Milk fat chemical composition of yak breeds in China

The present study was undertaken to evaluate the fatty acid composition, conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) and cholesterol contents in the milk from three yak breeds, Maiwa yak (n = 24), Zhongdian yak (n = 16) and Gannan yak (n = 16) and two yak crossbreeds, Maiwa yak × yellow cattle (n = 16) and Gannan yak × yellow cattle (n = 16). Statistically significant differences (P < 0.05) in the proportions of individual milk fatty acids were observed among the three yak breeds. The proportion of saturated fatty acids (SFAs) and monounsaturated fatty acids (MUFAs) did not differ statistically (P > 0.05) among the three yak breeds. However, the percentage of total polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs) in Zhongdian yak milk (4.82%) was significantly higher (P < 0.01) than in Maiwa (3.99%) and Gannan (3.68%) yak milks. The contents of α-linolenic acid (C18:3) and cis-9, trans-11 conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) were significantly different (P < 0.05) among the three yak breeds. The total SFAs, MUFAs and PUFAs were not significantly different (P > 0.05%) between the two yak crossbreeds. The cholesterol contents in milk samples from yak breeds and yak crossbreeds were found to be in the range 12.32-16.17 mg/100 g. Cholesterol contents in milk samples from yak breeds and yak crossbreeds were positively correlated with their fat contents.     

Lipid and fatty acid composition of organs from copper-deficient mice

Experiments were conducted to study the total lipid and fatty acid composition of liver, kidney, brain and heart of 7-wk-old male C57BL mice. Dietary copper deficiency was initiated at birth by feeding dams a purified diet containing 0.5 mg/kg copper. Offspring were fed the copper-deficient diet 4 wk postweaning. Control dams and offspring were fed the same diet but with added copper in the drinking water, 20 mg/L. Compared with controls the copper-deficient mice exhibited hepatomegaly, cardiac hypertrophy and a 4% reduction in brain weight as well as low ceruloplasmin activity (0.5% of control). Total phospholipid concentration in liver and kidney and total triacylglycerol concentration in kidney was lower in copper-deficient mice compared to concentrations measured in liver and kidney of control mice. The major change in essential fatty acid composition in the copper-deficient mice which was consistent between organs and lipid classes was a significantly lower proportion and absolute amount of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid. Other changes in fatty acid composition were variable.     

Effects of dietary fatty acid composition on macronutrient selection and synaptosomal fatty acid composition in rats

Our previous work showed that rats consuming 20% (wt/wt) lard diets selected more protein and less carbohydrate than did rats fed 20% (wt/wt) soybean oil diets. To determine if this effect is specific to saturated fat source and to measure changes in fatty acid composition of synaptosomal phospholipids, male Wistar rats were fed a 20% (wt/wt) soybean oil or tallow diet with 24% protein and 48% carbohydrate for 2 wk. Rats then self-selected from two diets with the same fat previously fed but different protein and carbohydrate composition (5% protein, 67% carbohydrate and 55% protein, 17% carbohydrate). Tallow-fed rats selected more protein and less carbohydrate than did soybean oil-fed rats. Dietary fat also affected fatty acid composition of synaptosomal phospholipids, phosphatidylcholine being most affected and phosphatidylinositol most resistant. Later studies determined if selection differences were due to taste. When rats self-selected without prior exposure to diets, tallow-fed rats selected more protein and less carbohydrate than did soybean oil-fed rats during the last 2 wk but not the first 2 wk. When rats selected from diets with identical protein and carbohydrate composition but different dietary fat, rats consumed slightly greater amounts of the tallow diet at each protein level. The relative intake of tallow and soybean oil diets, however, did not vary significantly with dietary protein treatment. These results confirm that rats fed saturated fat diets select more protein and less carbohydrate than do rats fed polyunsaturated fat diets and suggest this difference is not due to taste factors.     

