浅谈理想心血管健康行为和因素与心血管疾病

目前,心血管疾病已成为世界性的公共健康问题,美国心脏协会(AHA)在2010年首次提出“理想心血管健康行为和因素”的概念,包括七个健康行为(身体活动,吸烟,膳食摄入量,和体质指数)及因子(总胆固醇、血压和空腹血糖)。其对于心脑血管疾病的发生发展有着重要意义,因此成为国内外研究的热点。在人群中倡导理想心血管健康行为已成为一种必要的趋势,本文对目前国内外相关研究进展做一综述。     

理想心血管健康行为和因素对新发缺血性脑卒中的影响

目的探讨理想心血管健康行为和因素对新发缺血性脑卒中的影响。方法采用前瞻性队列研究方法,以参加2006-07-2007-10开滦集团健康查体的职工为研究对象,排除既往患脑梗死、心肌梗死及与该研究有关的数据和资料不全者,最终91698名职工进入观察队列,观察随访该队列发生新发缺血性脑卒中的情况;依据美国心脏协会定义的理想心血管健康行为和因素,用K-M法计算不同理想心血管健康行为和因素组的缺血性脑卒中累积发病率,并经Log-rank检验;采用Cox比例风险模型分缺血性脑卒中的影响因素。结果具备5～7项理想心血管健康行为和因素的个体只占研究人群的9.1%,其中具备所有7项的只有93例,占研究人群的0.1%,不足4项者占69.4%。具有0～1、2、3、4、5～7项理想心血管健康行为和因素的人群缺血性脑卒中的累积发病率逐渐降低(P<0.01);Cox比例风险模型表明,校正性别、年龄、收入水平、受教育水平后,具备1～6项理想心血管健康行为和因素的人群发生缺血性脑卒中的风险为无健康行为和因素人群的0.99、0.71、0.51、0.35、0.24、0.28倍。结论理想心血管健康行为和因素对脑血管具有保护作用,随着理想心血管健康行为和因素的个数增多,缺血性脑卒中的累积发病率呈下降趋势。     

理想心血管健康行为与因素与新发心力衰竭的关系

目的:探讨理想心血管健康行为与因素与新发心力衰竭（心衰）的关系。方法:该研究为前瞻性队列研究。入选2006至2007年参加开滦集团公司职工健康体检且心血管健康行为与因素资料完整者作为观察对象,排除患有瓣膜性心脏病、先天性心脏病以及有心衰病史者。依据心血管健康评分（CHS）将入选人群分为CHS<8分组、8分≤CHS<10...     

新疆地区城市人口理想心血管健康行为和因素分析

[目的]探讨新疆地区城市人口理想心血管健康(ICVH)行为和因素的流行现状。[方法] 2019年7月—2021年9月采用两阶段随机抽样的方法随机选取北疆地区乌鲁木齐市、南疆地区库尔勒市两个固定社区30～74岁的居民,进行问卷调查、生理生化指标检测,排除既往脑卒中和(或)冠心病患者后,分析ICVH指标的流行现状。[结果](1)共10 520例,参与者平均年龄为46.58岁,男性5 367例,女性5 153例,全部参与者中理想空腹血糖占比78.4%(95%CI:77.6%～79.2%),理想吸烟状态占比76.5%(95%CI:75.7%～77.3%),理想总胆固醇占比65.2%(95%CI:64.3%～66.1%)。参与者达到理想体力活动水平占比仅有20.9%(95%CI:20.1%～21.7%),理想BMI水平占比31.4%(95%CI:30.5%～32.3%),理想血压水平占比39.1%(95%CI:38.2%～40.0%),理想膳食水平占比43.0%(95%CI:42.0%～43.9%)。(2)仅有1.5%(95%CI:1.3%～1.7%)的参与者拥有7项ICVH指标。(3)青年组仅...     

