Antioxidant and antimutagenic activities of Cinnamomum zeylanicum fruit extracts

Recently, a number of studies on the health benefits associated with natural compounds have been demonstrated. Phenolics in fruits, vegetables, herbs and spices possess potent antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, antimutagenic and anticarcinogenic activities. In the present study, the dried fruits of cinnamon were extracted with ethyl acetate, acetone, methanol and water using a Soxhlet extractor. The total phenolics content of the extracts as determined by Folin–Ciocalteu method were found to be the highest in water extract (44.5%) and the lowest in ethyl acetate (14.4%). The antioxidant activity (AA) of the extracts was evaluated through in vitro model systems such as β-carotene-linoleate, and 1,1-diphenyl-2-picryl hydrazyl (DPPH); the antimutagenicity of these extracts was also assayed against the mutagenicity of sodium azide by Ames test using tester strain of Salmonella typhimurium (TA100) at different concentrations. In both the model systems, the AA of the extracts was found in the order of water>methanol>acetone>ethyl acetate. All the extracts decreased sodium azide mutagenicity in S. typhimurium strain (TA100). At 5000 μg/plate all the extracts showed strong antimutagenicity. The antimutagenicity of water extract was followed by acetone, methanol and ethyl acetate. The results of the present study indicate that under-utilized and unconventional part of cinnamon is a good source of antioxidant and antimutagenic phenolics.     

Effects of cooking on in vitro sinigrin bioaccessibility,total phenols,antioxidant and antimutagenic activity of cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L. var. Botrytis)

Cauliflower (Brassica oleraceae L. var. Botrytis) is a good source of bioactive compounds, such as glucosinolates, phenolic compounds and vitamins. In this study, the effects of some processes (i.e. boiling, steaming) on the sinigrin bioaccessibility as a major glucosinolate found in cruciferous vegetables after in vitro digestion, also in vitro antimutagenic activities, total phenols and total antioxidant capacities of cauliflower were determined. The sinigrin content was reduced by approximately 9.6% and 29.1% in steamed and boiled cauliflower (p > 0.05), respectively. After in vitro simulated digestion, sinigrin content was decreased by 26.4% in raw samples, increased by 29.5% and 114.7% in steamed and boiled samples, respectively. In all samples, mutagenic effect to Salmonella typhimurium TA 100 was not seen. When samples were steamed, phenol content was increased by 14.83%. After boiling total phenol content of cauliflower was decreased by 1.8%. Total antioxidant capacities (TAC) measured by 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) and 2,2′-azino-bis(3 ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid) (ABTS) methods were increased by 47% and 39%, respectively (p < 0.05) in steamed samples and decreased by 8% and 7% with boiling, respectively (p > 0.05). TAC in raw sample of cauliflower, which was investigated in phosphomolybdenum assays, was determined as 18.7 mg ascorbic acid equivalents (AAE)/100 g. In all cases, the highest antioxidant activity was determined in the steamed samples, while the lowest antioxidant activity was in boiled samples.     

New dietary fibre content results for cereals in the Nordic countries using AOAC 2011.25 method

The definition of dietary fibre (DF) has been revised, and an analytical method AOAC 2011.25 is based on the updates. DF content and monosaccharide composition in composite samples from Swedish, Norwegian, Estonian and Finnish wholegrain wheat flour, rye flour and rolled oats were analysed and compared. Furthermore, DF amounts of 11 industrial and 6 commercial Finnish cereal products were analysed. New DF results are needed, since the national Food Composition Databases (FCDBs) currently contain DF values obtained using older methods underestimating some DF components, such as resistant starch and non-digestible oligosaccharides. The total DF amounts of rolled oats and rye flour were similar among countries, but variation was found in wholegrain wheat flour. The analysed cereal products contained 0.2–5.7 g/100 g oligosaccharides (SDFS), with the highest level in rye bran. Wheat and rye bran were found to be the best sources for total DF (46 and 32 g/100 g, respectively), wheat bran was a superior source for water-insoluble DF (IDF; 41 g/100 g), whereas oat bran was found to contain the most water-soluble high molecular weight DF (SDFP; 6 g/100 g). These new analytical results for total DF are higher than currently presented in FCDBs.     

