牛蒡子苷元抑制HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB信号通路对肺炎链球菌脑膜炎大鼠神经元凋亡的影响北大核心CSCD

目的探讨牛蒡子苷元(ATG)抑制HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB信号通路对肺炎链球菌脑膜炎大鼠神经元凋亡的影响。方法通过脑内注射Ⅲ型肺炎链球菌建立脑膜炎大鼠模型,并随机分为模型组、ATG低(ATG-L)、中(ATG-M)、高(ATG-H)剂量组以及ATG-H+重组高迁移率组蛋白B1(rHMGB1)组,另取正常大鼠为对照组,10只/组。治疗结束后,对各组大鼠进行神经系统评分;分离大鼠脑组织,检测其病理变化、含水量、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平以及神经元细胞凋亡,同时检测HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB信号通路蛋白表达水平。结果与对照组比较,模型组大鼠神经系统评分显著下降(P<0.05),脑组织含水量、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、HMGB1、TLR4、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65水平及TUNEL荧光染色阳性细胞数量均显著增加(均P<0.05);ATG-L组、ATG-M组、ATG-H组小鼠神经系统评分均较模型组显著增加(均P<0.05),脑组织含水量、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平、TUNEL荧光染色阳性细胞数量、HMGB1、TLR4、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65均较对照组显著下降(均P<0.05);ATG-H+rHMGB1组较ATG-H组神经系统评分显著下降(P<0.05),脑组织含水量、IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α、HMGB1、TLR4、p-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65水平及TUNEL荧光染色阳性细胞数量均显著增加(均P<0.05)。结论ATG可抑制肺炎链球菌脑膜炎大鼠神经元凋亡,减轻炎症反应,其机制可能与抑制HMGB1/TLR4/NF-κB信号通路有关。     

右美托咪定联合Tol样受体4抑制剂对缺氧复氧心肌细胞凋亡和炎症反应的影响及其机制

目的探讨右美托咪定(DEX)联合Toll样受体4(TLR4)抑制剂TAK-242对缺氧复氧(H/R)心肌细胞凋亡和炎症反应的影响及其机制。方法心肌细胞H9C2分为对照(Con)组、H/R组(H/R损伤)、DEX组(1.0μmol/L DEX,再行H/R损伤)、TAK-242组(30μmol/L TAK-242,再行H/R损伤)和DEX+TAK-242组(30μmol/L TAK-242及1.0μmol/L DEX,再行H/R损伤处理)。各组细胞复氧培养6 h后,采用MTT法、流式细胞仪、试剂盒、酶联免疫吸附法检测细胞增殖、凋亡、乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)释放率、白介素1β(IL-1β)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)含量,Western blot检测B细胞淋巴瘤/白血病-2(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)、裂解的caspase-3(cleaved caspase-3)、TLR4和核因子B p65(NF-κB p65)蛋白表达。结果五组细胞凋亡率、LDH释放率、Bax、Bcl-2、cleaved caspase-3、TLR4、NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平、IL-1β、TNF-α含量比较差异均有统计学意义(F=316.938、330.004、839.933、169.750、378.365、476.535、298.527、99.219、293.498,P<0.05)。与Con组相比,H/R组细胞的凋亡率、LDH释放率、Bax、cleaved caspase-3、TLR4和NF-κB p65蛋白表达水平、细胞上清液中IL-1β和TNF-α含量均明显升高(均P<0.05),Bcl-2蛋白表达水平明显降低(均P<0.05)。与H/R组相比,DEX组、TAK-242组和DEX+TAK-242组的细胞凋亡率、LDH释放率、Bax蛋白、cleaved caspase-3、TLR4和NF-κB p65蛋白、IL-1β、TNF-α的表达水平均明显降低,Bcl-2蛋白表达水平明显升高(均P<0.05)。与DEX组、TAK-242组相比,DEX+TAK-242组的细胞凋亡率、LDH释放率、Bax、cleaved caspase-3、TLR4和NF-κB p65蛋白表达、IL-1β、TNF-α表达水平更低,Bcl-2蛋白的表达更高(均P<0.05)。结论DEX和TAK-242联合可协同抑制H/R引起的心肌细胞凋亡和炎症反应,其作用机制可能与协同抑制TLR4/NF-κB通路有关。     