理想心血管健康行为与因素变化对健康老龄血管的影响

目的探讨理想心血管健康行为与因素变化对健康老龄血管(HVA)的影响。方法该研究为多中心横断面调查,入选人群为在开滦总医院、开滦林西医院、开滦赵各庄医院等11家医院进行健康体检的开滦集团在职及离退休职工。以2006—2015年至少参加2次健康体检,且心血管健康行为与因素资料完整,并于2010—2016年底接受过臂踝脉搏波传导速度(baPWV)检测者6316人为研究对象。计算入选者的心血管健康评分(CHS),其中基线CHS取自首次体检资料,第2次CHS取自与baPWV检测在同一年度的体检资料,计算2次CHS的差值(ΔCHS)。按ΔCHS将入选者分为5组,即ΔCHS≤-2组(n=2166)、ΔCHS=-1组(n=1284)、ΔCHS=0组(n=1187)、ΔCHS=1组(n=860)和ΔCHS≥2组(n=819)。比较各组人群的一般资料、baPWV及HVA检出率,并采用多因素logistic逐步回归分析ΔCHS与HVA的关系,然后分别移除1个健康行为或因素后重新计算ΔCHS,并再次纳入多因素logistic逐步回归模型,探讨移除因素对HVA的影响。结果ΔCHS≤-2、ΔCHS=-1、ΔCHS=0、ΔCHS=1和ΔCHS≥2组人群的HVA检出率分别为23.3%(505/2166)、27.8%(357/1284)、28.7%(341/1187)、31.9%(274/860)、33.9%(278/819)。校正了年龄、性别、收入、饮酒、教育、基线CHS后,多因素logistic回归分析结果显示ΔCHS与HVA呈正相关(OR=1.50,95%CI 1.44~1.56)。在总的理想心血管健康行为与因素中,分别移除1个行为或因素后,多因素logistic回归分析结果显示,OR值下降幅度从大到小的行为或因素依次为收缩压(OR=1.04,95%CI 1.00~1.09)、空腹血糖(OR=1.14,95%CI 1.09~1.18)、体育锻炼(OR=1.16,95%CI 1.11~1.21)、食盐量(OR=1.17,95%CI 1.12~1.22)、体重指数(OR=1.18,95%CI 1.13~1.23)、吸烟(OR=1.18,95%CI 1.13~1.23)和总胆固醇(OR=1.20,95%CI 1.16~1.24)。结论改善理想心血管健康行为与因素有助于增加HVA人群的比例。     

糖尿病患者效能水平与理想心血管健康行为和健康因素的相关性

目的分析糖尿病患者效能水平与心血管健康行为和健康因素的相关性。方法对河北联合大学附属医院和附属人民医院确诊为糖尿病患者3 240例采用一般自我效能感量表(GSES)进行效能水平评测,随访1年期间心脑血管事件。结果理想心血管健康行为〔吸烟、体质指数(BMI)、饮食、锻炼〕和因素(血压、血糖、血脂)组合项目分布情况在效能水平高、中和低3组中差异均有统计学意义;三组患者1年内累积心脑血管事件发生率分别为1.32%、2.69%和3.86%。结论效能水平与糖尿病人群心血管健康行为和健康因素相关,高效能水平可增加理想心血管健康行为和健康因素,能预防糖尿病病人心脑血管事件的发生。     

理想心血管行为因素对新发颈动脉内中膜增厚的影响

目的 探讨理想心血管行为因素对新发颈动脉内中膜厚度(CIMT)增厚的影响.方法 参加开滦2016年度健康体检人群填写全部7项心血管健康行为因素后行心血管健康评分(CHS),并于2016年度及2019年度分别进行颈动脉超声检查,选取其中2016年度CIMT正常及2019年度(较2016年度)CIMT增厚者数据,根据201...     

