铜绿假单孢菌对氟喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药机制

本文对近年来铜绿假单孢杆菌对氟喹诺桐类抗生素耐药机制的研究进展进行简要综述，氟喹诺酮类抗生素作用的靶位点DNA促旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ各亚基的编码基因gyrA和gyrB基因与parC和parE基因的突变与其耐药性有关；外膜通透性屏障和主动外排系统的协同作用使铜绿假单孢菌对多种类型抗菌药物耐药，在临床治疗绿假单孢菌感染和开发抗铜绿假单孢菌药物时应综合考虑多种耐药机制的作用。     

80株解脲脲原体的药敏及耐药机制分析

目的　分析解脲脲原体(Ureaplasmaurealyticm ,Uu)的耐药情况,并探讨Uu可能的耐药机制。方法　对80株临床上分离到的Uu进行了药敏分析、PCR生物分群、tetM基因的检测和PCR扩增喹诺酮类药物耐药区(QRDR ,gyrA、gyrB、parC及parE)基因并分析其核苷酸序列。结果　80株临床分离的Uu有6 6份为生物1群,占82 .5 % ;对所测的9种药物全敏感的Uu比例仅为10 % (8 80 ) ;7株耐四环素Uu中有3株出现了tetM基因阳性条带;对6株临床分离Uu的QRDR(gyrA、gyrB、parC及parE)进行了突变分析,未发现环丙沙星、氧氟沙星均敏感Uu株有gyrA、gyrB、parC及parE突变,但耐喹诺酮Uu株有gyrA、parC和parE基因的点突变,并导致其编码的氨基酸改变。在这些QRDR的改变中,gyrA 137C→A和parC基因10 0C→T的误义突变导致其编码的相应氨基酸的改变,但parC基因的2 2 5G→A和parE基因4 0G→A ,4 1T→C的误义突变导致其编码的相应氨基酸的改变。对Uu耐药率及生物群分型结果进行分析发现,虽然两群Uu的耐药率不完全一样,但差异无统计学意义(P均>0 .0 5 )。结论　UuQRDR的改变是导致耐喹诺酮类药物的原因,单独parE基因突变引起其酶蛋白的氨基酸改变也可导致Uu耐喹诺酮类药物。     

养殖动物及人分离大肠埃希菌染色体和质粒介导氟喹诺酮耐药机制的研究

目的 探讨从养殖动物及周围人群分离的大肠埃希菌染色体和质粒介导氟喹诺酮耐药机制. 方法 纸片扩散法和肉汤稀释法检测氟喹诺酮抗菌药物及其他抗生素的耐药性表型.PCR扩增DNA解旋酶(gyrA和gyrB)和拓扑异构酶IV(parC和parE)基因的喹诺酮耐药决定区、导致喹诺酮类抗生素耐药质粒的部分基因(qnr)以及氨基糖苷类抗生素乙酰转移酶Ib亚型cr变异体编码基因[aac(6')-I b-or],PCR产物进行直接测序.接合试验确定aac(6')-I b-cr酶的可转移性以及在氟喹诺酮耐药中的作用. 结果 鸡来源的大肠埃希菌对常用抗生素的耐药率明显高于猪和周围人群来源菌株.在PCR检测的64株大肠埃希菌中,环丙沙星MIC值大于1μg/ml以上的53株均存在gyrA和/或/parC基因上出现两个位点突变和氨基酸替代,环丙沙星的MIC>16μg/ml的菌株parE基因也发生了点突变及相应氨基酸替代.未发现gyrB亚单位有氨基酸替代.鸡来源28株菌和猪来源9株菌中分别有7株(25.O%)和1株(11.1%)携带有aac(6')-I b-cr基因;aac(6')-I b-cr基因可使环丙沙星、诺氟沙星乙酰化而降低药物抗菌活性. 结论 gyrA、parC和parE碱基突变导致氨基酸置换的数量与菌株对氟喹诺酮类耐药水平呈正相关,携带aac(6')-I b-cr基因的质粒在细菌氟喹诺酮耐药上也具有一定作用.     

铜绿假单孢菌对氟喹诺酮类抗生素的耐药机制

本文对近年来铜绿假单孢杆菌对氟喹诺酮类抗生素耐药机制的研究进展进行简要综述.氟喹诺酮类抗生素作用的靶位点DNA促旋酶和拓扑异构酶Ⅳ各亚基的编码基因gyr A和gyrB基因与parC和parE基因的突变与其耐药性有关；外膜通透性屏障和主动外排系统的协同作用使铜绿假单孢菌对多种类型抗菌药物耐药.在临床治疗绿假单孢菌感染和开发抗铜绿假单孢菌药物时应综合考虑多种耐药机制的作用.     

