伴腔隙性脑梗死的白质疏松症与颅内外大动脉狭窄的相关性

目的 探讨伴腔隙性脑梗死的白质疏松症患者与颅内外大动脉狭窄的相关性.方法 选择2012年1月至2012年10月在北京军区总医院神经内科就诊的100例经磁共振成像检查确诊的腔隙性脑梗死合并白质疏松患者为病例组,同期收集100例腔隙性脑梗死不合并白质疏松患者为对照组,按照病例-对照研究设计对所有研究对象行头颈动脉CTA或MRA检查,比较颅内白质疏松严重程度与颅内外大动脉狭窄的相关性.结果 腔隙性脑梗死合并白质疏松组颅内外大动脉狭窄发生率明显高于腔隙性脑梗死不合并白质疏松组(P＜0.05).伴腔隙性脑梗死的白质疏松的严重程度与颅内外大动脉狭窄的程度呈正相关.多因素Logistic回归分析显示,高血压、高龄、动脉粥样硬化及狭窄是白质疏松发生的独立危险因素(OR =3.56,95％CI为1.40～ 9.07;OR=1.56,95％ CI为1.04～2.34;OR =2.13,95％ CI为1.05 ～4.31).结论 脑白质疏松症的严重程度与颅内外大动脉狭窄有关.     

脑白质疏松症血浆内皮素-1、降钙素基因相关肽水平及其比值的测定

为探讨血浆内皮素 - 1、降钙素基因相关肽水平在脑白质疏松症发病中的作用 ,采用放射免疫法对多发性腔隙性脑梗死并存脑白质疏松症和多发性腔隙性脑梗死无脑白质疏松症患者血浆中内皮素 - 1和降钙素基因相关肽水平进行测定。结果显示 ,两组血浆内皮素 - 1水平均明显高于正常对照组 ,脑白质疏松症组血浆降钙素基因相关肽水平明显低于正常对照组及多发性腔隙性脑梗死组 ,内皮素 - 1 降钙素基因相关肽比值明显低于正常对照组及多发性腔隙性脑梗死组。提示降钙素基因相关肽降低可能与脑白质疏松症的发生和发展有密切关系 ,血浆内皮素 - 1和降钙素基因相关肽水平检测可望作为判断脑白质疏松症严重程度的一个指标 ,同时为临床应用降钙素基因相关肽治疗脑白质疏松症提供了理论依据     

腔隙性脑梗死认知功能损害患者头颅MRI特征

目的探讨腔隙性脑梗死认知功能障碍(LICI)患者的头颅MRI特征。方法选取符合入组标准的腔隙性脑梗死患者31例和与之性别、年龄匹配的正常对照20例。按照临床表现及简易精神状态量表(MMSE)评分将腔隙性脑梗死患者分为腔隙性脑梗死认知功能障碍组(LICI组)、腔隙性脑梗死非认知功能障碍组(非LICI组),分析3组间头颅MRI影像学差异。结果与非LICI患者比较,LICI患者的病灶数目更多,病灶体积明显增大(P0.05);病灶位于侧脑室旁白质、丘脑、额叶及左侧的腔隙性脑梗死患者更易发生认知功能障碍(P0.05)。LICI组哈氏值较其他2组明显增大,前角指数较对照组明显减小。LICI组脑白质疏松程度0级的患者明显少于对照组(P0.05);LICI组脑白质疏松程度为4级的患者明显多于对照组及非LICI组(P0.05)。结论腔隙性脑梗死病灶数目、体积、部位都会对认知功能产生影响;脑萎缩及脑白质疏松的存在会加重患者的认知功能障碍。     