开滦研究人群理想心血管健康行为和因素分布调查

目的 调查理想心血管健康行为和因素的分布情况.方法选择2008-2009年度开滦集团公司健康体检职工为研究对象,采用横断面研究的方法,分析研究人群中理想心血管健康行为和因素的分布及影响因素.结果(1)研究人群的一般情况:男性的体质指数、收缩压、舒张压、血总胆固醇、甘油三酯、低密度脂蛋白胆固醇高于女性,高密度脂蛋白胆固醇低于女性,两性间比较差异有统计学意义(P＜0.05);大学及以上学历和家庭人均月收入≥1000元者在女性人群中所占的比例高于男性人群中相应的比例,两性间比较差异亦有统计学意义(P＜0.05).(2)心血管健康行为和因素的分布情况:在可改变的心血管健康行为(吸烟、体质指数、体育锻炼、盐摄入量)中处于理想状态的分别只占55.8％、41.4％、18.9％、14.0％;在可定量评估的心血管健康因素(空腹血糖、总胆固醇、血压)中处于理想状态的分别占80.9％、61.8％和18.5％.其中体育锻炼、低盐饮食、血压处于理想状态的比例较少,均不足20％.(3)理想心血管健康行为和因素组合分布情况:研究人群中,只有0.1％、1.9％、9.1％、20.3％的个体分别具有7项、6项、5项、4项理想心血管健康行为和因素,合计仅占31.4％.(4)影响心血管健康行为和因素的logistic回归分析显示:女性、年龄＜55岁、大学及以上学历、家庭人均月收入＞ 1000元者具备理想心血管健康的RR值(95％可信区间)分别为4.52(4.32～4.72),1.46(1.39～1.53),2.23(2.10～2.37),1.00(0.91～1.09).结论(1)研究人群具有理想心血管的健康行为和因素的人数量较少,多数处于非理想心血管健康状态.(2)女性、年龄＜55岁、大学及以上学历者是理想心血管健康的保护性因素.     

早发冠心病患者危险因素与冠状动脉病变的关系

目的探讨早发冠心病患者吸烟与冠状动脉病变的关系及其意义。方法选取经冠状动脉造影确诊的PCAD患者270例,其中男性158例、女性112例,采集患者吸烟史（吸烟年数、每日吸烟支数）、血脂水平（HDL—C、LDL—C、TG、TC）,记录患者冠状动脉造影结果。同时进行相关性分析。结果吸烟指数与冠状动脉慢血流之间存在正相关（r=0．156,P〈0．05）;HDL—C与吸烟指数及Gensini积分均呈负相关（r=-0．136、-0．156,均P〈0．01）;吸烟指数与Gensini积分之间无线性相关关系（r=0．084,P〉0．05）。结论早发冠心病患者吸烟与HDL—C水平下降和冠状动脉慢血流现象相关。     

心血管健康行为和因素对右锁骨下动脉斑块检出率的影响

目的 探讨心血管健康行为和因素对右锁骨下动脉斑块检出率的影响。方法 采用随机分层法抽取唐山开滦（集团）有限责任公司在职及离退休职工中年龄≥40岁、既往无脑卒中、短暂性脑缺血发作、心肌梗死者共5852人为调查对象，进行统一问卷调查、血液生物化学指标检测及右锁骨下动脉超声检查。采用Logistic回归分析理想心血管健康行为和因素对右锁骨下动脉斑块的影响。结果 （1）研究人群中具备＜2项、2项、3项、4项、5项及＞5项理想心血管健康行为和因素者右锁骨下动脉斑块的检出率分别为41.8%、35.8%、33.4%、31.4%、29.7%和25.2%。（2）与＜2项理想心血管健康行为和因素的人群相比，具有2项、3项、4项、5项及＞5项理想心血管健康行为和因素的人群右锁骨下动脉斑块的检出风险（OR）分别为0.78、0.70、0.64、0.59、0.47。结论 理想心血管健康行为和因素的项数越多，右锁骨下动脉斑块的检出率越低。理想心血管健康行为和因素能预防右锁骨下动脉斑块的发生。     

开滦集团职工中老年人群心血管健康行为和因素对颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的影响

目的探讨中老年人群心血管健康行为和因素对颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的影响。方法采用横断面研究方法,随机分层抽取唐山开滦(集团)有限责任公司在职及离退休职工中年龄≥40岁,排除既往心肌梗死、缺血性脑卒中(不包括腔隙性脑梗死)及相关研究资料缺失者,最终纳入统计分析的共5353例,进行统一问卷调查、血液生物化学指标检测及颈动脉超声检测,采用多元线性回归分析心血管健康评分对颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的影响,采用多因素Logistic回归分析心血管健康行为和因素对颈动脉硬化的影响。结果本研究人群共5353例,年龄40~94(55.1±11.8)岁,其中男性3209例,占59.9%。1具备≤1项、2项、3项、4项、5项以及≥6项理想心血管健康行为和因素的研究人群颈动脉内膜中膜厚度分别为0.89±0.19 mm、0.88±0.19 mm、0.85±0.19 mm、0.82±0.18 mm、0.80±0.18 mm、0.76±0.15 mm,各组颈动脉硬化检出率分别为32.6%、31.4%、24.7%、20.3%、15.9%、9.5%。2影响颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的多元线性回归模型校正年龄、性别、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白等因素后,心血管健康评分与颈动脉内膜中膜厚度呈线性负相关(B=-0.012,95%CI:-0.014~-0.011,P0.001);影响颈动脉硬化的多因素Logistic回归模型校正年龄、性别、甘油三酯、高密度脂蛋白、低密度脂蛋白等因素后,与具有≤1项理想心血管健康行为和因素的研究人群比较,具有3项、4项、5项以及≥6项理想心血管健康行为和因素的研究人群发生颈动脉硬化的风险值(OR)分别为0.62、0.40、0.31、0.18。结论中老年人群理想心血管健康行为和因素是颈动脉内膜中膜厚度的保护性因素,随着理想心血管健康行为和因素项数及其评分的增加,颈动脉内膜中膜厚度和颈动脉硬化检出率均降低。     

