脂肪细胞分泌的炎症因子及相关信号通路介导的肥胖和胰岛素抵抗

脂肪组织是机体能量的储存库,也是分泌一系列激素和促炎因子的内分泌器官。在肥胖个体中,脂肪细胞能分泌多种炎症因子,促进巨噬细胞浸润,并通过激活多种炎症相关信号通路,引起脂肪组织中炎症水平增加和胰岛素受体底物1丝氨酸磷酸化,并最终导致胰岛素抵抗的发生。临床研究发现二甲双胍和非甾体类抗炎药等对肥胖诱导的胰岛素抵抗有一定改善作用。本文综述了脂肪来源的炎症因子及其相关的信号通路与肥胖和胰岛素发生发展的关系,并对其预防和治疗策略予以展望。     

下丘脑神经肽在中枢能量代谢方面的调节作用

下丘脑作为调控能量稳态的中枢,在维持机体能量代谢平衡方面发挥重要作用,通过下丘脑弓状核内神经肽Y、Agouti相关蛋白、阿黑皮素原及甘丙肽之间相互作用形成的调节网络控制能量摄入及消耗,维持代谢稳态。但调控网络上任何一个环节产生异常都有可能导致机体能量调节紊乱,最终导致肥胖症。该文主要综述了下丘脑神经肽在中枢能量代谢方面的调控作用,为将来干预和治疗肥胖等内分泌疾病提供依据。     

脂联素转录和翻译机制的研究进展

脂联素是由脂肪细胞分泌的脂肪因子,在胰岛素抵抗、抗动脉粥样硬化和抗炎症方面都发挥了重要的作用。在血液循环中脂联素以三聚体、六聚体和高分子量多聚体3种形式存在,不同的聚化物形式在调控能量平衡方面的作用不同。调控脂联素转录、翻译、多聚化和分泌的相关机制研究可为治疗胰岛素抵抗、2型糖尿病和与肥胖相关的其他代谢疾病提供新的治疗靶点。     

下丘脑调控肝葡萄糖生成及胰岛素抵抗

人、啮齿类及多种哺乳动物的肥胖和胰岛素抵抗（IR）相关。IR及伴随的代谢综合征（MS）常增加心血管死亡率及导致2型糖尿病（T2DM）的发生。下丘脑对调节摄食及营养素具有重要作用。近又发现脑（尤其是下丘脑）可调控激素,如可调控胰岛素、     

多囊卵巢综合征与胰岛素抵抗和多种脂肪细胞因子的关系

多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)是育龄期女性常见的内分泌代谢性疾病,目前认为主要与内分泌功能紊乱、下丘脑-垂体-卵巢轴调节功能异常、高胰岛素血症和胰岛素抵抗(IR)、肾上腺内分泌功能异常有关。脂肪组织不仅具有调节能量储存作用,同时还是一个内分泌器官,可分泌各种脂肪细胞因子,如脂联素、瘦素、内脂素、抵抗素、Chemerin等,这些因子通过其表达的增强或减弱不同层面参与机体内分泌代谢过程,包括能量代谢、胰岛素作用及脂类代谢等的调节,并参与肥胖、IR、血压及炎症等疾病的发生。     

一氧化碳与代谢综合征的研究进展

代谢综合征是以胰岛素抵抗为病理生理基础,胰岛素抵抗的发生与机体各种炎症因子干扰或阻断胰岛素信息传导通路有关.一氧化碳是一种重要的生物信号调控分子,可能具有抑制各种炎症因子释放,调节胰岛素敏感性的功能.本文就一氧化碳与代谢综合征的相互关系作一综述.     

骨形态发生蛋白7与肥胖关系的研究进展

肥胖是冠心病、高血压、2型糖尿病、高脂血症等许多代谢性疾病的共同危险因子,与胰岛素抵抗、代谢综合征密切相关。骨形态发生蛋白7(BMP-7)是最近发现的与肥胖相关的一种活性因子,可以特异性地激活棕色脂肪调控因子的表达,通过促进棕色脂肪细胞的分化来调控体内能量平衡。因此,对BMP-7的深入研究,了解其在肥胖的生理和病理过程中的作用,有助于揭示上述多基因疾病的分子生物学机制。     

11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶1在炎症调控中的作用

11β-羟基类固醇脱氢酶(11β-HSD)是调节糖皮质激素(GC)作用的关键酶。11β-HSD有两个同工酶:11β-HSD1和11β-HSD2,催化具有活性的皮质醇与无活性的可的松之间的相互转化。1βl-HSD1主要表达于GC的靶器官,如肝脏、肺、脂肪组织、卵巢、脑组织等,在体内主要作为还原酶起作用,催化可的松还原为皮质醇。11β-HSD1在下丘脑-垂体-肾上腺轴及代谢综合征、肥胖、胰岛素抵抗、炎症调控等众多领域中有重要作用。11β-HSD1的作用越来越受到重视,现阐述11β-HSD1在炎症调控中的意义。     