藏红花素减轻皮质神经元缺氧复氧损伤与抑制TLR4/NF-κB信号通路有关

[目的]探讨藏红花素对皮质神经元缺氧复氧损伤的影响及其分子机制。[方法]分离并培养SD大鼠皮质神经元,设对照组、模型组、藏红花素(50 mg/L)组、藏红花素(50 mg/L)+脂多糖(TLR4激活剂,100μg/L)组。对照组常规培养,模型组建立缺氧4 h复氧24 h模型,藏红花素组和藏红花素+脂多糖组分别给药干预24 h后造模。通过CCK-8法、Annexin V-FITC/PI双染法检测神经元活力和凋亡率,ELISA法检测培养液中炎症因子水平,Western blot检测Toll样受体4(TLR4)、核因子κB p65(NF-κB p65)、p-NF-κB p65、NF-κB抑制蛋白α(IκBα)、p-IκBα、高迁移率族蛋白B1(HMGB1)、cleaved Caspase-3、B淋巴细胞瘤-2基因(Bcl-2)、Bcl-2相关X蛋白(Bax)表达。[结果]与对照组比较,模型组大鼠皮质神经元活力明显降低(P<0.05),凋亡率、培养液中TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-6水平、神经元TLR4、HMGB1、cleved Caspase-3表达量及p-NF-κB p65/NF-κ...     

Klotho对脂多糖所致心肌损伤的作用及机制

目的探讨Klotho对脂多糖(LPS)所致心肌损伤的影响及相关作用机制。方法以大鼠胚胎H9c2心肌细胞系为研究对象,经不同浓度Klotho预处理后,加1 g/L LPS处理6 h,检测细胞培养液中乳酸脱氢酶(LDH)含量及细胞存活率来反映心肌细胞损伤。检测细胞培养液中肿瘤坏死因子α(TNF-α)、白细胞介素β(IL-β)和白细胞介素6(IL-6)的含量来反映心肌细胞的炎症反应。检测细胞中丙二醛(MDA)的含量以及超氧化物歧化酶(SOD)、谷胱甘肽过氧化物酶(GSH-Px)的活性来反映细胞氧化应激水平。流式细胞术检测细胞凋亡情况。Western blot检测核因子κB(NF-κB)p65和p-NF-κB p65的蛋白表达水平。结果 Klotho预处理可显著抑制LPS所致的心肌细胞存活率下降,抑制LDH、TNF-α、IL-β、IL-6释放,下调MDA的含量,升高SOD、GSH-Px的活性,抑制细胞凋亡,抑制p-NF-κB p65的蛋白表达(P0.05)。结论 Klotho可抑制LPS所致的心肌细胞损伤,其作用机制可能与抑制NF-κB信号通路的活化,进而发挥抗炎、抗氧化应激,同时抑制细胞凋亡有关。     

白藜芦醇通过沉默信息调节因子1/核因子κB通路改善大鼠急性心肌梗死后炎症反应的研究

目的探讨白藜芦醇(RES)是否通过沉默信息调节因子1/核因子κB(SIRT-1/NF-κB)通路改善大鼠急性心肌梗死(AMI)后炎症反应。方法 30只成年SD大鼠随机分成3组:假手术组(Sham组)、AMI组和RES组;观察4周后,采用qRT-PCR和Western blot检测心脏梗死交界区组织白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-6及SIRT-1的mRNA含量及蛋白质表达情况。Western blot检测心脏梗死交界区组织IKK、p-IKK、p65及p-p65蛋白质表达情况。结果与Sham组相比,AMI组的IL-1β、IL-6在mRNA及蛋白水平表达显著升高(均为P<0.01),p-IKK/IKK和p-p65/p65比值明显升高(均为P<0.001),SIRT-1在mRNA及蛋白水平表达显著降低(均为P<0.001); RES组IL-1β、IL-6在mRNA及蛋白水平表达显著降低(均为P<0.01),p-IKK/IKK和p-p65/p65比值均显著减低(均为P<0.01),SIRT-1 mRNA及蛋白表达水平显著升高(均为P<0.001)。结论 RES可通过SIRT-1/NF-κB通路改善大鼠AMI后炎症反应,其作用机制可能与RES激动SIRT-1表达、抑制IKK及p-65磷酸化、阻止NF-κB信号通路的启动有关。     