Results of stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerol fraction from donkey,cow, ewe,goat and buffalo milk

In the present research article, donkey milk samples were studied and the results were compared with those obtained from other mammalian species such as cow, ewe, goat and buffalo. Stereospecific analysis of triacylglycerols (TAG) was carried out to determine the intrapositional % fatty acid (FA) compositions and then the interpositional FA distribution in the sn-positions of TAG glycerol backbone. Buffalo milk showed the highest lipid content (9.6%) and donkey milk the lowest (0.3%). The FA distribution among the three sn-positions of the glycerol backbone was non-random; in all the considered milk samples, saturated FA (SFA) were prevalently esterified in sn-3-position, while monounsaturated FA (MUFA) in sn-2-, with some exceptions. Donkey milk represents an important dietary source of essential FA (EFA), about 40 mg/100 g milk; in particular, the linoleic acid is 2.5 times higher than in cow milk (15 mg/100 g versus 6 mg/100 g); moreover, these are esterified in high percentages in sn-2-position, so this milk appears interesting for its potential pharmaceutical and nutritional properties.     

Cholesterol levels and fatty acid profiles of beef from three cattle breeds raised on natural pasture

A study was conducted to compare cholesterol and fatty acid levels of beef from three cattle breeds raised on natural pasture. Thirty-four, twenty-nine and fourteen steers each of Nguni, Bonsmara and Angus, respectively, were slaughtered at 18 months. There were no (P > 0.05) breed differences for the cholesterol and intramuscular fat (IMF) levels. The fatty acid profiles were similar (P > 0.05) among the three breeds except that beef from Nguni steers had higher (P < 0.05) docosahexaenoic acid content than beef from the other two breeds while beef from Bonsmara steers had the highest (P < 0.05) heptadacenoic acid content. It can be concluded that there were no breed differences on cholesterol and most fatty acids.     

Sub-national response in HIV/AIDS: a case study in AIDS prevention and control from Sindh province, Pakistan

HIV/AIDS in Pakistan is slowly gaining recognition as a public health issue of great importance. However, the responses to the disease have been marred by lack of coordination and commitment. We examine, in this paper, the situation in the Sindh province of Pakistan, which is recognized as having the sole fully functioning AIDS prevention and control programme in the country. In discussing the results of the Sindh programme's activities we highlight progress made as well as gaps in data and surveillance. We also recommend strategies for implementation at the provincial and national levels. In addition this example of a sub-national government programme provides a case study for similar programmes in the region.     

青岛居民膳食脂肪摄人量及脂肪酸构成的调查分析

目的探析青岛居民膳食中脂肪摄入量及脂肪酸构成情况,以及其与血脂异常的相关性。为引导居民合理膳食,预防心血管病（CHD）的发生提供科学依据。方法2010年3月至7月期间采用营养流行病学调查方法对健康体检人群进行整群随机抽样选取189例研究对象（男性53例,女性136例）。分别进行体格检查、空腹血三酰甘油（TG）、胆固醇（TC）、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇（LDL—C）、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇（HDL—C）、血糖（Glu）检查膳食调查、膳食脂肪酸分析以及膳食脂肪与血脂相关性的分析。结果青岛居民日人均摄入量为粮谷类200g,薯类26g,畜禽肉及内脏类85g,海产品73g,坚果类23g,油脂类40g。蛋白质占摄入总热量16％,碳水化合物48％,脂肪37％。油脂类占脂肪摄入43％,坚果类占11％。饱和脂肪酸（S）：单不饱和脂肪酸（M）：多不饱和脂肪酸（P）（S：M：P=1：1．5：1．49,n-6／n-3=23）。脂肪摄入量较高,其主要原因是植物油及坚果类摄人量较多。ω-3多不饱和脂肪酸（n-3PUFAs）食物摄入量较低,长链n一3PUFAs为0．15g。血脂异常人群营养素摄人量和体质指数（BMI）均高于健康人群;脂肪日人均摄入量越高TC、TG、LDL水平越高,而HDL水平下降,长链n-3PUFAs对TG、LDL有正向调节的作用。结论青岛居民的膳食脂肪摄入量较高,长链n-3PUFAS的摄入量偏低。长链n-3PUFAS与血脂异常有负相关性,减少该地区居民膳食总脂肪摄入,增加膳食中富含n-3PUFAs的海鱼产品摄入,对该地区居民控制血脂,防治CHD的发生具有重要意义。     

