儿童感染肺炎克雷伯菌产AmpC酶和ESBLs的检测及耐药性分析

目的了解广州地区儿童感染肺炎克雷伯菌产质粒介导的AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的情况及其耐药特征,为临床合理用药提供参考依据。方法采用标准纸片扩散法检测ESBLs,头孢西丁三维试验法检测AmpC酶,K—B纸片法测定肺炎克雷伯菌对抗菌药物的敏感性。结果共检出248株肺炎克雷伯菌,其中46株产AmpC酶,阳性率为18．5％;157株产ESBLs,阳性率为63．3％;同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株阳性率为18．1％。产AmpC酶肺炎克雷伯菌对第三代头孢菌素高度耐药。耐药率达80％～100％;对头孢吡肟、含酶抑制剂复合药的耐药率也在56．5％～93．5％之间：但对环丙沙星、阿米卡星的耐药率则在30％以下,对亚胺培南全部敏感。产ESBLs菌株对头孢菌素、含酶抑制剂复合药的耐药率也较高,在50％-91．7％之间,但对阿米卡星、环丙沙星、亚胺培南仍高度敏感。ESBLs阴性肺炎克雷伯菌对所测抗生素的敏感率均在81．2％以上。产酶菌株耐药率明显比非产酶菌株高。结论广州地区儿童感染肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs和AmpC酶的状况已十分突出：产酶菌株对常用抗生素的耐药率较高;碳青霉烯类抗生素可作为治疗产AmpC酶和／或ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌感染的经验用药。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌遗传标记和耐药基因的研究

目的了解产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（extended spectrum beta-lactamases,ESBLs）大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的遗传标记基因（整合子qacE△1、转座子tnpU）、氨基糖苷类修饰酶编码aac（6′）-Ib基因和喹诺酮类药物耐药qnrA基因分布状况,为临床使用药物治疗感染和消毒灭菌工作提供参考。方法收集本院的产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌共60株,采用PCR方法检测这些菌株中qacE△1、tnpU、aac（6′）-Ib和qnrA基因,MIC法药物敏感试验分析菌株的耐药性。结果 60株产ESBLs的大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌中qacEΔ1基因检出率61.7%,tnpU基因检出率7.6%,aac（6′）-Ib检出率为11.7%,qnrA基因检出率3.3%。60株菌中有38株含1种或以上基因,其药敏敏感度最高的是亚胺培南、厄它培南、哌拉西林/他唑巴坦,敏感率均为97.4%,而对氨苄西林和头孢唑啉完全耐药。结论产ESBLs大肠埃希菌和肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药与耐药基因传递机制整合子和转座子系统密切相关,分离株携带qacE△1、tnpU、aac（6′）-Ib和qnrA基因是细菌呈多重耐药的主要原因,提示临床应慎重用药。     

产超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因分析

目的 了解邢台地区产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌的分子流行病学特点,为临床感染预防和治疗提供依据.方法 采用最小抑菌浓度(MIC)法检测产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的耐药性,选取13种特异性引物采用聚合酶链反应(PCR)的方法检测产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的基因类型.结果 2013年1月至2014年3月从邢台人民医院分离出的125株非重复的产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌菌株,耐药基因以blaCTX-M的阳性率最高,为92.0％,blaSHV和blaTEM次之,为82.9％和73.2％.所有菌株均携带1种或1种以上的耐药基因.结论 产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌多重耐药现象严重,耐药基因以blaCTX-M、blaSHV和blaTEM为主.医院应加强对ESBLs的监测,降低ESBLs的感染率以及耐药基因的突变,提高治疗感染的效率,防止医院感染的发生.     