早发冠心病的危险因素及其冠状动脉病变特点

目的 探讨早发冠心病惠者的冠状动脉病变特点及其相关危险因素.方法 294例经冠状动脉造影确诊的冠心病患者,根据年龄分为早发冠心痛组(男性<55岁,女性<65岁)169例和老年冠心病组125例.对两组患者的相关临床资料进行回顾性统计分析,比较二者的冠状动脉病变特点、血脂水平、高血压病史、糖尿病痛史、冠心病家族史、吸烟史、饮酒史等,评价其是否存在差异性.结果 早发冠心痛组吸烟、冠心病阳性家族史、血甘油三酯水平高于老年冠心病组(P<0.05),而高血压、糖尿病略低于老年冠心痛组(P>0.05).早发冠心病组患者常以急性冠状动脉综合征起病(66.3%比45.6%),冠状动脉病变多为单支病变(44.4%比22.4%),老年冠心病组以多支病变为主.结论 吸烟、冠心病阳性家族史、血甘油三酯水平升高在早发冠心病的发生发展中起重要作用,早发冠心痛以单支冠状动脉病变为主.     

Ideal Cardiovascular Health in adolescents: Findings from Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents

Background and aimWe assessed the Ideal Cardiovascular Health (CVH) in Brazilian adolescents according to demographics and socioeconomic characteristics.Methods and resultsThis is a cross-sectional study with data from the Study of Cardiovascular Risks in Adolescents (ERICA), with a nationwide representative sample of 36,956 Brazilian adolescents, aged 12–17 years, enrolled in public and private schools. The CVH metrics considered were body mass index (BMI), physical activity, smoking, healthy diet score, blood pressure, fasting plasma glucose, and total cholesterol. The demographics and socioeconomic characteristics analyzed were sex, age, race/skin color, and type of school attended. The study design was considered, and the significant difference determined by the non-overlapping of 95% Confidence Interval. The mean ideal CVH score was 4.0, higher for females, adolescents aged 15–17 years, and students from private schools. The prevalence of ideal fasting plasma glucose was 96%, of non-smoking 95.6%, of ideal blood pressure 75.5%, of ideal BMI 73.2%, of ideal total cholesterol 55.4%, of ideal physical activity 45.2%, and only 0.5% had an ideal diet. The prevalence of ideal CVH metrics varied according to demographics and socioeconomic characteristics.ConclusionFemales, older adolescents, and students who attended private school had a better CVH. Demographics and socioeconomic characteristics were associated with CVH metrics. The low ideal proportions found for diet and physical activity are of concern and reinforce the need for food and nutritional educational actions designed to promote healthy behaviors in adolescence to prevent the development of cardiovascular diseases.     