Alkylresorcinols in Swedish cereal food products

In this study alkylresorcinol (AR) content and homologue composition was determined in 159 cereal products commonly consumed in Sweden. Food items were sorted into seven groups including soft bread, crisp bread, breakfast cereals, pasta, flour, cookies and other cereal products with varying content of rye, wheat, oat, corn, rice and maize. The analyzed total AR content ranged from not detectable to 4178 μg/g (fresh weight). Bran and whole grain (WG) items showed highest AR contents and were comparable to previous reports. The AR content was strongly correlated with WG content from rye and wheat cereals (r = 0.80, P < 0.001), the main source of AR. In addition, the calculated ratio of the homologues C17:0 and C21:0, which was previously reported to distinguish between rye and wheat products, was associated to the proportion of rye content in WG of wheat and rye (r = 0.83, P < 0.001). The data from the present study can be used to estimate AR intake from WG of rye and wheat in the Swedish population and the results indicated that WG content from rye and wheat may be predicted by using AR content and homologue composition in cereal products.     

In vitro antioxidant activities of Stevia rebaudiana leaves and callus

Leaf extract of Stevia rebaudiana promotes effects on certain physiological systems such as the cardiovascular and renal and influences hypertension and hyperglycemia. Since these activities may be correlated with the presence of antioxidant compounds, leaf and callus extracts of Stevia rebaudiana were evaluated for their total phenols, flavonoids content and total antioxidant capacity. Total phenols and flavonoids were analyzed according to the Folin–Ciocalteu method and total antioxidant activity of water and methanolic extracts of stevia leaves and callus was assessed by ferric reducing/antioxidant power (FRAP) assay as well as 1,1-diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay. The total phenolic compounds were found to be 25.18 mg/g for stevia leaves and 35.86 mg/g for callus on dry weight basis. The flavonoids content was found to be 21.73 and 31.99 mg/g in the leaf and callus, respectively. The total antioxidant activity was expressed as mg equivalent of gallic acid, ascorbic acid, BHA and trolox per gram on dry weight basis. Total antioxidant activity found was ranged from 9.66 to 38.24 mg and 11.03 to 36.40 mg equivalent to different standards in water and methanolic extract of stevia leaves, respectively. In case of stevia callus, it was found to be 9.44 to 37.36 mg for water extract and 10.14 to 34.37 mg equivalent to standards for methanolic extract. The concentrations required for 50% inhibition (IC₅₀) of DPPH radicals were 11.04, 41.04 and 57.14 μg/mL for gallic acid, trolox and butylated hydroxyanisole (BHA), respectively. The percent inhibition of DPPH radical of various extracts of stevia leaves and callus found were ranged from 33.17% to 56.82%. The highest percent of inhibition was observed in methanolic extract of callus.     

Effect of solvents in extracting polyphenols and antioxidants of selected raw vegetables

Thirty-seven raw vegetables were extracted using four solvent systems: 70% acetone, 70% ethanol, 70% methanol, and distilled water. The extracts were tested for their total phenolic content, total flavonoid content and antioxidant activities (using diphenylpicryl-hydrazyl (DPPH) and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assays). The results revealed the effect of different extracting solvents in altering the quantitative analyses of all vegetables and 70% acetone was identified as the most efficient solvent for extracting polyphenolic antioxidants from the vegetables. The highest total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were obtained from 70% acetone extract of Portulaca oleracea (138.2 ± 2.1 mg GAE/g dw basis) and 70% methanol extract of Cosmos caudatus (27.7 ± 1.0 mg QE/g dw basis), respectively. The 70% acetone extract of Etlingera elatior with moderate amount of total phenolic content exhibited the highest antioxidant activity in both assays. The correlation analyses within 37 different extracts of each solvent extraction demonstrated weak to moderate relationships between all the studied parameters. The highest r value of 0.7139 (p < 0.001) was determined between total phenolic contents and FRAP values of the 70% methanol extracts. Meanwhile, a wide range of correlation coefficients was derived from correlation analyses within four different extracts of each vegetable, with the highest relationship between total phenolic contents and FRAP values for the extracts of Coriandrum sativum (r = 0.9998, p < 0.001).     