下呼吸道感染产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因检测及亲缘性分析

分析下呼吸道感染患者气道分泌物或痰液标本分离的产AmpC酶和超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBL)肺炎克雷伯菌耐药基因的特点及亲缘性。方法 2009年1月至2010年8月由本院呼吸病区住院的下呼吸道感染患者气道分泌物或痰液标本分离得到53株肺炎克雷伯菌,采用K-B纸片扩散法测定其对常用抗菌药物的敏感性;三维实验检测AmpC酶;PCR检测ESBL、质粒介导的AmpC酶、喹诺酮类耐药基因、耐消毒剂-磺胺基因qacE△1-sul1、Ⅰ类整合酶基因Int Ⅰ 1的携带情况,并进行聚类分析。结果 53株肺炎克雷伯菌未发现对亚胺培南、美罗培南、厄他培南耐药;对环丙沙星、左旋氧氟沙星耐药率均＞80％;对其他抗菌药物也有不同程度的耐药。53株肺炎克雷伯菌中Int Ⅰ 1基因阳性率60.4％(32/53),qnrA基因阳性率54.7％ (29/53),qnrS基因阳性率13.2％ (7/53),qnrB基因阳性率5.7％(3/53),qacE△1-sul1基因阳性率71.7％(38/53),TEM基因阳性率92.5％ (49/53),CTX-M基因阳性率100％(53/53),SHV基因阳性率9.4％(5/53),AmpC基因阳性率92.5％(49/53);其中4株同时携带qnrA、qnrS、intⅠ 1、qacE△1-sul1、AmpC、CTX-M基因。聚类分析显示40、41、10与18号,25与42号,8与35号菌株有亲缘关系。结论 产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌的多重耐药与整合子相关,且携带多种耐药基因,聚类分析显示存在克隆传播和医院内感染。     

产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶的肺炎克雷伯菌的药物敏感性及其基因型研究

目的研究产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的肺炎克雷伯菌基因型及其药敏特征。方法对2003年12月～2004年12月哈尔滨地区临床分离的74株产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌,测定菌株对常用β-内酰胺类和非β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的敏感性,并采用SHV型和TEM型特异性引物检测ESBLs的基因型。结果产ESBLs细菌对头孢吡肟、氨曲南、阿米卡星和环丙沙星的敏感率依次为71．6％、20．3％、54．1％、31．1％,对头孢哌酮／舒巴坦的敏感率为54．1％,69株（93．2％）对亚胺培南敏感。74株产ESBLs细菌中携带blaSHV和6kTEM基因的阳性例数分别是45例（60．8％）和23例（31．1％）。结论哈尔滨地区产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌对常用β-内酰胺类和非β-内酰胺类抗菌药物的敏感性降低,临床上需慎用酶抑制剂复合物及第4代头孢菌素,亚胺培南仍是治疗产ESBLs菌感染的首选药物。产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌blaSHV的流行频率高于blaTEM.     

产质粒介导AmpC酶和ESBLs细菌的耐药性及β-内酰胺酶基因型研究

目的　了解我院同时产质粒介导AmpC酶和超广谱 β 内酰胺酶 (ESBLs)肺炎克雷伯菌与大肠埃希菌的耐药性及其 β 内酰胺酶的基因型特征。方法　 110株临床分离无重复肺炎克雷伯菌与大肠埃希菌耐药株 ,采用酶提取物三维实验检测AmpC酶 ,美国临床实验室标准委员会 (NCCLS)表型筛选和确认实验检测ESBLs ;琼脂二倍稀释法测定抗生素对同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株的最低抑菌浓度 (MICs) ;等电聚焦实验测定 β 内酰胺酶等电点 (pIs) ;质粒接合实验定位耐药基因 ;PCR通用引物扩增AmpC酶与ESBLs基因及其序列测定以确定其基因亚型。结果　同时产AmpC酶和ESBLs菌株在肺炎克雷伯菌与大肠埃希菌中的检出率分别为 7.7% (5 6 5 )、8.9% (4 4 5 )。该类产酶菌株产 2～ 3种pI5 .4～ 9.0 β 内酰胺酶 ,对第三代头孢菌素、氨曲南、头孢美唑和含酶抑制剂复合制剂的敏感性极低 ,但对亚胺培南均敏感。 9株质粒中均检出AmpC酶基因DHA 1亚型 ,其中 1株同时检出ACT 1亚型 ;ESBLs基因亚型分别为CTX M 14、CTX M 3、CTX M 9,各有 4、3、2株 ;有 3株还携带广谱酶TEM 1基因。结论　我院存在同时产质粒介导DHA 1、ACT 1型AmpC酶和CTX M型ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌、大肠埃希菌流行株 ,药敏检测结果显示对大多数新型广谱 β 内酰胺类抗生     

嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌整合子I和ISCR1研究及ERIC-PCR基因分型

目的了解临床分离嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌的整合子I和ISCR1的分布情况及其基因型。方法分离临床85株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌,用WHONET5.4分析菌株药敏情况,采用ERIC-PCR方法进行基因分型。采用PCR检测整合酶I、整合子I、ISCR1以及ISCR1携带的耐药基因。结果嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌对亚胺培南、氨曲南、庆大霉素、阿米卡星高度耐药,整合子I阳性菌株和整合子I阴性菌株对复方新诺明耐药性差异有统计学意义。85株嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌12株整合酶阳性,11株整合子I阳性,2株ISCR1和ISCRI携带的耐药基因阳性,ERIC-PCR分为75个基因型。结论整合子I在嗜麦芽窄食假单胞菌中介导复方新诺明耐药性方面有重要作用,ERIC-PCR是研究临床分离嗜麦芽窄食假单胞基因分型的有效方法之一。     

儿童产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌感染的检测与分析

目的了解儿童感染性疾病中肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌感染时产生超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)的情况及其耐药特点.方法对202株肺炎克雷伯菌和134株大肠埃希菌应用双纸片协同试验进行ESBLs的测定,纸片扩散法进行常规药敏试验,按照NCCLS的标准判读结果.结果对336株儿童患者感染菌株试验,共检测出81株ESBLs菌株,ESBLs总产生率为24.1%;其中肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs率为29.7%,大肠埃希菌产ESBLs率为15.7%.产ESBLs菌株的耐药率显著高于不产ESBLs菌株(t＝6.603,p<0.01),对氨苄西林、氨曲南、头孢他定和头孢噻肟耐药,对复方新诺明、氨苄西林/舒巴坦的耐药率也较高(耐药率高于60%),且多为多重耐药株,对丁胺卡那霉素、诺氟沙星、头孢哌酮/舒巴坦敏感率较高(耐药率低于30%);所有被测菌株对亚胺培南的耐药率为0.结论儿童感染细菌ESBLs发生率相当高,产ESBLs菌株已成为引起医院感染的重要病原菌,耐药高且多重耐药情况严重,治疗较困难,需加强ESBLs检测,以合理使用抗生素,延缓和防止ESBLs的发生和播散.     

儿童产超广谱β-内酰胺酶细菌感染的检测与分析

目的　了解儿童感染性疾病中肺炎克雷伯菌和大肠埃希菌感染时产生超广谱 β -内酰胺酶 (ESBLs)的情况及其耐药特点 .方法　对 2 0 2株肺炎克雷伯菌和 134株大肠埃希菌应用双纸片协同试验进行ESBLs的测定 ,纸片扩散法进行常规药敏试验 ,按照NCCLS的标准判读结果 .结果　对 336株儿童患者感染菌株试验 ,共检测出 81株ES BLs菌株 ,ESBLs总产生率为 2 4 .1% ;其中肺炎克雷伯菌产ESBLs率为 2 9.7% ,大肠埃希菌产ESBLs率为 15 .7% .产ESBLs菌株的耐药率显著高于不产ESBLs菌株 (t=6 .6 0 3,p <0 .0 1) ,对氨苄西林、氨曲南、头孢他定和头孢噻肟耐药 ,对复方新诺明、氨苄西林 /舒巴坦的耐药率也较高 (耐药率高于 6 0 % ) ,且多为多重耐药株 ,对丁胺卡那霉素、诺氟沙星、头孢哌酮 /舒巴坦敏感率较高 (耐药率低于 30 % ) ;所有被测菌株对亚胺培南的耐药率为 0 .结论　儿童感染细菌ESBLs发生率相当高 ,产ESBLs菌株已成为引起医院感染的重要病原菌 ,耐药高且多重耐药情况严重 ,治疗较困难 ,需加强ESBLs检测 ,以合理使用抗生素 ,延缓和防止ESBLs的发生和播散     