早发冠心病患者的临床特征及发病危险因素分析

【摘要】 目的 探究早发冠心病的临床特征及发病危险因素。方法 采用1:1配对的病例对照研究模式,连续入选解放军总医院第一医学中心心血管内科2020年12月至2021年8月收治的120例早发冠心病患者作为观察组,120例中老年冠心病患者作为本次研究的对照组。采集两组患者的临床基本资料、化验检查结果、冠脉造影、临床结局等信息,使用SPSS 26.0统计软件进行数据分析。结果 两组患者合并高血压、糖尿病或高脂血症等基础疾病不具有显著统计学差异(P＞0.05)。观察组患者BMI、肥胖、具有一级亲属冠心病家族史、吸烟及熬夜情况显著多于对照组,而同时合并2种以上代谢紊乱性疾病者显著低于对照组,具有统计学差异 (P＜0.05)。观察组急性心肌梗死患者的ALT、AST、cTnT、CK、CK-MB及NT-pro-BNP均显著高于对照组,具有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。同时,观察组的左主干病变、三支血管病变、血管钙化病变及支架置入数均显著少于对照组,具有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。通过多因素条件Logistic回归模型,筛选出熬夜是观察组发病的危险因素(P＜0.05)。两组患者中左心室射血分数下降至50%以下的患者数无明显统计学差异 (P＞0.05)。而观察组的左心室射血分数下降至35%以下的患者数、IABP置入数及死亡率均明显低于对照组,具有统计学差异(P＜0.05)。结论 除传统心血管危险因素外,早发冠心病与肥胖、不良生活习惯及冠心病家族史密切相关。     

中老年人群理想心血管健康评分变化和踝臂指数的关系

目的探讨中老年人群理想心血管健康评分变化(△ICHS)与踝臂指数(ABI)的关系。方法在101510名参加2006-2007年开滦集团职工体检者中,随机分层抽取5852人作为研究对象,其中符合入选标准者5440例。每2年1次体检,并于2010-2011年再次体检时增加ABI。去除数据缺失者,最终纳入统计分析的研究对象为4524例。按照美国心脏协会提出的7项心血管健康指标,将人群进行理想心血管健康评分(ICHS)。根据2006-2007、2010-2011年2次体检的△ICHS,采用线性回归和Logistic回归分析△ICHS与ABI的关系。结果随着△ICHS由低向高转变,△收缩压、△舒张压、△体质指数、△总胆固醇及△空腹血糖均呈逐渐下降趋势(P0.05),理想食盐习惯和体育锻炼人群比例明显改善,分别升高了9.3%和17.2%,理想吸烟人群比例下降约4.6%。总人群的收缩压、舒张压、体质指数、总胆固醇及空腹血糖均较基线时略有升高。ABI随△ICHS升高呈逐渐升高趋势(P0.05)。线性回归结果显示:△ICHS与ABI呈正相关,在校正多种混杂因素之后,△ICHS每增加1分,ABI升高0.004(B值:0.004,P=0.004)。Logistic回归分析也显示:在校正多种混杂因素之后,与ICHS降低组相比较,ICHS不变组和ICHS升高组的ABI异常呈下降趋势,△ICHS每增加1分,ABI异常风险降低约21%(OR:0.79,95%CI:0.68~0.91)。结论△ICHS与ABI呈正相关。△ICHS是中老年人群动脉硬化的独立预测因素。     

Health Insurance and Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors

Background

Compared with those with health insurance, the uninsured receive less care for chronic conditions, such as hypertension and diabetes, and experience higher mortality.

Methods

We investigated the relations of health insurance status to the prevalence, treatment, and control of major cardiovascular disease risk factors—hypertension and elevated low-density lipoprotein (LDL) cholesterol—among Framingham Heart Study (FHS) participants in gender-specific, age-adjusted analyses. Participants who attended the seventh Offspring cohort examination cycle (1998-2001) or the first Third Generation cohort examination cycle (2002-2005) were studied.

Results

Among 6098 participants, 3.8% were uninsured at the time of the FHS clinic examination and ages ranged from 19 to 64 years. The prevalence of hypertension and elevated LDL cholesterol was similar for the insured and uninsured; however, the proportion of those who obtained treatment and achieved control of these risk factors was lower among the uninsured. Uninsured men and women were less likely to be treated for hypertension with odds ratios for treatment of 0.19 (95% confidence interval [CI], 0.07-0.56) for men and 0.31 (95% CI, 0.12-0.79) for women. Among men, the uninsured were less likely to receive treatment or achieve control of elevated LDL cholesterol than the insured, with odds ratios of 0.12 (95% CI, 0.04-0.38) for treatment and 0.17 (95% CI, 0.05-0.56) for control.

Conclusion

The treatment and control of hypertension and hypercholesterolemia are lower among uninsured adults. Increasing the proportion of insured individuals may be a means to improve the treatment and control of cardiovascular disease risk factors and to reduce health disparities.     