Near-infrared reflectance spectroscopy for the rapid discrimination of kernels and flours of different wheat species

Since products made of ancient wheat species are enjoying increasing demand by consumers, reliable and rapid methods for the automatable differentiation of flours and kernels of costly ancient species from less expensive bread wheat are required. In the present study, we demonstrate near-infrared (NIR) reflectance spectroscopy to represent a rapid and powerful method for product authentication. Multi-class partial least square discrimination analyses (PLSDA) were based on NIR spectra of kernels and flours from bread wheat (n = 705), spelt (n = 673), durum (n = 75), emmer (n = 75), and einkorn (n = 73), showing accuracy values of 80–100%. Two-class classification analyses allowed the clear-cut differentiation of species of the same degree of ploidy (durum vs. emmer and bread wheat vs. spelt) by the PLSDA model and validation without misclassifications. Most importantly, the detection of adulterations of spelt flours with bread wheat flours was feasible. Two spectral ranges (1370–1450 nm and 1850–1930 nm) were identified to exert the highest discriminative power between bread wheat and spelt. Since NIR spectrometers are routinely being used in the cereal industry for the determination of, e.g., protein and water content of wheat kernels and flour, the implementation of our approach may instantly allow for the authenticity control of wheat kernels and flours therefrom.     

Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of Hedychium spicatum Buch. Ham. ex D. Don in west Himalaya,India

Total phenolic compounds and antioxidant potential of Hedychium spicatum were analyzed for 16 different natural populations located in Uttarakhand (west Himalaya) for promotion as health or medicinal food. Total phenolic compounds varied among populations from 4.70 mg gallic acid equivalent (GAE) to 2.84 mg GAE/g dry weight. Three in vitro antioxidant assays, i.e. azinobisethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulphonic acid radical scavenging (ABTS) assay, diphenyl-2-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH) assay and ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) assay, showed significant (p < 0.05) differences across populations. ABTS assay showed highest values of antioxidant potential ranging from 2.581 mM ascorbic acid equivalent (AAE) per 100 g to 1.91 mM AAE per 100 g dry weight, followed by FRAP assay (1.921–0.6635 mM AAE per 100 g). Lowest values were observed for DPPH assay, which varied from 0.549 to 1.059 mM AAE per 100 g dry weight. All assays (ABTS, DPPH and FRAP) showed significant (p < 0.05) correlation with total phenolic compounds. Total phenolic compounds showed a significant relationship (p < 0.05) to altitude.     

Total phenolics and antioxidant capacity of heat-treated peanut skins

Total phenolics and antioxidant capacities of heat-treated skins from Runner, Virginia and Spanish peanut types were evaluated. Peanut skin extracts were evaluated for total phenolics (TP), Trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and peroxyl-radical trapping capacity (PRTC) assay. Factors studied were temperature (90, 112, 135, 158 and 180 °C), time (5, 15 and 25 min) and peanut types. Runners significantly (P < 0.05) contained more total phenolics and had higher TEAC and PRTC values than Virginia and Spanish types. Maximum values for total phenolics (280 mgGAE/g), TEAC value (2.56 mM TEAC/g) and PRTC value (31 μM Trolox/g) were obtained with Runners heated at 135 °C for 5 min. Regression analysis showed that temperature and time were not related to total phenolics in all three peanut types. TEAC values could be predicted by temperature and time for Runner, Virginia and Spanish, but PRTC values could be predicted for Runner and Virginia samples only. Generally, only mild heat treatments (<135 °C, 15 min) could further enhance the antioxidant capacity of peanut skins.     

Association of major dietary patterns with socioeconomic and lifestyle factors of adult women living in Tehran,Iran

ObjectivesTo detect major dietary patterns and their relation with demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle factors in adult women living in Tehran, Iran.MethodsIn a cross-sectional study, 460 women 20–50 y of age were selected by a stratified random-sampling method. Factor analysis was conducted to ascertain the major dietary patterns, and analysis of covariance was fitted to assess the relation between demographic, socioeconomic, and lifestyle variables and adherence to major dietary patterns.ResultsTwo major dietary patterns were extracted: healthy and unhealthy. After adjustment for confounders, age (b = 0.31, P < 0.01), university degree (b = 0.85, P < 0.01), housing size >20 m²/head (b = 0.30, P < 0.01), total family income US >$500/mo (b = 0.25, P < 0.05), physical activity (b = 0.01, P < 0.05), and history of hypertension (b = 0.36, P < 0.05) were positively associated and duration of residence in Tehran (b = ?0.01, P < 0.05) was negatively associated with a healthy dietary pattern. Conversely, ethnicity (Turk versus Fars; b = 0.30, P < 0.01) and smoking (b = 0.64, P < 0.01) were positively associated and age (b = ?0.33, P < 0.01) was negatively associated with an unhealthy dietary pattern.ConclusionOur findings support the association between demographic, socioeconomic, lifestyle factors and dietary patterns of the studied women. Therefore, it is suggested these factors should be considered in future studies on the association between dietary patterns and disease.     