SIRT6-shRNA预处理对缺氧/复氧诱导的H9C2心肌细胞损伤的影响及其机制

目的 探讨通过RNA干扰技术抑制H9C2心肌细胞内的SIRT6基因表达对缺氧/复氧(A/R)诱导的细胞损伤的影响和机制。方法 将H9C2心肌细胞随机分为正常对照组(Con组)、A/R组、阴性对照SIRT6-shRNA质粒处理组(NC组)和SIRT6-shRNA质粒处理组(shRNA组)。检测4组H9C2心肌细胞的存活率、凋亡率、Caspase-3活性及SIRT6、核因子(NF)-κBp65、I-κBα表达水平及细胞培养液中白细胞介素(IL)-6和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α水平并进行比较。结果 与Con组相比,A/R组H9C2心肌细胞存活率和细胞浆中I-κBα蛋白表达水平明显降低,凋亡率、细胞SIRT6-mRNA和蛋白、细胞核中NF-κBp65蛋白表达水平、细胞培养液中IL-6和TNF-α水平及Caspase-3活性明显升高（P<0.05）。与A/R组比较,shRNA组H9C2心肌细胞存活率、细胞SIRT6-mRNA和蛋白及细胞浆中I-κBα蛋白表达水平明显降低,细胞凋亡率、细胞核中NF-κBp65蛋白、细胞培养液中IL-6和TNF-α水平及Caspase-3活性明显升高(P<0.05)。结论 抑制H9C2心肌细胞内SIRT6基因表达能促进炎症因子的分泌,激活NF-κB信号通路,诱导细胞凋亡,加重A/R诱导的心肌细胞损伤。     

双歧杆菌分泌型粘附素对肠上皮细胞应激反应的影响

目的 观察双歧杆菌分泌型粘附素对肠上皮细胞应激反应后核因子(NF)-κB DNA结合活性、细胞胞质核因子抑制蛋白κB(IκB)、细胞胞核NF-κB p65的表达和肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α、白细胞介素(IL)-1β、IL-8等细胞因子表达的影响.方法 经培养的肠上皮Lovo细胞分为5组,分别经LPS( 100 ng/ml)、H2O2( 200 μmol/L)直接刺激3h以及经双歧杆菌分泌型粘附素(30 μg/ml)预孵30 min后再予LPS( 100 ng/ml)、H2O2刺激(200 μmol/L)刺激3h,正常对照组未作任何处理.采用凝胶电泳迁移率试验(EMSA)方法检测NF-κB DNA结合活性;Western印迹法分别检测细胞胞质IκB和细胞胞核NF-κBp65的表达;RT- PCR方法检测TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8等细胞因子mRNA的表达情况.结果LPS和H2O2刺激后,细胞表现出较高的NF-κB DNA结合活性[分别为正常对照组的(6.20±0.35)倍和(4.16±0.52)倍]和细胞胞核NF-κB p65的表达[分别为(0.64±0.05)和(0.67±0.06)],而细胞胞质IxB的表达则较弱[分别为(0.28±0.10)和(0.39±0.12)];以双歧杆菌分泌型粘附素预孵后,前二者活性明显降低,而后者的表达明显增强;LPS和H2O2处理后,TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8等细胞因子mRNA的表达水平均明显增高[LPS处理组分别为(0.92±0.10)、(0.38±0.03)、(1.44±0.25),H2O2处理组分别为(0.89±0.13)、(0.36±0.06)、(1.42±0.18)],而粘附素预孵后则可显著降低它们的表达水平.NF-κB DNA结合活性与TNF-α、IL-1β、IL-8三种细胞因子的mRNA表达水平均呈显著正相关.结论 双歧杆菌分泌型粘附素对LPS和H2O2诱导的肠上皮细胞NF-κB DNA结合活性有显著抑制作用,NF-κB的活化可能与TNF-α、IL-1β和IL-8等炎性细胞因子的表达调控有关.     