The fatty acid composition of human colostrum

Summary We reviewed 15 studies reporting on the fatty acid composition of colostrum lipids from 16 geographic regions: 11 European studies and one study each from Central America, the Caribbean, Australia and Asia. The contents of essential fatty acids, saturates and polyunsaturates were similar in the southern European countries Spain, Slovenia and France. Colostrum of St. Lucian women was high in saturates and low in oleic acid, reflecting a high-carbohydrate, low-fat diet. Abundant fish intake was reflected in high contents of docosahexaenoic acid and total n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids in St. Lucia. Two French studies published with an interval of two years showed a very similar colostrum fatty acid composition, whereas two German studies obtained with an interval of 14 years showed higher docosahexaenoic acid and arachidonic acid contents in the later study, with an unchanged n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid ratio. Studies from Spain reported a decline of α-linolenic acid in colostrum over a time period of 13 years. Colostrum of Australian women contained the lowest polyunsaturated/saturated and n-6/n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids ratios (0.28 and 1.58) and the lowest contents of linoleic and α-linolenic acids (7.8 and 0.4 wt. %). In contrast, the contents of docosahexaenoic acid, eicosapentaenoic acid and total n-3 long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (0.6, 0.4 and 1.4 wt. %) were higher in Australian than in European samples. Fatty acid composition of human colostrum appears to be markedly influenced by geographic differences in maternal dietary composition. Received: 3 January 2000, Accepted: 25 February 2000     

Essential fatty acid status of colostrum-deprived gnotobiotic and conventional lambs: Organ fatty acid composition

Gnotobiotic (GN) and conventional (CV) colostrum-deprived lambs were fed diets deficient (D) or supplemented with. 32% of the total calories as linoleic acid (L). Plasma and organ fatty acid compositions were assessed after 2 mo. of the dietary and environmental regimens. Linoleic acid deficiency in GN and CV lambs generally resulted in decreases of linoleic acid in plasma, liver and kidney samples and increases in oleic and eicosatrienoic acids. The triene/tetraene ratios (20:3n9/20:4n6) for plasma, kidney and liver increased in the D vs L groups. However, the elevated triene/tetraene ratios observed for the L groups (<.4) indicated a slight overall essential fatty acid (EFA) deficiency condition. The presence of the microflora apparently increased the linoelic acid requirement of CV lambs. The data suggest that the requirements of the neonatal colostrum-deprived ruminant are in excess of .32% of the total calories and that changes in EFA status of the ruminant are reflected in tissue fatty acid composition.     

Amino acid,fatty acid and mineral composition of pigeon pea (cajanus cajan)

The amino acids, fatty acids and mineral contents of pigeon pea were analysed. Amino acids analysis showed that the protein contained nutritionally useful quantities of most of the essential amino acids but was low in sulphur-containing amino acids. The total essential amino acids in the pigeon pea amounted to 43.61%. Linoleic and palmitic were the predominant fatty acids with values of 54.8 and 21.4% respectively in the oil sample. Caprylic, lauric, oleic and eicosenoic acids were present only in small quantities. The results also showed that potassium, magnesium and calcium were the most abundant minerals in the pigeon pea sample while it was significantly low in sodium.     

Access to comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care facilities in three rural districts of Sindh province,Pakistan

Background

Pakistan’s maternal and child health indicators remain unacceptably high, with a maternal mortality ratio of 276 per 100,000 live births and a neonatal mortality rate of 55 per 1,000 live births. Provision of basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care is mandated by the government; however, coverage, access, and utilisation levels remain unsatisfactory, with the situation in Sindh province being amongst the worst in the country. This study attempted to assess access to comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care (C-EmONC) facilities and barriers hampering access in Sindh.

Methods

One public sector hospital in each of three districts in Sindh province providing C-EmONC services were selected for a facility exit survey. A cross-sectional household survey and focus group discussions were conducted in the catchment population of these hospitals.

Results

Overall, 82% and 96% of those who utilised a public or private C-EmONC facility, respectively, incurred out-of-pocket expenditure. As expected, those living more than 5 km from the facility reported higher mean expenditure than those living within 5 km of the facility. More than half of the respondents (55%) among public sector users and the majority (71%) of private sector users could not afford travel costs. More than one third (35%) of public sector users and about two thirds (64%) of private sector users who could not afford travel costs took loans. The proportion of respondents who took loans was higher among those living more than 5 km of the health facility compared to those living within a 5 km distance. The majority of respondents (70%) in the community survey chose to go to a private sector C-EmONC facility. In addition to poverty, in terms of sociocultural access, religious and ethnic discrimination and the poor attitude of facility staff were amongst the most important barriers to accessing a C-EmONC facility.