细菌性尿路感染易感因素、菌种及耐药性研究

目的探讨尿路感染的病原种类及耐药性，提高尿路感染的临床诊治水平．方法分析了230例尿路感染患者临床资料、菌种及耐药资料．结果①清洁中段尿培养阳性率低(36．5％)．②尿路感染病原菌分布占前几位的细菌分别是大肠埃希菌(50．6％)，变形杆菌(15．6％)，肺炎克雷伯菌(12．2％)，肠球菌(12．1％)，假单胞菌(6．5％)；产超广谱β-内酰胺酶(ESBLs)大肠埃希菌检出率13．6％，产ESBLs肺炎克雷伯菌的检出率是18．2％．③C-杆菌对复方新诺明、氨苄西林、环丙沙星耐药率较高，对亚胺培南、头孢三嗪耐药率低；c’球菌对红霉素、青霉素耐药性高，万古霉素耐药性最低；产ESBLs大肠埃希菌及肺炎克雷伯菌对氨基糖甙类、第三代头孢菌素、氨苄西林耐药性较高．而对亚胺培南及酶抑制剂的复方制剂敏感．④尿路感染常规治疗后尿菌检出率为15．4％．结论临床上要重视尿路感染的病原菌药敏检测，经验一线选药广泛耐药，合理使用抗生素，对预防产ESBLs细菌的产生，提高尿路感染治愈率十分重要．     

泛耐药鲍曼不动杆菌整合子Ⅰ和ISCR1结构及基因分型研究

目的研究从临床分离的鲍曼不动杆菌的整合子Ⅰ和ISCR1的分布及结构情况,并对其进行基因分型。方法分离自临床的57株鲍曼不动杆菌,PCR检测整合酶Ⅰ、整合子Ⅰ、ISCR1以及ISCR1可变区,PCR产物进行限制性片段长度多态性（RFLP）分型并进行测序分析可变区携带的耐药基因盒,ERIC-PCR进行基因分型。结果 49株整合酶I阳性,其中47株整合子I扩增阳性,RFLP分为2型,测序结果为aacA4-catB8-aadA1和drf17-aadA5。3株ISCR1以及ISCR1可变区扩增均阳性,可变区经RFLP分为1型,测序结果为orf513-qnrA1-ampR-qacEdeltal,ISCR1阳性菌整合子I均阳性,经ERIC-PCR检测将57株鲍曼不动杆菌分为27个基因型。结论Ⅰ类整合子广泛存在于鲍曼不动杆菌中,ISCRI携带率较低,氨基糖苷类、甲氧苄啶类和β-内酰胺类耐药基因盒较常见,ERIC-PCR可用于临床鲍曼不动杆菌的分子流行病学研究。     

深圳市大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶的基因分型

目的分析深圳市大肠埃希菌超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBLs）的主要基因型。方法对50株产ESBLs大肠埃希菌分别用TEM、SHV、CTX-M和OXA-1群基因引物进行PCR扩增,并对PCR产物进行序列分析。结果 92%菌株检出CTX-M型ESBLs,测序结果显示,以CTX-M-14型ESBLs为主,其次为CTX-M-55型。结论 CTX-M-14型和CTX-M-55型是深圳地区大肠埃希菌ESBLs的主要基因型。     

Phenotypic and genotypic detection of extended spectrum β-lactamases among Escherichia coli and Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates from type 2 diabetic patients with urinary tract infections