Premature Atherosclerotic Cardiovascular Disease Risk Among Patients with Inflammatory Bowel Disease

BackgroundRecent literature has shown an association between atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease and inflammatory bowel disease, potentially mediated through chronic inflammatory pathways. However, there is a paucity of data demonstrating this relationship among young patients with premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease.MethodsUsing data from the nationwide Veterans wIth premaTure AtheroscLerosis (VITAL) registry, we assessed the association between extremely premature and premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (age at diagnosis: ≤40 years and ≤55 years, respectively) and inflammatory bowel disease. Patients were compared with age-matched controls without atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease. Multivariable regression models adjusted for traditional risk factors.ResultsWe identified 147,600 patients and 9485 patients with premature and extremely premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, respectively. Compared with controls, there was a higher prevalence of overall inflammatory bowel disease among premature (0.96% vs 0.84%; odds ratio [OR] 1.14; 95% confidence interval [CI], 1.08-1.21) and extremely premature (1.36% vs 0.75%; OR 1.82; 95% CI, 1.52-2.17) patients. After adjustment, these associations attenuated in both premature and extremely premature groups (OR 1.07; 95% CI, 1.00-1.14 and OR 1.61; 95% CI, 1.34-1.94, respectively).ConclusionInflammatory bowel disease is associated with higher odds of extremely premature atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease, especially for those age ≤40 years. With increasing age, this risk is attenuated by traditional cardiometabolic factors such as obesity, hypertension, diabetes, smoking, and dyslipidemia. Prospective studies are needed to assess the role of early intervention to decrease cardiovascular risk among young patients with inflammatory bowel disease.     

Association between Ideal Cardiovascular Health and aortic stiffness in Italian adolescents. The MACISTE study

Background and aimsIdeal Cardiovascular Health (ICH), defined as optimal levels of cardiovascular (CV) health factors and behaviors, has been reported to be very low in adults and children, with consequent several negative health outcomes and higher CV risk. The present study investigated the burden of ICH among Italian adolescents and its association with carotid-femoral pulse wave velocity (cf-PWV).Methods and results387 healthy adolescents (mean age 17.1 ± 1.4 years) attending the “G. Donatelli” High School in Terni, Italy, were evaluated. ICH was assessed through clinical evaluation, laboratory measures and interviewer-administered questionnaires. Cf-PWV was measured by arterial tonometry (SphygmoCor). For each ICH metric, a score of 2 was assigned for ideal levels, 1 for intermediate, and 0 for poor.All subjects showed at least one ICH metric, whereas none showed all ICH 7 metrics. The average number of ICH metrics was 4.3 ± 1.1. The highest rates were observed for fasting blood glucose (98%), whereas an ideal healthy diet was achieved only by 8% of subjects. The Cf-PWV was inversely and linearly associated with the sum of ICH metrics (p = 0.03) and the ICH score (p < 0.01). At the multivariate analysis, the association between ICH score and cf-PWV remained significant after adjustment for age, sex, heart rate, mean arterial pressure and other confounders (p = 0.04).ConclusionICH is relatively uncommon among Italian adolescents and inversely related to cf-PWV. Our results showed a detrimental association between CV unhealthy factors and behaviors with increased aortic stiffness, which starts developing at an early stage of the lifespan.     

Health Promotion and Cardiovascular Disease Prevention in Sub-Saharan Africa

Recent population studies demonstrate an increasing burden of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and related risk factors in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). The mitigation or reversal of this trend calls for effective health promotion and preventive interventions. In this article, we review the core principles, challenges, and progress in promoting cardiovascular health with special emphasis on interventions to address physical inactivity, poor diet, tobacco use, and adverse cardiometabolic risk factor trends in SSA. We focus on the five essential strategies of the Ottawa Charter for Health Promotion. Successes highlighted include community-based interventions in Ghana, Nigeria, South Africa, and Mauritius and school-based programs in Kenya, Namibia, and Swaziland. We address the major challenge of developing integrated interventions, and showcase partnerships opportunities. We conclude by calling for intersectoral partnerships for effective and sustainable intervention strategies to advance cardiovascular health promotion and close the implementation gap in accordance with the 2009 Nairobi Call to Action on Health Promotion.