Conclusions

C-EmONC facilities in both the public and private sectors may simply not be accessible and affordable for the vast majority of poor and marginalised women in targeted districts.

     

Access to comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care facilities in three rural districts of Sindh province,Pakistan

Background

Pakistan’s maternal and child health indicators remain unacceptably high, with a maternal mortality ratio of 276 per 100,000 live births and a neonatal mortality rate of 55 per 1,000 live births. Provision of basic and comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care is mandated by the government; however, coverage, access, and utilisation levels remain unsatisfactory, with the situation in Sindh province being amongst the worst in the country. This study attempted to assess access to comprehensive emergency obstetric and newborn care (C-EmONC) facilities and barriers hampering access in Sindh.

Methods

One public sector hospital in each of three districts in Sindh province providing C-EmONC services were selected for a facility exit survey. A cross-sectional household survey and focus group discussions were conducted in the catchment population of these hospitals.

Results

Overall, 82% and 96% of those who utilised a public or private C-EmONC facility, respectively, incurred out-of-pocket expenditure. As expected, those living more than 5 km from the facility reported higher mean expenditure than those living within 5 km of the facility. More than half of the respondents (55%) among public sector users and the majority (71%) of private sector users could not afford travel costs. More than one third (35%) of public sector users and about two thirds (64%) of private sector users who could not afford travel costs took loans. The proportion of respondents who took loans was higher among those living more than 5 km of the health facility compared to those living within a 5 km distance. The majority of respondents (70%) in the community survey chose to go to a private sector C-EmONC facility. In addition to poverty, in terms of sociocultural access, religious and ethnic discrimination and the poor attitude of facility staff were amongst the most important barriers to accessing a C-EmONC facility.

Conclusions

C-EmONC facilities in both the public and private sectors may simply not be accessible and affordable for the vast majority of poor and marginalised women in targeted districts.

     

Essential and long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acid status and fatty acid composition of breast milk of lactating adolescents

The aims of the present study were to evaluate essential fatty acids (EFA) and long-chain PUFA (LCPUFA) status in lactating adolescents and its association with breast milk composition. Healthy nursing adolescents from Rio de Janeiro, Brazil (n 30; 14-19 years; 30-120 d postpartum), exclusively or predominantly breast-feeding, participated in this study. Breast milk and blood samples were collected after overnight fasting. Fatty acid composition of breast milk, erythrocyte membrane (EM) and plasma NEFA were determined by GC. Indices of fatty acid status (mean melting point (MMP); EFA status index; DHA status indices, 22 : 5n-6:22 : 4n-6 and 22 : 6n-3:22 : 5n-6 ratios) were calculated from EM fatty acid composition. Dietary intake of n-3 fatty acids was low when compared with current recommendations for lactating women. MMP was associated with indices of DHA status, some individual fatty acids in EM and years post-menarche and weeks postpartum, suggesting the use of erythrocyte MMP as a possible comprehensive biochemical marker of LCPUFA status in this physiological condition. The DHA status of lactating adolescents and their milk DHA concentrations were similar to the values of Brazilian lactating adults, but lower compared with the values of lactating adults from other countries. Therefore, these lactating adolescents were apparently not disadvantaged, as compared with the Brazilian adults, when EM and breast milk fatty acid composition were considered. In general, PUFA in milk from adolescents presented few associations with their concentrations in plasma NEFA and with maternal status. However, milk DHA was associated with maternal LCPUFA and DHA states.     

Composition of fatty acids and triglycerides in goat cheeses and study of the triglyceride composition of goat milk and cow milk blends

The composition of fatty acids and triglycerides in the fat of Uruguayan goat cheeses was determined. Additionally, in the present study, triglyceride composition was determined in terms of partition number (PN) for fats from pure goat milk, pure cow milk and blends thereof (90:10, 80:20, and 50:50 blends of goat milk:cow milk). All Uruguayan goat cheeses showed high levels of conjugated linoleic acid and trans-vaccenic acid, well above those reported in cheeses from other countries. This is advantage in terms of nutritional quality. In fats from goat milk in Uruguayan cheeses, the highest average percentages of triglycerides correspond to PN = 36 (13.2%) and PN = 42 (13.6%). The results demonstrate that the triglyceride profile changes when cow milk is added to goat milk. When the amount of cow milk added to goat milk increases, triglycerides with PN values of 38, 40, and 42 tend to decrease, while triglycerides with PN values of 46, 48, and 50 tend to increase. These results suggest that the triglyceride profile could be used to determine whether a given goat cheese was adulterated with cow milk, which is cheaper. This was detected in the case of three Uruguayan goat cheeses that were analysed.     