BackgroundT2DM patients are more likely to have UTIs caused by resistant organisms such as ESBLs producing bacteria. Challenging reliable identification and prompt characterization of in-vitro susceptibilities of these bacteria are the first steps of deciding the appropriate antimicrobial therapy for UTIs caused by them.ObjectivesTo isolate and identify E. coli and K. pneumoniae from urine of T2DM patients with UTIs, to determine antibiotic resistance pattern among isolates, and to identify ESBLs production phenotypically and genotypically.Material and methodAll samples were cultured on Cystine-Lactose-Electrolyte-Deficient Agar medium (CLED) by using calibrated loop. Growth of 100 colonies or more, i.e. 105 colony forming units (CFU)/mL urine was considered as significant bacteriuria. Isolation and identification were done according to standard method. All isolates were tested for antibiotic susceptibility testing by the disc diffusion method according to CLSI guidelines. Phenotypic detection of ESBLs was done by double-disk synergy test. Genotypic detection of blaTEM, blaSHV and blaCTX-M genes by using PCR.ResultsResults of this study showed that E. coli and K. pneumoniae were the dominant bacterial isolates, they constituted 103 (91.2%) out of 113 urine isolates. E. coli (58. 4%) K. pneumoniae (32.7%), Enterococcus spp. (4.4%), Proteus spp. (2.7%) and Pseudomonas spp. (1.8%). About 25 (24.3%) out of 103 E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates were ESBLs positive by DDST, and 22 (88.0%) out of them had ESBLs encoding genes by conventional PCR. The most common gene detected was blaTEM (59.1%), followed by blaSHV (27.3%). CTX-M had not been detected in any of testes isolates.ConclusionblaTEM and blaSHV genes were detected in 22 out of 25 ESBLs producing E. coli and K. pneumoniae isolates phenotypically detected by DDST. blaTEM was found to be the predominant gene (59.1%), while blaCTX-Mene was not detected in any of tested isolates.     

广州地区产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌SHV型质粒的分子流行病学调查

目的 运用变性高效液相色谱（DHPLC）技术调查广州地区产SHV型β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌各种亚型的流行分布情况,试图建立一种方便快捷的分子诊断及其流行病学监测的新方法.方法 对73份产超广谱β-内酰胺酶（ESBL）肺炎克雷伯菌进行SHV质粒基因扩增,分别采用变性高效液相色谱（DHPLC）和测序法对扩增产物进行分析,以明确基因类型,并建立各个已知SHV基因亚型的特征性DHPLC图谱库.结果 73株产ESBL的肺炎克雷伯菌中68株确定为SHV基因型,其中62株为已知基因型,分别为SHV-1225株,SHV-1a 14株,SHV-17株,SHV-2a 8株,SHV-28 5株,SHV-2 2株,SHV-26和SHV-33各1株;6株为新的SHV基因型,其中5株获得命名;非SHV型菌株5株,分别为LEN-4型1株,OKP型4株.经过DHPLC分析,全部样本均表现为异常的洗脱峰,各种亚型的异常洗脱峰的形态迥异,其敏感性达100%（68/68）,特异性为93.2%（68/73）.SHV型质粒基因的突变集中在nt92、nt324～nt402及nt703～nt786这3个区段.结论 SHV-12是广州地区产SHV型β-内酰胺酶肺炎克雷伯菌主要的基因亚型,高比例基因变异的检出预示本地区即将或已经面临肺炎克雷伯菌新耐药机制的抵抗和流行,因此必须加强对产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌的分子流行病学监测,及时调整抗菌策略;DHPLC可作为一种快速敏感的筛查方法用于产ESBL肺炎克雷伯菌的分子流行病学监测.     