山奈酚延缓自发性肥胖2型糖尿病小鼠肾损伤研究

目的观察山奈酚(KPF)干预自发肥胖2型糖尿病小鼠(db/db鼠)早期糖尿病肾病,并探讨相关机制。方法 24只健康雄性10周龄db/db鼠随机分为四组:不同剂量KPF给药组(50、200mg/kg)、db/db对照组和二甲双胍(0.2g/kg)阳性对照组,并设db/m对照组。连续灌胃给药10周,检测小鼠血清肌酐(SCr)、白细胞介素-6(IL-6)和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α),24小时尿白蛋白排泄率(UAER);留取肾组织,作病理形态学检查、实时定量PCR检测肾组织TNF-α、IL-6的m RNA表达、Western blot检测磷酸化核因子κB p65(p-NF-κBp65)、磷酸化核因子κB抑制蛋白α(p-IκBα)、核因子κB抑制蛋白α激酶(IKKα)蛋白的表达水平。结果不同剂量KPF干预10周,都能使db/db小鼠24小时UAER、SCr、IL-6、TNF-α水平下降,肾组织IL-6、TNF-α基因表达水平明显降低(P0.01、0.05),p-NF-κBp65、IKKα和p-IκBα蛋白表达水平下降(P0.01)。结论 KPF可通过抑制核因子κB(NF-κB)介导的炎症反应,对自发2型糖尿病小鼠早期的肾脏损害起到保护作用。     

丙泊酚对脂多糖诱导的小胶质细胞肿瘤坏死因子-α表达的影响

目的探讨丙泊酚能否通过抑制核因子(NF)-κB活化下调脂多糖(LPS)诱导的小胶质细胞肿瘤坏死因子(TNF)-α的表达。方法将BV2细胞分为4组即对照组、丙泊酚组、丙泊酚+LPS组和LPS组。在干预0 h和24 h时使用MTT法检测BV2细胞活性。在干预24 h后使用RTPCR法和Western印迹法对BV2细胞TNF-αmRNA和蛋白的表达水平进行检测;并使用Western印迹法对细胞NF-κB p65磷酸化水平(phospho-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值)进行分析。结果在给予LPS干预24 h后BV2细胞活性明显降低(P均0.05);但丙泊酚+LPS组细胞活性较LPS组增加(P均0.05),同时对照组和丙泊酚组细胞活性无统计学差异(P均0.05)。与对照组相比较,在LPS干预24 h后BV2细胞TNF-αmRNA和蛋白的表达水平以及phospho-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值均明显升高(P均0.05);但LPS组较丙泊酚+LPS组TNF-α表达的升高以及phospho-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值的增加更加显著(P均0.05);同时对照组和丙泊酚组TNF-α表达水平和phospho-NF-κB p65/NF-κB p65比值无统计学差异(P均0.05)。结论丙泊酚可能通过抑制NF-κB的激活下调了BV2细胞TNF-α合成和释放。     