FSWs Typology and Condoms Use Among HIV High Risk Groups in Sindh,Pakistan: A Developing Country Perspective

Objective

We aimed to determine the association of FSWs typology with condom use among HIV high risk groups in Sindh, Pakistan

Introduction

HIV is growing rapidly worldwide resulting in estimated 34 million population [1]. Recently, its epidemic has spread in Africa, Latin America, and the Caribbean, and most parts of Asia [2]. According to Antenatal sero surveillance study conducted in 2011 by Agriteam canada, it’s prevalence in Pakistan is <0.1 [3].Focusing narrowly, its prevalence in Sindh, (one of the provinces of Pakistan) is similar in general population, but it is in the phase of concentrated epidemic (having more than 5% of prevalence in high risk groups)in vulnerable groups like IDUs and Male sex workers and transgender [4].Sexual intercourse has been identified as major route especially in HIV high risk groups including male sex workers, female sex workers (FSWs), transgender (hijras) and IV drug users. Among them, FSWs are at high risk because of unprotected sex and illicit drug use. Their prevalence is found to be 30.7% in low and middle income countries [5]. South Asia contributed with 12.63 lakh FSW in India only [6]. On the basis of their station of work, they are categorized into facility based (kothikhana, brothel or home) and mobile (street, mobile or beggars). They use different preventive measures including condom for their protection from HIV [7]. It varies with availability and access [8] . FSWs typology have different cliental and mode of action, therefore, it important to explore the preventive methods.

Methods

Data was extracted from Second Generation Surveillance, Integrated behavioral and biological survey, Round IV for HIV infection conducted by Agriteam Canada in partnership with National AIDS Control Program, Pakistan in 2011. It was a cross sectional survey for high risk groups including FSWs from Pakistan. It was ethically approved by Review Board of the Public Health Agency of Canada and HOPE International’s Ethical Review Board, Pakistan. From Sindh province, FSWs based in Karachi, Sukkur and Larkana were recruited. Considering typology, they were categorized as mobile or facility based. After informed consent, socio-demographic and risk behavior were inquired. HIV was tested by ELISA/EIA and confirmed by Western Blot. Data was analyzed on SPSS 19. Continuous variables were expressed as mean±SD while categorical as frequency(%). Logistic regression assessed the association of FSWs typology with condoms use among HIV high risk groups.

Results

Out of 4567 high risk population, 1127 were identified as FSWs. Mean age was 26.9 years. Most of them were facility based (72.8%) and 81.3% used condoms. Typology, age, education, duration of involvement, number of client per day, number of paid oral sex per month, knowledge about STI and knowledge about drop in center were significantly associated with condom use among HIV high risk groups.

Conclusions

Majority of facility based FSWs use condoms to prevent HIV infection. Awareness and access to home based FSWs should be increased. It may help in targeting and designing preventive strategies for them at government and mass level.     

Morphology and fatty acid composition of erythrocytes from monkeys exposed to ozone for one year

Monkeys (Macaca radiata) were exposed to a low dose (0.64 ppm) of ozone (O₃) for 8 hr each day over a 1-year period. Control monkeys were exposed to filtered air. The morphology of the red blood cell (RBC) from these monkeys was analyzed by scanning electron microscopy. Red cells from control monkeys had normal morphology with 69% having biconcave shape (discocytes). In O₃-exposed animals, blood contained only 35% discocytes. Knizocytes, stomatocytes, and spherocytes each have defined shape which are different from discocytes. The number of knizocytes and stomatocytes in O₃-exposed monkeys was twice that of controls. In addition, significant levels of spherocytes were observed while they were absent in the blood of controls. The fatty acid composition of RBC from control and O₃-exposed monkeys was the same. These were similar to that of human RBC. However, earlier reports of monkey RBC fatty acid composition differ from our results. These differences are discussed. We conclude that low-dose O₃ exposure changes the morphology, but not the fatty acid composition, of erthrocytes in vivo.