Fructo-oligosaccharides enhance the mineral absorption and counteract the adverse effects of phytic acid in mice

ObjectiveWe explored the effects of fructo-oligosaccharides (FOS) and phytic acid (PA) on the absorption of minerals and their interaction.MethodsA 3 × 2 factorial experiment was designed to evaluate the effects of FOS (in the presence or absence of PA) on the apparent absorption rate of minerals and the mineral status (plasma, hepatic, and bone) in mice. Sixty Kun-Ming mice were randomized into six groups: basal diet group; basal diet + 1% PA group (PA); basal diet + 0.8 g/kg of body weight FOS group (FOS1); FOS1 + 1% PA group (FOS1 + PA); basal diet + 2.5 g/kg of body weight group (FOS2); and FOS2 + 1% PA group (FOS2 + PA). The mice received FOS by gavage for consecutive 4 wk, and the PA was added in the diet. The mice were housed individually in the last week. The food intake was recorded and the feces were collected for calculation of the apparent absorption rate. Then the mice were sacrificed, the ceca were removed and weighed, and the cecum contents were used for the detection of pH and short-chain fatty acids. The blood, liver, and the left femur were collected for the measurement of the minerals.ResultsFOS supplementation resulted in the enlargement of the cecum and increased cecal acidification (P < 0.01). In addition, FOS effectively boosted the apparent absorption rate of calcium (FOS1, +7%; FOS2, +9%, P < 0.05), magnesium (FOS1, +26%; FOS2, +19%, P < 0.05), and iron (FOS1, +17%; FOS2, +22%, P < 0.05), and restored the PA-impaired magnesium and iron apparent absorption rates (P < 0.01). In addition, FOS significantly increased hepatic zinc levels (P < 0.01) and femoral magnesium levels (P < 0.01).ConclusionThese data indicate that FOS effectively enhances the mineral apparent absorption rate and counteracts the deleterious effects of PA.     

Nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. (dabai) fruits

The present study sought to determine the nutritional composition and antioxidant properties of Canarium odontophyllum Miq. (dabai) fruits from different districts in Malaysia, namely Kanowit, Sarikei, Kapit and Song in Sarawak. Two varieties of the fruits were investigated. Lipid (21.16 ± 4.71 to 25.76 ± 3.03 g/100 g FW) was the major macronutrient in dabai fruits, while the predominant minerals were calcium, sodium and potassium. The fruit protein was rich in aspartic and glutamic acids which accounted for 45–49% of total amino acids. Purple dabai fruits from Kapit were found to contain the highest total phenolic levels, flavonoids and anthocyanin contents (p < 0.01) and to exhibit the most significant antioxidant activities (p < 0.01), using trolox equivalent antioxidant capacity (TEAC) and ferric reducing ability (FRAP) assays. Antioxidant activities were highly correlated with total phenolic and flavonoid contents of dabai fruits.     

Preliminary study of the chemical composition of rice milling fractions stabilized by microwave heating

The present paper presents a preliminary study of the chemical composition of local stabilized rice bran. The four rice-bran milling fractions, after stabilization by microwave heating on site at the rice mill, were analyzed for their chemical composition. The content of all fractions tested (in g/100 g) consisted of 8.7–18.9 fat, 8.8–15.2 protein, 8.5–12.6 moisture, 4.2–7.7 ash, 22.2–44.8 total carbohydrates (by difference) and 18.3–30.5 total dietary fibre. It is encouraging to note that total phenolic compounds of all fractions were detected at 257–488 mg ferulic acid equivalent per 100 kg, while carotenoid contents were found to be in the range of 58.7–216 μg/100 g. The amino acid composition varied within wide limits with proline, histidine and threonine as the amino acids. Higher concentrations of amino acids found (in decreasing order) were arginine, glutamic acid, aspartic acid and serine. Phosphorus and potassium were among the major mineral constituents of rice bran, with values up to 1633 mg/100 g. The first rice bran fraction was found to be highest in energy, fat and minerals and could be a very good source of dietary fiber and other nutrients.     