MR磁敏感成像在脑卒中患者脑微出血诊断中的价值

目的 采用磁敏感成像(SWI)研究脑卒中患者与正常人群中脑微出血灶(CMBs)的发生率与分布的差异,及CMBs与脑卒中类型、脑白质改变和腔隙性脑梗死间的关系.方法 采用SWI检测28例脑梗死、19例脑出血和26例健康老年人的CMBs,按照CMBs数目将其分为无、轻、中和重度4级,对不同组之间CMBs严重程度的差异以及CMBs与脑白质疏松改变和腔隙性脑梗死严重程度的相关性进行统计学分析.结果 脑出血组的CMBs发生率为63.2%,且以中重度为主;脑梗死组为32.1%,以轻中度为主;正常老年人为7.7%.CMBs最常见于大脑半球深部区域,其次是脑叶皮层和皮层下区.各组间CMBs严重程度的差异具有统计学意义(P＜0.01).CMBs的严重程度与脑白质疏松的严重程度及腔隙性脑梗死的程度密切相关(P＜0.01).结论 CMBs在脑卒中患者具有较高的发生率,与脑血管病变间有密切相关性.SWI序列在检出CMBs具有明显优势.     

脑白质疏松症血浆内皮素-1、降钙素基因相关肽水平及其比值的测定

为探讨血浆内皮素－１、降钙素基因相关肽水平在脑白质疏松症发病中的作用,采用放射免疫法对多发性腔隙性脑梗死并存脑白质疏松症和多发性腔隙性脑梗死于脑白质疏松症患者血浆中内皮素－１和降钙素基因相关肽水平进行测定,结果显示,两组血浆内皮素－１水平均明显高于正常对照组,脑白质疏松症组血浆降钙素基因相关肽水平明显低于正常对照组及多发性腔隙性脑梗死组,内皮素－１／降钙素基因相关肽水平比值明显低于正常对照组及多发     

老年急性轻型脑卒中患者中陈旧性腔隙性脑梗死的预后价值

目的探究分析急性轻型脑卒中患者的陈旧性腔隙性脑梗死情况。方法急性轻型脑卒中合并陈旧性腔隙性脑梗死患者90例,对其高分辨核磁检查情况进行回顾性分析,根据患者的陈旧性腔隙性脑梗死数目将其分为1～4个组和4个组,各45例,记录并比较患者脑内微出血位置、数目、脑白质改变的严重程度及颅内动脉钙化评分情况。结果与1～4个组患者相比,4个组患者的3级脑内微出血比例明显偏高(P0. 05)。4个组患者2级、3级脑白质改变严重程度比例明显高于1～4个组(P0. 05)。与1～4个组相比,4个组患者的重度钙化评分比例明显偏高(P0. 05)。急性轻型脑卒中患者脑内微出血3级、脑白质改变严重程度≥2级及颅内动脉钙化评分≥3分均是并发陈旧性腔隙性脑梗死的独立危险因素。结论急性轻型脑卒中患者的陈旧性腔隙性脑梗死数目与脑微血管病变之间具有明显的相关关系,陈旧性腔隙性脑梗死数目越多,合并脑内微出血、脑白质改变的严重程度及颅内动脉钙化程度也越严重,观察急性轻型脑卒中患者的陈旧性腔隙性脑梗死情况对于判断预后具有重要临床意义。     

腔隙性脑梗死合并脑微出血的危险因素及影像学特征

目的探讨腔隙性脑梗死患者合并脑微出血(CMBs)的危险因素及其影像学特征及不同部位微出血与危险因素之间的关系。方法采用前瞻性研究方法,连续收集腔隙性脑梗死患者127例,应用磁敏感加权成像(SWI)技术检测CMBs,计数并记录其部位。脑白质病变的严重程度采用Fazekas评分进行评估。根据有无CMBs将患者分为CMBs组(42例)和无CMBs组(85例),比较2组间基本临床资料、生化指标及影像学特点是否存在差异,并采用多因素逐步Logistic回归模型分析CMBs发生的独立危险因素,并研究危险因素与不同部位CMBs数量的关系。结果 42例(33.1%)患者存在CMBs。皮层-皮层下CMBs发生率为38.6%,深部为43.4%,幕下为18.0%。CMBs组和无CMBs组年龄(t=2.472,P=0.017)、高血压史(χ~2=20.96,P0.001)、入院时收缩压(t=4.539,P0.001)、高密度脂蛋白胆固醇(t=-2.939,P=0.004)、腔隙性脑梗死数目(t=4.074,P0.001)、中重度深部脑白质疏松(χ~2=28.608,P0.001)及中重度脑室旁白质疏松(χ~2=16.935,P0.001)比较差异具有统计学意义。Logistic回归分析显示:年龄、高血压史、入院时收缩压及中重度深部脑白质疏松是腔隙性脑梗死患者发生CMBs的独立危险因素。校正年龄及性别后,偏相关分析显示,高血压史仅与深部CMBs的数量显著相关(r=0.731,P=0.025);中重度深部脑白质疏松与皮层-皮层下及深部CMBs数量存在显著相关(r=0.281;P=0.001,r=0.364,P=0.001)。结论腔隙性脑梗死患者CMBs发生与年龄、高血压史、入院时收缩压及脑白质疏松程度有关。高血压史主要与脑深部CMBs的数量相关,而中重度深部脑白质疏松与脑皮层-皮层下及深部CMBs数量相关。     