下丘脑炎症和肥胖发病机制

肥胖及其相关的代谢和心血管并发症是欧美国家和高速发展中的中国面临的最具挑战的健康问题。因为肥胖十分的普遍,而且肥胖与代谢综合征和2型糖尿病紧密相关,影响着这些国家三分之一以上的成年人,治疗起来更挑战性。有效肥胖治疗的主要障碍是通常的减肥方法往往难以及时有成效。虽然我们目前还不完全理解减肥后体重再反弹的内在机制,但大量文献表明,体内脂肪储存受到神经体液的稳态调节,这一过程存在于肥胖者同时也存在于体重正常的人,这种神经-内分泌的稳态调节机制可能是体重反弹的重要机理。从炎症的角度来看,肥胖可以被看作是一种慢性炎性疾病,体脂的增加使生物体内的炎性介质升高,生物防御水平降低,特别是下丘脑饮食调节中枢的慢性炎症。最近的研究表明,在下丘脑关键区域的炎症控制,可以控制体重就是这一过程。因此,在该篇综述中,我们提出了生物过程能量平衡-是体内脂肪控制的基础,并提出了这个能量平衡调节系统中的某些缺陷导致肥胖发病的证据。然后,我们解决肥胖的发病机制,其次是有证据表明高脂肪的饮食(HFD)与控制着能量平衡的下丘脑关键区域的神经病理改变有关。最后,我们考虑如何交互作用会导致这种下丘脑炎症,以及这些交互作用对于肥胖发病机制的影响。     

食欲素与血糖和能量代谢的调节

食欲素是一种下丘脑兴奋性神经肽,参与调节睡眠、进食、自主神经功能等,并且在血糖稳态调控和能量代谢平衡中也扮演重要角色。食欲素表达神经元整合外周代谢信号,通过食欲素受体(OXR)1和OXR2发挥生理功能。另外,食欲素通过调节胰岛素和瘦素敏感性影响整体糖代谢,尤其是OXR2介导的信号通路可提高瘦素敏感性,从而预防食源性肥胖和胰岛素抵抗。     

Value of D-Dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection

Objective: To evaluatel the value of D-dimers in patients with acute aortic dissection (AAD). Methods: This study consisted of 16 patients with AAD and 27 non-AAD patients. Serum D-dimets were measured by Sta-Liatest D-DI immunoturbidimetric assay. Results: D-dimer level was higher (P ＜ 0.001) in patients with AAD(7.91 ± 5.52 μg/ml) than that in non- AAD group(1.57±1.24 μg/ml). D-dimer was positive (＞0.4 μg/ml) in all patients with AAD and in 10 control group patients (37%). Among patients with acute AAD, D-dimers tended to be higher in Stanford A than in Stanford B (8.67 ± 4.31 μg/ml vs. 3.24±1.27 μg/ml, P ＜0.01). D-dimer values tended to be higher in more extended disease(3.84 ± 1.65 μg/ml, 8.57 ± 3.58 μg/ml and 11.87 ± 5.69 μg/ml in thoracic aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta, thoracic and abdominal aorta and iliacal arteries, respectively, P ＜ 0.05 for both 8.57 ± 3.58 and 11.87 ± 5.69 vs. 3.84 ± 1.65 ). Including the control group into the analysis, we found a sensitivity of 100%, a negative predictive value of 100%, and a specificity of 66% and a positive predictive value of 64% for D-dimer in diagnosis of AAD in our patients with suspected AAD. Conclusion: D-dimer was elevated in patients with AAD. A negative D-dimer test result could be useful in excluding AAD.     

Research of combined liver-kidney transplantation model in rats

Objective： To set up a simple and reliable rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation. Methods： SD rats served as both donors and recipients. 4℃ sodium lactate Ringer＇s was infused from portal veins to donated livers,and from abdominal aorta to donated kidneys, respectively. Anastomosis of the portal vein and the inferior vena cava （IVC） inferior to the right kidney between the graft and the recipient was performed by a double cuff method, then the superior hepatic vena cava with suture. A patch of donated renal artery was anastomosed to the recipient abdominal aorta. The urethra and bile duct were reconstructed with a simple inside bracket. Results： Among 65 cases of combined liver-kidney transplantation, the success rate in the late 40 cases was 77.5%. The function of the grafted liver and kidney remained normal. Conclusion： This rat model of combined liver-kidney transplantation can be established in common laboratory conditions with high success rate and meet the needs of renal transplantation experiment.     