临床分离耐喹诺酮类铜绿假单胞菌gyrA基因单点突变研究

目的 研究临床分离铜绿假单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物的分子机制，对PCR－RFLP－SSCP分析铜绿假单胞菌gyrA基因突变的可行性评价。方法 以铜绿假单胞菌gyrA基因序列为靶序列，用PCR、PCR－SSCP、PCR－RFLP、DNA测序、OMIGA软件分析等方法，对铜绿假单胞菌gyrA基因突变进行研究。结果 在铜绿假单胞菌10株耐药突变株中，有8株的gyrA基因的83位表现出高频的单点突变，其突变方式全为ACC→ATC。gyrA的PCR扩增产物Sac Ⅱ酶切片段与测序结果一致。SSCP带谱与测序结果比较，除1株（PSA2）其SSCP带谱与标准株相同，但测序结果有点突变外，其余菌株与测序结果一致。结论 临床分离的铜绿假单胞菌耐喹诺酮类药物分子机制主要表现为gyrA基因83位氨基酸密码子突变（Thr-83→Ile)，利用PCR－SSPC－RFLP系统，可快速、准确地检测耐喹诺酮类药物的铜绿假单胞菌gyrA中至少1个碱基的差异。     

铜绿假单胞菌oprD2基因突变及表达量改变与碳青霉烯类耐药的关系

目的 研究铜绿假单胞菌外膜通道蛋白OprD2的表达减弱或缺失,以及OprD2蛋白自身突变是否会影响铜绿假单胞菌对碳青霉烯类药物的耐药性.方法 收集分离自临床对亚胺培南(IPM)的最低抑菌浓度(MIC)值≥8μg/m1的铜绿假单胞菌共101株,采用肉汤稀释法检测菌株对比阿培南(BPM)、美罗培南(MEM)、帕尼培南(PEM)的MIC值;荧光定量RT-PCR检测铜绿假单胞菌膜通道蛋白oprD2基因的表达量情况;针对oprD2相对表达量正常并对亚胺培南耐药的铜绿假单胞菌,采用普通PCR的方法扩增oprD2全长基因并测序.结果 根据铜绿假单胞菌的OprD2蛋白相对表达量结果,将101株铜绿假单胞菌分成两组,组1为OprD2相对表达量降低组;组2为OprD2相对表达量正常组;组1与组2相比,对IPM、BPM、MEM、PEM的MIC值≥16μg/ml的菌株比例差异均有统计学意义(P＜0.01).组1中,28株同时对4种药物的MIC均≥16 μg/ml,其中有25株的OprD2的相对表达量明显减低(＜0.4);外膜孔蛋白OprD2转录水平与4种碳青霉烯类药物MICs之间呈负相关趋势.组2中,有16株9prD2基因发生突变,按照突变的类型主要分成4组;与PAO1相比,这些菌株对IPM、BPM、MEM、PEM的MIC值有不同程度的增加.结论 OprD2外膜蛋白的表达量减少或缺失是铜绿假单胞菌对亚胺培南耐药的主要机制,可能也与其他3种碳青霉烯类药物耐药有密切关系;铜绿假单胞菌的oprD2基因发生突变,可能会降低铜绿假单胞菌对这儿种碳青霉烯类药物的敏感性.     

体外构建喹诺酮耐药肺炎克雷伯菌模型及gyrA、parC基因突变与耐药性关系

目的 体外构建喹诺酮耐药肺炎克雷伯菌模型并研究其gyrA、parC基因突变与唪诺酮耐药的关系.方法 运用亚抑菌浓度的左旋氧氟沙星与肺炎克雷伯菌在培养基中共培养,并倍比增加诱导药物的浓度,直至肺炎克雷伯菌能够在含高浓度的左旋氧氟沙星培养基上良好生长.收集耐药菌株,用PCR扩增和DNA测序法榆测gyrA、parC基因喹诺酮耐约决定区域(QRDR)的突变情况.结果 体外成功构建喹诺酮高浓度耐药肺炎克雷伯菌模型,所有耐药菌株QRDR均发生了变异,绝大部分为gyrA和parC双重突变.gyrA基因以Ser83、Asp87突变为主,Ser83→Ile,Asp87→Arg、Gly,也有菌株86位氨基酸发生了突变,由Tyr86→Ser.几乎所有菌株parC基因80位氨基酸的突变均为Ser80→Ile.结论 长期低浓度用药可以诱导喹诺酮耐药性的产生.QRDR突变与喹诺酮耐药性有关,gyrA及parC的双重突变可以导致高水平耐药,同时町能存在其他耐药机制.     