美托洛尔对扩张型心肌病患者外周血单个核细胞炎性细胞因子表达和核转录因子κB/p65活化的影响

目的:观察美托洛尔对扩张型心肌病(DCM)心力衰竭患者外周血单个核细胞(PBMCs)炎性细胞因子表达和核转录因子κB/p65(NF-κB/p65)活化的影响。方法:选取心功能Ⅱ、Ⅲ、Ⅳ级DCM心力衰竭患者35例,清晨采外周静脉血并分离出PBMCs,加入细胞因子刺激剂脂多糖(LPS)和不同浓度(0、2.5、5及10μmol/L)的美托洛尔,经体外培养24h,离心后提取上清液并采用放射免疫法检测细胞因子白细胞介素-1β(IL-1β)、IL-6和肿瘤坏死因子-α(TNF-α)水平,并将细胞悬液固定后采用免疫组织化学染色法,进行NF-κB染色,测定NF-κB阳性细胞率,分析二者相关性。结果:不同剂量美托洛尔对DCM患者IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κB/p65的水平均有抑制作用(均P0.01);2.5、5及10μmol/L的美托洛尔组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κB/p65的水平均明显低于0μmol/L组(均P0.05);10μmol/L美托洛尔组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κB/p65的水平均明显低于2.5、5μmol/L组(均P0.05),而2.5、5μmol/L组IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α和NF-κB/p65的水平差异无统计学意义(均P0.05);在不同浓度美托洛尔组NF-κB/p65水平和IL-1β、IL-6、TNF-α水平均有明显正相关性(相关系数r值分别为0.592、0.528、0.486,P0.01和P0.05)。结论:在DCM心力衰竭患者中,美托洛尔可呈剂量依赖性抑制LPS诱导的PBMCs炎性细胞因子表达增加,可能是通过下调NF-κB/p65活化水平来实现的。这可能是其改善DCM心力衰竭患者心功能的作用机制之一。     

2011年ASA/ACCF/AHA/AANN/AANS/ACR/ASNR/CNS/SAIP/SCAI/SIR/SNIS/SVM/SVS颅外颈动脉和椎动脉疾病患者处理指南

导言医疗专业人员在对与疾病检测、处理或预防中使用的药物、装置和操作相关的证据的严格评价中扮演的核心角色是十分必要的。对涉及这些疗法和操作的绝对和相对益处和风险的现有资料进行适当和严格的专业分析,可通过将资源集中于最有效的治疗策略,从而改善治疗效果、优化患者转归和合理控制成本。这些资料的一种重要应用是制定临床实践指南,后者进而能为其他各种应用,如绩效评价、合理应用标准、临床决策支持工具和质量改进工具提供依据。     

Development of a monoclonal antibody capable of differentiating platelet PLA1/PLA1, PLA1/PLA2 and PLA2/PLA2 genotypes

A monoclonal antibody, LK-4, has been developed which distinguishes platelet PLA1/PLA1, PLA1/PLA2 and PLA2/PLA2 genotypes on platelet glycoprotein GPIIIa of Triton-solubilized platelet extracts. An ELISA assay has been developed which traps GPIIIa with Concanavalin A, enriching the platelet extract for the PLA antigens. A second monoclonal antibody, DEK-10, which reacts equally with GPIIIa of PLA1/PLA1 and PLA2/PLA2 platelet extracts is employed as an internal standard to correct for individual differences in GPIIIa content, GPIIIa extracted by Triton X-100 and GPIIIa trapped with Concanavalin A. This ELISA assay clearly differentiated 11 different PLA1/PLA1 subjects from eight PLA2/PLA2 women with a history of neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia as well as six unrelated obligate heterozygotes and should be useful in evaluating the PLA genotype of pregnant women and their families.     

The Response of W/Wv and Sl/Sld Anaemic Mice to Haemopoietic Stimuli

Summary: The percentage of haem-containing nucleated RBC precursor cells in marrows and spleens of W/W^v and Sl/Sl^d anaemic mice increased in response to hypoxia produced by reduced pressure, red-cell loss, or red-cell destruction by phenylhydrazine. The response in the spleens of W/W^v mice occurred several days later than the marrow response, in contrast to normal or Sl/Sl^d mice in which the marrow and spleen responses occurred simultaneously. These responses were also simultaneous in W/W^v mice whose anaemia had been cured by an injection of normal stem cells. After RBC destruction by phenylhydrazine the duration and degree of tissue hypoxia necessary to stimulate the Sl/Sl^d response varied widely among individual Sl/Sl^d mice. In Sl/Sl^d mice with anaemias alleviated by implants of intact normal spleens, most erythropoiesis was contained within these normal spleen grafts.
Polycythaemic W/W^v and Sl/Sl^d anaemic mice gave defective responses to erythropoietin; the defect was not caused by delayed erythroid maturation. Serum samples from anaemic mice responding to RBC destruction by phenylhydrazine contained high concentrations of erythropoietin in quantities inversely proportional to the donor's PCV (packed cell volume), but did not contain any factors, other than erythropoietin, to stimulate erythropoiesis in polycythaemic Sl/Sl^d anaemic mice.     

