluntary food fortification policy on folate, related B vitamin status, and homocysteine in healthy adults

BACKGROUND: Mandatory folic acid fortification of food is effective in reducing neural tube defects and may even reduce stroke-related mortality, but it remains controversial because of concerns about potential adverse effects. Thus, it is virtually nonexistent in Europe, albeit many countries allow food fortification on a voluntary basis. OBJECTIVE: The objective of the study was to examine the effect of a voluntary but liberal food fortification policy on dietary intake and biomarker status of folate and other homocysteine-related B vitamins in a healthy population. DESIGN: The study was a cross-sectional study. From a convenience sample of 662 adults in Northern Ireland, those who provided a fasting blood sample and dietary intake data were examined (n = 441, aged 18-92 y). Intakes of both natural food folate and folic acid from fortified foods were estimated; we used the latter to categorize participants by fortified food intake. RESULTS: Fortified foods were associated with significantly higher dietary intakes and biomarker status of folate, vitamin B-12, vitamin B-6, and riboflavin than were unfortified foods. There was no difference in natural food folate intake (range: 179-197 microg/d) between the fortified food categories. Red blood cell folate concentrations were 387 nmol/L higher and plasma total homocysteine concentrations were 2 micromol/L lower in the group with the highest fortified food intake (median intake: 208 microg/d folic acid) than in the nonconsumers of fortified foods (0 microg/d folic acid). CONCLUSIONS: These results show that voluntary food fortification is associated with a substantial increase in dietary intake and biomarker status of folate and metabolically related B vitamins with potential beneficial effects on health. However, those who do not consume fortified foods regularly may have insufficient B vitamin status to achieve the known and potential health benefits.     

Select Food Group Intake of US Children Aged 2 to 4 Years by WIC Participation Status and Income

BackgroundFood group and nutrient priorities for Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children (WIC) Food Package IV for children aged 2 to 4 years were described in the 2017 review of the WIC Food Package. Research has evaluated priority nutrient intake, but priority food group intake remains unknown.ObjectivesTo compare mean intake of priority food groups/subgroups of WIC children to WIC-eligible nonparticipants and higher income children. Further, we hoped to assess differences in percent contribution of food subgroups to total food group intake by WIC participation status and income.DesignCross-sectional study conducted using data from the 2011-14 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.Participants/settingOne thousand forty-seven children aged 2 to 4 years.Main outcome measuresMean intake reported in cup equivalents and ounce equivalents. We also looked at mean percent that food subgroups contributed to total intake within a food group. Analyses were performed for high and low priority food groups/subgroups: high = seafood, total vegetables, dark green vegetables, red/orange vegetables, whole grains, and nuts/seeds/soy; low = total starchy vegetables, other vegetables, legumes computed as vegetables, total dairy, and total protein foods.Statistical analyses performedMultivariable linear regression analysis was used evaluate the relationship between income/WIC participation and mean intake/percent food subgroups contributed to total food group intake.ResultsAmong low-income WIC-eligible children, participation in WIC was associated with greater mean intake of red/orange vegetables (0.18 ± 0.03 vs 0.01 ± 0.06 c equivalents; P < 0.05) and legumes (0.07 ± 0.01 vs 0.01 ± 0.02 c equivalents; P < 0.01). No differences in mean intake were observed between WIC children and higher income children. Grain intake of WIC children was composed of a higher percentage of whole grains (19.1% ± 1.6% vs 13.2% ± 1.5%; P < 0.01) compared with higher income children. The percent vegetable subgroups contributed to total vegetable intake varied by income; no differences were observed for dairy or protein subgroups.ConclusionsAmong low-income children, participation in WIC was associated with greater intake of certain vegetables. Participation in WIC may also help close the diet quality gap between low-income and higher income children for priority foods targeted by the WIC food package. Future research should explore socioeconomic disparities in intake of nutrient-poor foods.     

Changes in childhood food consumption patterns: a cause for concern in light of increasing body weights

Childhood obesity is currently at its highest: recent statistics show that 16% of children between the ages of 6 and 11 y are overweight [> or =95th percentile of body mass index (BMI; in kg/m(2)) for age] and that an additional 14.3% are at risk of becoming overweight (> or =85th percentile but < 95th percentile of BMI for age). As children's body weights have increased, so has their consumption of fast foods and soft drinks. The proportion of foods that children consumed from restaurants and fast food outlets increased by nearly 300% between 1977 and 1996. Children's soft drink consumption has also increased during those years, and now soft drinks provide soft drink consumers 188 kcal/d beyond the energy intake of nonconsumers. These changes in food intakes among children may partly explain the rise in childhood obesity observed in the past few years. Although the mechanism of appetite regulation will not be explored in this report, it is hypothesized that the greater energy intakes in children who consume large amounts of soft drinks and fast foods are not compensated for by increased physical activity or decreased energy intakes. Furthermore, overweight and obesity in childhood may predispose persons to morbidity in adulthood. Blood pressure and fasting insulin and cholesterol concentrations are higher in overweight children than in normal-weight children. This review focuses on current food patterns and eating habits of children, in an attempt to explain their increasing BMI. In addition, a critical review of food service and political practices regarding food choices for children at school is included.     

四川省30~79岁人群辣食摄入特征及与肥胖的关系

目的分析四川省彭州市成年人辣食摄入特征以及辣食与肥胖的关系,为慢性病预防控制和卫生决策提供科学依据。方法数据来源于中国慢性病前瞻性研究(China Kadoorie Biobank,CKB)项目四川省彭州市基线调查数据。于2004—2008年在四川省彭州市15个乡镇共完成55687名30~79岁常住居民的基线调查。调查内容包括问卷调查、体格测量和血样样本检测等内容,描述人群中辣食摄入、肥胖患病情况等。采用SAS 9.4和Excel 2013进行t检验、χ²检验和趋势χ²检验,采用非条件logistic回归分析辣食因素与肥胖的关系。结果彭州市人群辣食摄入率为77.66%,随年龄的增加呈递减趋势(P<0.05)。开始摄入辣食年龄为9.2岁,摄入时间以30~49年最多(64.36%)。同时摄入2种及以上辣食人群占97.51%。辣食摄入组肥胖患病率(8.56%)高于辣食非摄入组(7.25%),患病率随着辣食摄入频率增加呈上升趋势(P<0.05)。与不摄入辣食相比,女性和全人群辣食摄入与患肥胖高风险相关(OR值分别为1.24和1.19),均有统计学意义(P<0.05);而男性辣食摄入与患肥胖无关,无统计学意义(P>0.05)。女性和全人群每天或几乎每天摄入辣食(OR值分别为1.29和1.23),吃辣强度为中、高(女性OR值分别为1.11和1.38,全人群OR值分别为1.10和1.26),同时摄入辣食种类为5种(女性和全人群OR值分别为1.56和1.28)与患肥胖高风险相关,随着辣食摄入时间增加,OR值上升,50~59年组OR值最大(女性和全人群OR值分别为1.48和1.32),均有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论四川省彭州市居民辣食摄入率较高,开始摄入辣食年龄小,摄入时间长,且以混合食用多种辣食为主。在总人群和女性中,辣食摄入频率、吃辣强度、摄入辣食种类与肥胖风险增加有关,在男性中未发现此种关联。