铜绿假单胞菌耐药性在生物被膜形成过程中的变化

目的 研究铜绿假单胞菌遗传性耐药(gyrA基因突变和MexAB-OprM主动外排)在生物被膜形成过程中对药物抗性的作用。方法 通过PCR技术鉴定gyrA基因突变株和MexB-OprM主动外排株，利用三亲杂交的方法将绿色荧光蛋白(GFP)基因转到铜绿假单胞菌药物敏感株中，测定gyrA基因突变株、MexAB-OprM主动外排株以及带有绿色荧光蛋白的铜绿假单胞菌在特氟隆上产生生物被膜耐药的规律。结果 筛选出gyrA基因突变株和MexAB-OprM主动外排株。通过三亲杂交成功构建了带有pGFPuv质粒的铜绿假单胞菌。将突变株和敏感株培养在最低杀菌浓度(MBC)的环丙沙星溶液中形成生物被膜使菌株的存活率均在50％以上。结论 比较遗传性耐药和生物被膜耐药的作用表明gyrA基因突变和主动外排在生物被膜耐药形成前期发挥主要作用，当生物被膜完全形成之后，铜绿假单胞菌的耐药性有可能是由生物被膜介导的。     

卡介苗增强人肺腺上皮细胞β—防御素-1基因的转录

目的 :研究嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌拓谱异构酶II和IV的突变与氟喹诺酮类药物的耐药关系 ,为新药开发提供实验依据。方法 :选择对环丙沙星MIC >2mg/L且主动外排机制阴性的菌株 ,对其gyrA和 parE的喹诺酮决定区域基因分别进行PCR扩增 ,纯化后直接测序。结果 :嗜麦芽窄食单胞菌在DNA解旋酶最常见的 83位和 87位没有突变 ,同时在GyrA的整个QRDRs没有氨基酸的改变 ,并且其 83位是Gln而不是其它革兰阴性菌常见的Ser或Thr。 5株菌中的parE各有 1株菌在 4 0 2和 4 32突变 ,但是该突变与FQNS耐药不相关 ,未观察到Valdezate研究中的 1 /2菌株的…     

黄芩苷对氟喹诺酮类抗铜绿假单胞菌协同作用的初步报告

目的：研究黄芩苷对氟喹诺酮类药物抗铜绿假单胞菌的协同作用。方法：以二倍稀释法测定药物的体外抗菌活性,筛选耐药菌,然后测定黄芩苷对4种氟喹诺酮类药物（诺氟沙星、环丙沙星、氧氟沙星、左氧氟沙星）抗铜绿假单胞菌的协同作用;以CCCP筛选存在主动外排系统的耐药菌．测定黄芩苷对4种氟喹诺酮类药物抗该类耐药菌的协同作用。结果：临床分离铜绿假单胞菌耐药现象普遍．黄芩苷联合4种氟喹诺酮类药物对耐药铜绿假单饱菌有协同抗菌作用．MIC值下降1-2倍。同时存在主动外排系统的耐药菌也表现出抗菌增敏作用。结论：黄芩苷与氟喹诺酮类药物联合应用对耐药铜绿假单胞菌有协同抗菌,对存在主动外排系统的耐药菌也表现出抗菌增敏作用。     

Prevalence of quinolone resistance mechanisms and associations to minimum inhibitory concentrations in quinolone-resistant Escherichia coli isolated from humans and swine in Denmark

Prevalence of quinolone resistance mechanisms and associations to minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of nalidixic acid (NAL) and ciprofloxacin (CIP) were investigated in 124 Escherichia coli isolated from humans (n=85) and swine (n=39) in Denmark. The collection included 59 high-level CIP-resistant isolates (MIC >or= 4) from human (n=51) and pig origin (n=8) and 65 low-level CIP-resistant isolates (MIC >or= 0.125) from human (n=34) and pig origin (n=31). Resistance by target modification was screened by PCR amplification and sequencing of the quinolone resistance determining regions (QRDRs) of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE. QRDR mutations occurred in all except two isolates (98%). All high-level CIP-resistant E. coli had one or two mutations in gyrA in combination with mutations in parC or parE. Mutations in parC and parE were only found in combination with gyrA mutations, and no mutations were observed in gyrB. Efflux pump mechanisms were detected in 10 human (11.8%) and 29 porcine (74.4%) isolates by an efflux pump inhibitor (EPI) agar dilution assay. The aac(6')-Ib-cr gene mediating resistance by enzymatic modification was found in 12 high-level CIP-resistant human isolates. The qnrA and qnrS genes conferring quinolone resistance by target protection were detected in two human low-level CIP-resistant isolates that did not display NAL resistance. As expected, target mutation in QRDRs was the most prevalent mechanism of quinolone resistance. This mechanism was complemented by efflux mechanisms in most porcine isolates. Transferable resistance by target protection or enzymatic modification was less common (10%) and restricted to human isolates.     