老年人颅内动脉钙化的发生与腔隙性脑梗死及脑白质疏松的关系

目的探讨老年患者颅内动脉钙化的发生率及其发生与腔隙性脑梗死和脑白质疏松的关系。方法随机抽取539例老年人头部CT片,观察颅内动脉钙化情况,并同时观察腔隙性脑梗死和脑白质疏松的发生情况。结果 539例中,有460例存在脑内血管钙化,其中前循环379例,后循环81例。303例为腔隙性脑梗死,331例出现脑白质疏松。脑内未见钙化79例,24例为腔隙性脑梗死,24例出现脑白质疏松。经χ2检验,除90～102岁组之外,有无钙化脑内缺血性疾病发生率有显著差异(P0.05)。结论脑内动脉的钙化发生率随着年龄增长而增加,前循环钙化者更易出现脑缺血性疾病的症状。钙化是动脉粥样硬化的晚期征象,是提示潜在的缺血性脑血管疾病的可靠依据。     

脑小血管病及其亚型与颈动脉粥样硬化的相关性

目的通过对脑小血管病及其亚型与颈动脉粥样硬化危险因素的比较,阐明其相关性,探讨颈动脉粥样硬化的发生对脑小血管病的影响,为其早期防治提供依据。方法前瞻性登记腔隙性脑梗死、脑白质疏松和颈动脉粥样硬化患者的年龄、性别、血压、血糖、血脂、吸烟、饮酒、纤维蛋白原、腹围及体质指数等,采用多因素Logistic回归分析。结果①颈动脉粥样硬化的主要危险因素是年龄、高血压、糖尿病、高胆固醇血症、高低密度脂蛋白血症和吸烟;脑小血管病的主要危险因素为年龄、高血压、糖尿病和高胆固醇血症;②颈动脉粥样硬化与脑小血管病比较,年龄、高血压在脑小血管病中的作用更为突出,而高胆固醇血症与颈动脉粥样硬化的关系更为密切;高低密度脂蛋白血症和吸烟是颈动脉粥样硬化的独立危险因素,而非脑小血管病的危险因素。③年龄和高血压在脑白质疏松中的作用更突出,而高胆固醇血症与腔隙性脑梗死的关系更为密切。④腔隙性脑梗死组颈动脉粥样硬化发生率高于脑白质疏松组,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论①脑小血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的危险因素虽然有很大程度重叠,却不完全相同;腔隙性脑梗死与脑白质疏松的危险因素也不尽相同;②脑小血管病与颈动脉粥样硬化的发生有一定程度相关,其中颈动脉粥样硬化与腔隙性脑梗死的关系较脑白质疏松更为密切,但颈动脉粥样硬化并非脑小血管病的独立危险因素。     

脑白质疏松伴轻度认知障碍危险因素初探

目的 探讨脑白质疏松轻度认知障碍危险因素,为临床干预提供依据.方法 参照2006年NINDS-CSN血管源性认知障碍统一标准的建议而制定相关标准,收集脑白质疏松轻度认知障碍患者155例,对其危险因素进行分析.结果 年龄、高血压、腔隙性脑梗死与脑白质疏松轻度认知障碍之间有着密切相关性.结论 积极控制高血压、预防腔隙性脑梗死的发生,可以有效预防脑白质疏松进一步发展,对于预防痴呆有着重要的临床意义.     