BLOOD PRESSURE CHANGE WITH AGE IN SALT-SENSITIVE TEENAGERS

Objective To observe blood pressure change with age in salt-sensitive teenagers whose salt sensitivity were determined by repeated testing.Methods Salt sensitivity was determined through intravenous infusion of normal saline combined with volume-depletion by oral diuretic furosemide in 55 teenagers. After five years, salt sensitivity was re-examined and subject blood pressure was followed up. Blood pressure changes in salt-sensitive teenagers were compared to that of non-salt sensitive teenagers over five years.Results After 5 years, the repetition rate of salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading is 92.7%. In teenagers with salt sensitivity on the baseline, both the systolic blood pressure increments and increment rates were much higher than non-salt sensitive teenagers (12.7±12.1 mmHg vs. 2.8±5.2 mmHg, P＜ 0.01; 12.2%± 12.0% vs. 2.5% ±4.4%, P＜ 0.001,respectively). There was a similar trend for diastolic blood pressure (8.4 ± 6.4 mmHg vs. 3.7 ± 6.4 mmHg, P = 0.052; 13.2% ±10.6 % vs. 6.8%± 10.1%, P = 0.053, respectively).Conclusions Salt sensitivity determined by intravenous saline loading showed good reproducibility. Blood pressure increments with age were much higher in salt-sensitive teenagers than non-salt sensitive teenagers, especially in terms of systolic blood pressure.     

安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术后生活质量影响的研究

目的：评价使用安心颗粒对急诊经皮冠状动脉介入术（PPCI）术后生活质量的影响.方法：将160例接受PPCI的急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者随机分为安心颗粒组（术前顿服安心颗粒8.8g,术后安心颗粒4.4 g/次,每日2次）和对照组（仅接受基础药物治疗）.所有患者均服用阿司匹林、氯吡格雷和阿托伐他汀.分别在入院时、出院前1d、出院后180 d时,应用心肌梗死多维度量表（MIDAS）、中文版SF-36评价量表对患者生活质量评分.并观察术后30 d以内的出血并发症、血小板减少症发生情况.结果：入院时和出院前1d,两组患者的心肌梗死MIDAS、SF-36量表评分比较无差异（P＞0.05）;出院后180 d时,与对照组比较,安心颗粒组MIDAS、SF-36评分明显减低（P＜0.05）;组内与入院时比较,两组出院前1d、出院后180 d时,MIDAS、SF-36评分均降低（P＜0.05）.两组患者在随访期间均无大量出血、少量出血、重度和极重度血小板减少症发生,安心颗粒组有4例、对照组有7例发生不明显出血（P＞0.05）.两组发生轻度血小板减少症的患者数比较无差异（P＞0.05）.结论：PPCI使用安心颗粒,能改善急性ST段抬高型心肌梗死患者的生活质量,且不增加出血风险.     

The comparative studies of the influences of Urapidil and Nicardipine on sino-atrial node function, atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics

Objective:To investigate the influences of urapidil and nicardipine on rabbit sinus function,atrio-ventricular node function and hemodynamics.Methods:Thirty-two Angora's rabbits were selected and randomly divided into four groups.U1 group:urapidil 0.25 mg/kg;U2 group:urapidil 0.5 mg/kg;N1 group:nicardipine 10 μg/kg;N2 group:nicardipine 20 μg/kg.All these medicine were administrated within 30 seconds.Measurements were taken before and after the administration of urapidil or nicardipine for the following data:mean blood pressure(MAP),heart rate(HR),sino-atrial conduction time(SACT),maximal sinoatrial recovery time(SNRTmax)corrected sinus node recovery time(CSNRT),index of sinus node recovery time(SNRTI),Wenckebach A-V conduction frequency (WB),and P-R interval.Results:Significant MAP and HR changes were identified in all of the four groups before and after administration of both urapidil and nicardipine.No significant changes could be found in the rest of the parameters.Intergroup analysis showed that SACT and CSNRT of N1 and N2 groups were shorter than those of the U2 group(P＜0.01);the MAP decreased(P＜0.01)and the HR increased drastically(P＜0.01).Conclusions:Neither urapidil(0.25 mg/kg,0.5 mg/kg)nor nicardipine(10μg/kg,20μg/kg)has any significant influence on rabbit sinus function or rabbit atrio-ventricular node function.Nicardipine could be a better choice than urapidil for parafunctional sinus node patients.     