Evaluation of antioxidant activities of phenolic compounds from two extra virgin olive oils

The aim of this work was to investigate the antioxidant properties of two varieties of olive oil (Chétoui and Chemlali), and to study the protective effect of phenolic extract (PE) from these varieties against low density lipoprotein (LDL) oxidation in vitro. Antioxidant activities were examined as well, using different radical scavenging assays: radical scavenging activity by DPPH, and total antioxidant status by ABTS. The antioxidant effect of the oils on human LDL was evaluated by measuring levels of conjugated dienes and polyunsaturated fatty acids. Chemlali oil was less rich in total phenols (158 mg/kg) than Chétoui oil (395 mg/kg) (p < 0.05). The highest antioxidant activity was attributed to Chétoui oil (78.56% vs. 37.23% of DPPH and 2.42 vs. 0.61 mmol Trolox/kg; p < 0.05). Chétoui PE had a significantly greater inhibitory effect on LDL oxidation than Chemlali PE (lag time = 116 ± 6.05 min vs. 64 ± 11.31 min at 0.3 mg/l of PE respectively; p < 0.05). The differences in quantity and quality of the studied oils influenced their biological activities and they could provide beneficial effects in cardiovascular disease by inhibiting LDL oxidation.     

The construct validity of the Restraint Scale among mainland Chinese women

This study aimed to test the construct validity of the newly developed Chinese version of the Revised Restraint Scale (RRS) in two separate female samples from Chinese universities (n₁ = 171; n₂ = 158). The RRS is the most widely used measure of restricted eating for the purpose of achieving or maintaining a desired weight. Results showed that the 10-item Chinese RRS comprised of two subscales of concern dieting (CD) and weight fluctuation (WF), which together accounted for 53.01% of the total variance. Confirmative factor analysis supported this two-factor model as an acceptable model (χ²/df = 1.545, p < 0.001; RMSEA = 0.059, GFI = 0.938, and CFI = 0.935). Cronbach's alpha coefficients were 0.77 for RRS, 0.71 for CD and 0.66 for WF. Significant correlations were shown between RRS and its subscales (r_RRS-CD = 0.894, p < 0.01; r_RRS-WF = 0.850, p < 0.01; r_CD-WF = 0.523, p < 0.01). Moreover, RS significantly correlated with the Three-Factor Eating Questionnaire-R (TFEQ-R), the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire-R (DEBQ-R), the Fatness Concern (FC) and the body measure index (BMI) (r = 0.548, p < 0.01; r = 0.631, p < 0.01; r = 0.620, p < 0.01; r = 0.351, p < 0.01, respectively). In sum, the RS has stable factor structure, acceptable internal consistency and satisfactory convergent reliability among female Chinese college students. The adapted scale may serve as a useful tool for identifying restrained and unrestrained eaters among Chinese women and may be particularly useful in assessing eating restraint before and after prevention and intervention programs.     

Associations between physical activity and self-rated wellbeing in European adults: A population-based,cross-sectional study

Although self-rated wellbeing is an indicator of health status, it has been receiving little attention; its relationship with physical activity among adults remains inconclusive. The purpose of this study was to analyse the relationship between physical activity and several dimensions of self-rated wellbeing in European adults. This cross-sectional study was based on data from the European Social Survey round 6, 2012, comprising 40,600 European adults (18,418 men, 22,186 women) from 27 countries, with mean age 42.1 ± 13.3. Meeting physical activity guidelines was assessed using World Health Organization criteria. Six dimensions of the self-rated wellbeing were assessed (evaluative wellbeing, emotional wellbeing, functioning, vitality, community wellbeing, supportive wellbeing). Men and women who attained physical activity recommended levels had better evaluative wellbeing (men, p = 0.009; women, p < 0.001), emotional wellbeing (men, p < 0.001; women, p < 0.001), functioning (men, p < 0.001; women, p < 0.001), vitality (men, p < 0.001; women, p < 0.001), supportive relationships (men, p < 0.001; women, p < 0.001), and wellbeing total score (men, p < 0.001; women, p < 0.001). Physical activity frequency was linearly associated with self-rated wellbeing in the 6 dimensions as well as the wellbeing total score (p < 0.001). Attaining recommended physical activity levels is related to better self-rated wellbeing, and more frequent physical activity is linearly associated with better self-rated wellbeing in its 6 dimensions.     