SHV-5 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in clinical isolates of Escherichia coli in Malaysia

Escherichia coli isolates resistant to ceftazidime isolated in the University Malaya Medical Center (UMMC) Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia, between the years 1998 and 2000 were studied for extended-spectrum beta-lactamase (ESBL) production. All strains were analysed phenotypically and genotypically and found to be ESBL-producing organisms harbouring SHV-5 beta-lactamase. This was confirmed by PCR-SSCP and nucleotide sequencing of the blaSHV amplified gene. As there was no evidence of ESBL activity in E. coli prior to this, coupled with the fact that there was a predominance of SHV-5 beta-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae isolates in UMMC, we postulate that the E. coli obtained the SHV-5 beta-lactamase genes by plasmid transfer from the ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae.     

Prevalence and characterization of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases in Klebsiella pneumoniae in Algiers hospitals (Algeria)

AIM OF THE STUDY: To determine the prevalence and the diversity of extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBLs) in 196 Klebsiella pneumoniae clinical isolates collected from three hospitals in Algiers. MATERIALS AND METHODS: Antibiograms were done on Mueller-Hinton agar plates with the disc-diffusion method and MICs were determined by agar-dilution method. Mating experiments were performed in agar medium. Plasmid DNA was extracted by the alcalin-lysis method. Total DNA was extracted with a Qiagen mini kit and screened for bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M) genes by PCR. Linkage of bla(CTX-M) genes with insertion sequence ISEcp1B and class 1 integrons was investigated by PCR. PCR products were sequenced by the Sanger method. The epidemiological relationships between ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae isolates were analyzed by ERIC-PCR. RESULTS: Thirty-nine (19.9%) isolates were found to produce ESBLs belonging to CTX-M-1 group and TEM penicillinases (CTX-M-3, CTX-M-15 and TEM-1). ERIC-PCR analysis showed that the isolates are genetically unrelated. The bla(TEM) and bla(CTX-M) genes as well as aminoglycosides and sulfonamides resistance determinants were found located in self-transferable plasmids of approximately 85 kb. The class 1 integrons and the insertion sequence ISEcp1B were present in the isolates and in their transconjugants. ISEcp1B was found genetically linked to the bla(CTX-M) genes and located 127bp upstream, with the presence of the V and W sequences. CONCLUSION: The study revealed a high rate of ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae in Algerian hospitals, resulting from horizontal dissemination of mobile bla(CTX-M) genes.     

Extended-spectrum beta-lactamase genes of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains in Taiwan: recharacterization of shv-27, shv-41, and tem-116

Klebsiella pneumoniae causing primary liver abscess (PLA) is emerging. This study identified the beta-lactamases genes of K. pneumoniae isolates in Taiwan. The susceptibilities of beta-lactam antibiotics of 30 K. pneumoniae strains associated with primary liver abscess and 30 noninvasive strains were analyzed. The beta-lactamase genes of randomly selected 24 strains from community-acquired infection and 7 extended-spectrum beta-lactamases (ESBL) strains were identified by PCR and DNA sequencing. Protein expression and the ESBL phenotype of beta-lactamase were determined. All 60 strains were ampicillin resistant and cefotaxime susceptible, whereas no strain was ESBL producing. In the 24 selected strains, shv-1a was found in 14, shv-1 in 7; shv-26, shv-27, and shv-41 were detected in one. However, all of these 24 strains had the tem-116 gene. In 7 ESBL-producing K. pneumoniae strains, shv-5a was found in 5, whereas shv-5 and ctx-m-9 group were detected in 1 strain. Two previously reported ESBL genes, shv-27 and tem-116, as well as a suspected ESBL gene, shv-41, were found in non-ESBL-producing strains. Transformation of these genes conferred ampicillin resistance but not the ESBL-producing phenotype in Escherichia coli. Beta-lactamase protein expression of these strains was further confirmed by western blotting. In conclusion, ESBL is rare in community-acquired K. pneumoniae infection and is not associated with PLA in Taiwan. The shv-5a, shv-5, and ctx-m-9 groups are present in ESBL-producing strains in Taiwan, but shv-27, shv-41, and tem-116 are not ESBL genes.