The immunoneuroendocrine role of melatonin

Abstract: A tight, physiological link between the pineal gland and the immune system is emerging from a series of experimental studies. This link might reflect the evolutionary connection between self-recognition and reproduction. Pinealectomy or other experimental methods which inhibit melatonin synthesis and secretion induce a state of immunodepression which is counteracted by melatonin. In general, melatonin seems to have an immunoenhancing effect that is particularly apparent in immunodepressive states. The negative effect of acute stress or immunosuppressive pharmacological treatments on various immune parameters are counteracted by melatonin. It seems important to note that one of the main targets of melatonin is the thymus, i.e., the central organ of the immune system. The clinical use of melatonin as an immunotherapeutic agent seems promising in primary and secondary immunodeficiencies as well as in cancer immunotherapy. The immunoenhancing action of melatonin seems to be mediated by T-helper cell-derived opioid peptides as well as by lymphokines and, perhaps, by pituitary hormones. Melatonin-induced-immuno-opioids (MHO) and lymphokines imply the presence of specific binding sites or melatonin receptors on cells of the immune system. On the other hand, lymphokines such as -γ-interferon and interleukin-2 as well as thymic hormones can modulate the synthesis of melatonin in the pineal gland. The pineal gland might thus be viewed as the crux of a sophisticated immunoneuroendocrine network which functions as an unconscious, diffuse sensory organ.     

Changes in connexin43, the gap junction protein of astrocytes, during development of the rat pineal gland

Abstract: The abundance of gap junctions between rat pineal astrocytes formed by connexin43 (Cx43) was studied during development. Levels and distribution of Cx43 were measured by immunoblotting and indirect immunofluorescence, respectively. The amount of Cx43 in cells located within the gland was low until about the 7th postnatal day and increased to adult values between the 14th and 21st days postpartum. Although astrocytes, recognized by their vimentin immunoreactivity, were scarce before birth, they were abundant by the 7th postnatal day suggesting that the low levels of Cx43 found at this age corresponded to a low expression of this protein. Localization of the immunoreactivity to Cx43 and vimentin showed a close correlation, indicating that mature or immature pineal astrocytes form gap junctions made of Cx43. Since Cx43 levels attained their adult values at about the time the innervation and the functional state of the gland reached maturity (2–3 weeks after birth), it is proposed that astrocyte gap junctions are involved in the function of the adult rat pineal gland.     

Response of rat pineal melatonin to calcium, magnesium, and lithium is circadian stage dependent

Abstract: Herein we documented the response of pineal melatonin production to electrolytes known to be effective on pineal function in view of a possible circadian stage dependence. We studied the release of melatonin by perifused rat pineal glands at 2 different circadian stages corresponding to the middle of the light and dark periods, i.e., respectively, 7 and 19 HALO (Hours After Light Onset, L:D = 12:12). The initial efflux rates were, as expected, much higher in the perifusates of glands removed from rats sacrificed during the dark phase than of those removed during the light phase. After 3 hr of perifusion, melatonin release reached similar levels which were found constant up to the 8th hr of perifusion, whatever the circadian stage. Perifusion of the glands with physiological concentrations for the rat of calcium (5.2 mmol/1) and magnesium (1.34 mmol/1) resulted in a stimulatory effect on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed in the middle of the dark period (19 HALO), whereas no effects were observed on the pineal glands removed from rats sacrificed during the light (7 HALO). Lithium (0.28 and 0.55 mmol/1) was ineffective on melatonin release in pineal glands removed 7 and 19 HALO. Our results show differences in the initial efflux rates of melatonin and in the response of perifused pineal glands to calcium and magnesium according to the circadian stage.     

Conservative management of perforated duodenal diverticulum： A case report and review of the literature

Duodenal diverticula are a relatively common condition. They are asymptomatic, unless they become complicated, with perforation being the rarest but most severe complication. Surgical treatment is the most frequently performed approach. We report the case of a patient with a perforated duodenal diverticulum, which was diagnosed early and treated conservatively with antibiotics and percutaneous drainage of secondary retroperitoneal abscesses. We suggest this method could be an acceptable option for the management of similar cases, provided that the patient is in good general condition and without septic signs.     