Effects of soaking conditions on the antioxidant potentials of oolong tea

The antioxidant properties of water extracts of oolong tea (Commercial name: Fenghuangdancong) prepared using different soaking temperatures and times were investigated. The yield of powdered extract ranged from 6.7% at 80 °C for 3 min soaking to 22.7% at 100 °C for 10-min soaking. Oolong tea extracts reduced peroxidation of peanut oil and delayed the time of POV20 (peroxide value). Among these soaking treatments, soaking for 10 min in 100 °C water produced extracts with the greatest ability to inhibit the peroxidation of peanut oil. As well, the SC50 (scavenging-percentage) of the α, α-diphenyl-β-picrylhydrazyl radical (DPPH radical) was 0.119 mL of oolong tea extract using 3-min soaking at 100 °C, which is closed to the SC50 of 0.109 mL (2 mg/mL) for vitamin C. The DPPH radical scavenging activity of oolong tea extracts increased with increasing temperature of the soaking water indicating greater extraction of antioxidant compounds. In addition, inhibition of oxidation of peanut oil and DPPH radical scavenging activity by water extract of oolong tea was associated with polyphenol concentrations. Sensory assessment, found that the water extract of oolong tea using 3-min soaking at 95 °C had the strongest aroma and sweetness attributes.     

Blood lead concentration and related factors in Korea from the 2008 National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in the Human Body

This study evaluated blood lead concentrations in the Korean general population and the correlation between various exposure sources using data from the 2008 Korea National Survey for Environmental Pollutants in the Human Body (National Institute of Environmental Research, Korea). The general and occupational characteristics were gathered from 5136 participants who were 20 years of age and older using a structured questionnaire. Blood lead concentrations were analyzed using an atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Statistical analysis was performed using multiple linear regressions of the log lead concentrations to the independent variables such as age, gender, smoke, herbal medication and drug consumption, drinking water, and living area. Geometric mean (GM) blood lead concentrations in Korean adults were 19.7 μg/l. The blood lead concentrations increased with age; the highest concentrations were found in the 50–69-year age group (p < 0.001). Males were higher than in females (p < 0.001). Current smokers and drinkers had higher concentrations than nonsmokers (p < 0.001) and nondrinkers (p < 0.001), respectively. People who took herbal medication and drug consumption were higher than those who did not (p < 0.001). Education level was negatively associated with blood lead concentration (p < 0.001). People living in or around industrial areas had elevated blood lead concentration (p < 0.001). Family income was also negatively associated with lead concentration, but not significantly. For drinking water, the underground water (spring or well water) drinking group had higher concentrations than other types of water drinking groups, but not significantly (p = 0.063). The blood lead concentrations by occupation were significant (p < 0.034): the highest was in laborer and Agricultural–Fishery–Forestry and the lowest in office workers. In women, blood lead concentrations tended to decrease with increasing delivery times, but not significantly. The blood lead concentration (GM) of the general adult population in Korea has decreased over time from 45.8 μg/l (1999) to 19.7 μg/l (2008). Although it is still higher than in other countries such as the United States and Canada, it is rapidly decreasing. Gender, age, smoking and alcohol drinking status, herbal medication and drug consumption, education level, living area and occupation were significantly related to the blood lead concentrations in Korea.     

Daily movement patterns and predicted 10-yr risk for a first atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) event using the pooled cohort risk equations among US adults

ObjectiveExamine the association between movement patterns and predicted risk of a first atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD) event.MethodsData from the 2003–2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) were used (40–79 yrs; N = 2421). Participants wore an ActiGraph 7164 accelerometer to create four movement pattern groups; Group 1: ≥ 150 min/wk of moderate-to-vigorous physical activity (MVPA) and light-intensity physical activity (LIPA) ≥ sedentary behavior (SB); Group 2: ≥ 150 min/wk of MVPA and LIPA < SB; Group 3: < 150 min/wk of MVPA and LIPA ≥ SED; and Group 4: < 150 min/wk of MVPA and LIPA < SB. 10-yr risk for a first ASCVD event was estimated using the pooled cohort equations.ResultsAfter adjusting for age, gender, race–ethnicity and obesity, Group 2 (β = − 0.28; p = 0.44) was not significantly different than Group 1, but Groups 3 (β = 1.09; p = 0.01) and 4 (β = 1.44; p < 0.001) had a higher pooled risk score.ConclusionsThose in the least desirable movement pattern (Group 4) had the highest pooled risk score. Given the similar risk scores for Groups 1 and 2, future research is needed to determine if sufficient MVPA can counteract the potential consequences associated with an imbalanced LIPA:SB ratio (i.e., LIPA < SB).