Molecular characterization of clinical Streptococcus pneumoniae isolates with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones emerging in Italy

Fifteen Streptococcus pneumoniae clinical isolates with reduced fluoroquinolone susceptibility (defined as a ciprofloxacin MIC of > or = 4 microg/ml), all collected in Italy in 2000-2003, were typed and subjected to extensive molecular characterization to define the contribution of drug target alterations and efflux mechanisms to their resistance. Serotyping and pulsed-field gel electrophoresis analysis indicated substantial genetic unrelatedness among the 15 isolates, suggesting that the new resistance traits arise in multiple indigenous strains rather than through clonal dissemination. Sequencing of the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE demonstrated that point mutations producing single amino acid changes were more frequent in topoisomerase IV (parC mutations in 14 isolates and parE mutations in 13) than in DNA gyrase subunits (gyrA mutations in 7 isolates and no gyrB mutations observed). No isolate displayed a quinolone efflux system susceptible to carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophenylhydrazone; conversely, four-fold or greater MIC reductions in the presence of reserpine were observed in all 15 isolates with ethidium bromide, in 13 with ulifloxacin, in 9 with ciprofloxacin, in 5 with norfloxacin, and in none with five other fluoroquinolones. The effect of efflux pump activity on the level and profile of fluoroquinolone resistance in our strains was minor compared with that of target site modifications. DNA mutations and/or efflux systems other than those established so far might contribute to the fluoroquinolone resistance expressed by our strains. Susceptibility profiles to nonquinolone class antibiotics and resistance-associated phenotypic and genotypic characteristics were also determined and correlated with fluoroquinolone resistance. A unique penicillin-binding protein profile was observed in all five penicillin-resistant isolates, whereas the same PBP profile as S. pneumoniae R6 was exhibited by all six penicillin-susceptible isolates. This is the first attempt to molecularly characterize clinical isolates of S. pneumoniae with reduced susceptibility to fluoroquinolones emerging in Italy.     

Mutations in gyrA,gyrB, parC,and parE in quinolone-resistant strains of Neisseria gonorrhoeae

Mutations in the genes for the subunits GyrA and ParC of the target enzymes DNA gyrase and topoisomerase IV are important mechanisms of resistance in quinolone-resistant bacteria, including Neisseria gonorrhoeae. The target enzymes also consist of the subunits GyrB and ParE, respectively, though their role in quinolone-resistance has not been fully investigated. We sequenced the quinolone-resistance-determining regions (QRDR) of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE in 25 ciprofloxacin-resistant strains from Bangladesh (MIC 4-->32 mg/l) and 5 susceptible strains of N. gonorrhoeae. All the resistant strains had three or four mutations. Two of these were at positions 91 and 95 of gyrA. Fourteen strains had an additional mutation in parC at position 91, and 17 strains had an additional mutation in parE in position 439. No alterations were found in gyrB. The five susceptible strains had identical DNA sequences. Data indicate that the mutations detected in the QRDR of gyrA and parC may be important in the development of quinolone resistance. According to transformation experiments we assume that the alteration in parE is not related to a high degree of quinolone resistance. There was no correlation between ciprofloxacin MICs and pattern or number of mutations in the target genes.     

Evaluation of fluoroquinolone resistance mechanisms in Pseudomonas aeruginosa multidrug resistance clinical isolates

Efflux transporters have a considerable role in the multidrug resistance (MDR) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa, an important nosocomial pathogen. In this study, 45 P. aeruginosa clinical strains, with an MDR phenotype, have been isolated in a hospital of Northern Italy and characterized to identify the mechanisms responsible for their fluoroquinolone (FQ) resistance. These isolates were analyzed for clonal similarity, mutations in genes encoding the FQ targets, overexpression of specific Resistance Nodulation-cell Division efflux pumps, and search for mutations in their regulatory genes. The achieved results suggested that the mutations in genes encoding ciprofloxacin targets represented the main mechanism of FQ resistance of these strains; 97.8% of these isolates showed mutations in gyrA, 28.9% in gyrB, 88.9% in parC, and 6.7% in parE. Another mechanism of resistance was overexpression of the efflux pumps in some representative strains. In particular, overexpression of MexXY-OprM drug transporter was found in five isolates, whereas overexpression of MexCD-OprJ was detected in two isolates; surprisingly, in one of these last two isolates, also overexpression of MexAB-OprM pump was identified.     