Presence of immunoreactive growth hormone and prolactin in the ovine pineal gland

Abstract: The use of antisera raised against bovine growth hormone (GH) and ovine prolactin (PRL) enabled the detection of related immunoreactive (ir) sequences of proteins in ovine pineal tissue. The isolation of PRL-like ir-material was accomplished using a 0.25 M ammonium sulphate (pH 5.5) extraction followed by ethanol precipitation, whereas the resulting 2.0 M ammonium sulphate (pH 7.0) precipitate contained a GH-like immunoreactivity. Gel chromatography of the GH-like immunoreactivity (Sephadex G-100) indicated the presence of several GH-like fragments ranging in the M_r range of 7,000 to 55,000. Analyses of the PRL-like ir-material found in pineal tissue on HPLC using a TSK 545-DEAE column led to the resolution into a single peak of immunoreactivity. A single peak of activity was also observed following chromatofocusing and hydrophobic interaction chromatography of the ir-peak from the TSK 545-DEAE column. The PRL-like ir-material inhibited the binding of [¹²⁵I]ovine PRL-S14 to anti-ovine PRL antibodies without showing an affinity for binding to anti-rat PRL or anti-bovine GH antibodies. Scatchard analysis of the binding of pineal PRL-like ir-material and pituitary ovine PRL-S14 to liver membranes from day-20 pregnant rats revealed similar affinity constants (K_a of 4.7 ± 0.2 × 10⁹ M^-1). In addition, the replication of Nb 2 Node rat lymphoma cells was stimulated by pineal PRL-like ir-material, an effect known to be specific for lactogenic hormones. The pineal PRL-like immunoreactivity appeared on sodium dodecyl sulfate polyacrylamide gels as a single major band of M_r 24,000. The functional status of PRL-and GH-like ir-material in the ovine pineal remains to be determined, but evidence is presented that the overall protein synthesis rate of the rat pineal responded to circulating concentrations of PRL.     

Microbiology of human immunodeficiency virus anorectal disease

PURPOSE: Individuals who are seropositive for the human immunodeficiency virus are at high risk for opportunistic infection and anorectal disorders. Little prospective information is available regarding anorectal pathogens in these patients. METHODS: One hundred sixty-three HIV-seropositive patients presented to the colorectal clinic between 1989 and 1992. Forty-seven (29 percent) patients were thought to have an infectious process and were prospectively studied using a standardized multiculture protocol. RESULTS: Mean age was 33 (range, 19–59) years. All were male; high-risk behavior accounted for 87 percent of HIV transmissions. Presenting complaints included anorectal pain (79 percent), pus per anum (28 percent), and blood per anum (26 percent). Examination revealed perianal tenderness (60 percent), condyloma (38 percent), perianal ulcers (38 percent), and anal fissures (34 percent). Sixty-six sets of cultures were performed; 28 patients had one set, 15 had two sets, and 4 had three sets. Thirty-two of these 47 patients (68 percent) had positive cultures including herpes (50 percent), cytomegalovirus (25 percent),Neisseria gonorrhoeae (16 percent), chlamydia (16 percent), acidfast bacilli (2 percent), and others (9 percent). Six of 32 patients with positive cultures had more than one organism cultured. Sixteen (50 percent) patients with positive cultures were treated medically, 8 (25 percent) were treated surgically and 8 (25 percent) were treated with both modalities. Sixty-one procedures were performed on 17 patients for condylomata. Eighteen patients had 20 procedures for abscesses, 50 percent of whom had positive cultures for other than common bowel flora; all improved. Fourteen patients underwent 33 procedures for perianal fistulas.Mycobacterium fortuitum was cultured from one patient who required 13 procedures for abscesses and fistulas. Forty-five (96 percent) patients were followed for an average of 12.5 months ±2.9 SEM (range, 1–94 months). Symptoms were improved or resolved in 22 of 32 (69 percent) patients with positive cultures and in 11 of 13 (84 percent) with negative cultures. CONCLUSIONS: Specific pathogens may often be identified in human immunodeficiency virus-seropositive patients with anorectal disorders if aggressively sought. Although patients without specific pathogens identified may be expected to improve with planned empiric treatment, positive identification allows more directed therapy.