Expression of OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the patients of hip fracture due to osteoporosis

Objective：To investigate the gene expression of osteoprotegerin（OPG） and osteoclast differentiation factor（ODF） in the bone tissue of patients with hip fracture due to osteoporosis. Methods：OPGmRNA and ODFmRNA in the bone tissue in 50 cases of osteoporosis sufferers（over 50 years old） with hip fracture（Observer Group） and 30 cases of hip facture sufferers with no osteoporosis（Control group） were analyzed with the Semi-Quantitative RT-PCR method. Results：The mRNA expressed of ODF, OPG were both high in the patients with hip fracture. In the control group, the expression of OPG mRNA was observed, while the expression of ODF mRNA was very slight. Conclusion：Aged patients contained all signals including OPG, ODF that are essential for inducing osteoclastogenesis and promoting bone resorption.     

The clinicopathological and immuohistochemical analysis of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas： report of 9 cases

Objective：To investigate the clinical features, pathological characteristics and immunophenotype of solid-pseudopapillary tumor of the pancreas（SPTP）. Methods：Nine surgically treated cases of SPTP were retrospectively reviewed. Hematoxylin and Eosin（HE） staining and immunohistochemical staining were used to analyze all cases, and the general clinical data was collected. Results：Six patients were asymptomatic except for a palpable mass. Two patients complained of vague-epigastric pain. One patient appeared jaundice. The tumor was encapsulated and solid tissues alternately with cystic tissues. Histologically, the histological structure of solid portion was pseudopapillary with a fibrovascular core. Tumor cells were uniform and medium-sized which were arranged in sheets ets or nests or pseudopapillary patterns. Immunohistochemical studies demonstrated that SPTP proved positive in vimentin（9/9 cases）, AAT（9/9 cases）, NSE（9/9 cases）, ACT（7/9 cases）, CK20（2/9 cases）, CgA（1/9 cases）, S-100（3/gcases）, PR（4/gcases）, Syn（3/9 cases） and CD56（5/9cases）, negative in CEA and ER. Conclusion：SPTP is a tumor predominantly occurring in young women frequently without special symptoms. This tumor has various characteristical histological patterns with different immunophenotype.     

Dynamic Changes in Serum Estradiol and Progesterone levels in Patients of Premenstrual Syndrome with Adverse Flow of Liver-qi

Objective:To probe into the influence of changes of ovarian hormones on the pathogenesis of the specific sub-type premenstrual syndrome(PMS)and reveal partial microcosmic mechanisms of adverse flow of liver-qi.Methods:Estradiol(E2)and progesterone(P)levels in serum were determined at different phases of menstrual cycle by radioimmunoassay.Results:In the group of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.the secretive peak value Of E2 and P at the follicular phase significantly decreased,and the secretive peak value at the luteal phase did not come into being.Conclusions:Low E2 and P secretive peak at the follicular phase and absence of secretive peak at the luteal phase is one of the microcosmic mechanisms of PMS with adverse flow of liver-qi.One of the pathophysiologic mechanisms of specific sub-type PMS is probably the continuous low level of E2and P.     

Real-time Three-dimensional Echocardiography in Assessment of Left Ventricular and Right Ventricular Volumes

Real-time three-dimensional echocardiography (RT3DE)is a new ultrasound technique that enables dynamic threedimensional visualization and quantification of the heart in real time. Investigation of feasibility and methodology of RT3DE in determining left ventricular (LV) and right ventricular (RV) volumes, RT3DE was performed in 35 normal adults using Philips SONOS 7500 system with a 2-4 MHz matrix array transducer. The 60°×60° "pyramid" volume database was obtained and analyzed on a TomTec echo workstation. Both LV and RV volumes were calculated with four 3DE methods (i.e. apical 2, 4, 8, and 16-plane) through manually tracing ventricular endocardial borders in end diastole and end systole. Stroke volumes were then calculated. LV volume was also measured by 2DE Simpson's rule using GE VIVID 7 ultrasound machine.     

SCREENING FOR A 21-CHROMOSOME ABNORMALITY IN PREIMPLANTED EMBRYOS OF ELDERLY WOMEN

Increasing maternal age is the only etiological factor unequivocally linked to Down's syndrome in humans. The occurrence rate of newborns with Down's syndrome is about 1/220 in women over 35 years old. However, the occurrence rate in embryos fertilized in vitro, of the elder woman is unclear. Using FISH we screened the number of chromosome 21 in preimplanted embryos of 5 elderly women (average age, 38.4 years) to study the feasibility and necessity of screening trisomy 21 in embryos in patients over 35 years old at the in vitro fertilization (IVF) center.