Immunochemical characterization of the new platelet alloantigen system Bra/Brb

We report the immunochemical characterization of the new platelet-specific alloantigens Bra and Brb. Bra antibodies were from mothers of children with neonatal alloimmune thrombocytopenia (NAIT), and anti-Brb was found in the serum of a polytransfused patient. By radioimmunoprecipitation, anti-Bra and anti-Brb precipitated two proteins with apparent relative molecular masses in sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis of 155,000 and 130,000 under non-reduced conditions, and of 165,000 and 148,000 under reduced conditions. In two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis, the two bands moved with isoelectric points ranging from 5.2 to 5.4 and from 4.5 to 4.7, respectively. These features fulfil previously defined criteria for platelet membrane glycoproteins (GP) Ia and IIa. The results were supported by data obtained by an assay employing monoclonal antibody (mab)-specific immobilization of platelet antigens (MAIPA). By this technique, Bra and Brb antigens could be immobilized by mabs specific for the GP Ia/IIa complex (mab Gi 14) or a mab specific for the very late antigen-2 (mab 12 F1), but not by a mab specific for GP IIb/IIIa complex (mab Gi3). Furthermore, platelets from a thrombasthenic patient with complete absence of GP IIb/IIIa expressed the Brb antigen normally as shown in MAIPA; this antigen could be immunoprecipitated with anti-Brb and was identical to that of normal platelets. This confirms that the antigens of the Br system are not associated with the GP IIb/IIIa complex. By direct binding studies using mabs Gi3 and Gi14, we calculated that 51,500 +/- 3900 molecules of anti-GP IIb/IIIa and 6,470 +/- 500 molecules of anti-GP Ia/IIa were bound per platelet at saturation. Our results provide evidence for the first platelet-specific alloantigen system residing on the GP Ia. The difficulty in detecting anti-Bra and anti-Brb by direct binding assays may be related to the small number of GP Ia/IIa complexes on platelets.     

Effects of recombinant human erythropoietin on anaemic W/Wv and SI/SId mice

The effects of recombinant human erythropoietin (rHuEPO) on anaemic W/Wv and Sl/Sld mice were investigated. rHuEPO was injected every day for a week in doses up to 86,000 iu/kg. Wv/+ and Sld+ mice, which have genetically a weak anaemia, received 17 or 86 iu/kg of rHuEPO and showed dose-dependent increases in haemoglobin, PCV, RBC and reticulocytes to the same extent as that in normal mice. W/Wv mice also showed increases in the haematological parameters in response to 8600 iu/kg of rHuEPO but the dose was much higher than that for normal mice. A reticulocyte increase in W/Wv mice appeared later than in normal mice and was not sustained for 2 weeks even though the rHuEPO treatment was continued. Sl/Sld mice, however, did not show any significant haematological effect from doses up to 86,000 iu/kg. In both W/Wv and Sl/Sld mice receiving 8600 and 86,000 iu/kg of rHuEPO, respectively, an increase in splenic or bone marrow CFU-E was observed regardless of the defect in their haemopoietic systems. The plasma erythropoietin (EPO) level in W/Wv and Sl/Sld mice was inversely correlated with the haemoglobin, indicating that EPO production was not influenced by the haemopoietic defect and was regulated by the hypoxic properties of the anaemia. These results indicate that a large dose of exogenous rHuEPO is effective for the anaemia in W/Wv mice caused by a stem cell defect but not for the anaemia in Sl/Sld mice caused by a defective microenvironment.