大肠埃希菌中氟喹诺酮耐药机制功能分析

目的 分析拓扑异构酶的突变和外排泵系统在大肠埃希菌(Escherichia coli)氟喹诺酮类药物耐药机制中的作用.方法 本研究通过基因重组技术对大肠埃希菌中拓扑异构酶不同点突变的功能进行了准确测定,同时也对大肠埃希菌中不同外排泵及膜蛋白的功能进行了分析.结果 在不同的菌株中,acrAB或tolC的切除所引起细菌耐药性的变化不同.对拓扑异构酶点突变的功能分析显示,gyrA中的点突变(S83和D87)在喹诺酮耐药机制中起主要作用,没有gyrA上的点突变,parC上的点突变(S80和A108)对细菌的耐药性不产生影响,但单独gyrA上的点突变(S83和D87)也仅导致敏感菌株对萘啶酸耐药,而对其他氟喹诺酮类药物仍表现为敏感.当对喹诺酮敏感的大肠埃希菌K-12同时具备gyrA(S83L和D87N)和parC(S801和A108V)上的点突变后,重组菌株对氟喹诺酮会自然产生耐药性,而并不需要过度表达的外排泵.结论 拓扑异构酶的突变在大肠埃希菌氟喹诺酮药物的耐药机制中起主要作用,对氟喹诺酮药物耐药的菌株通常应同时具备gyrA和parC上的点突变.     

Geographically dependent distribution of gyrA gene mutations at codons 83 and 87 in Salmonella Hadar, and a novel codon 81 Gly to His mutation in Salmonella Enteritidis

In all, 90 nalidixic acid-resistant clinical strains of Salmonella Hadar and Salmonella Enteritidis isolated in Norway but of predominantly foreign origin were subjected to sequencing of the gyrA, gyrB, parC and parE genes. All the isolates contained at least one mutation in gyrA codon 83 or codon 87. A highly significant correlation between mutations in gyrA codon 83 and strains originating from Southeast Asia was found in S. Hadar but not in S. Enteritidis. A novel gyrA codon 81 Gly to His mutation was discovered in one S. Enteritidis isolate. One amino-acid (aa) changing mutation was found outside the quinolone resistance-determining region (QRDR) of S. Hadar parC at codon 57, which has previously only been observed once in Salmonellae.     

Role of efflux pumps and mutations in genes for topoisomerases II and IV in fluoroquinolone-resistant Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains

We have investigated the occurrence of mutations in topoisomerase II (DNA gyrase) subunit B(gyrB) and topoisomerase IV subunit E(parE) and the hyperexpression of genes for four efflux pump proteins in 20 previously described, fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical strains of Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Amino acid alterations were found in GyrB in five strains and in ParE in three strains with MIC of norfloxacin > or = 8 mg/L, and it is likely that some of the alterations contribute to the quinolone resistance exhibited by these strains. Seventeen of the 20 strains overproduced mRNA for one or more pump proteins (MexB, MexD, MexF, or MexY), which caused multidrug resistance phenotype in more than half of strains. Two strains were hypermutable and one of them was highly resistant, but the other strain was only moderately resistant.     

Contribution of a new mutation in parE to quinolone resistance in extended-spectrum-beta-lactamase-producing Escherichia coli isolates

Mutations in the quinolone resistance-determining regions of gyrA, gyrB, parC, and parE were studied in 30 fluoroquinolone-resistant clinical isolates of Escherichia coli producing extended-spectrum beta-lactamases. Ten isolates showed a mutation in parE that was significantly associated with an increase in the MIC for fluoroquinolones.     

Topoisomerase IV mutations in quinolone-resistant salmonellae selected in vitro

The development of high-level fluoroquinolone resistance has rarely been observed in salmonellae and, in contrast to other Gram-negative bacteria mutations affecting topoisomerase IV, a known secondary target of quinolones in Escherichia coli has not been described except for one recent report. The present study used quinolone-susceptible field isolates representing epidemiologically relevant serovars and phage types Salmonella Hadar and Salmonella Typhimurium DT104 and DT204c to select fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants in vitro. Three selection steps were necessary to obtain high-level fluoroquinolone-resistant mutants (MICCip > or = 8 microg/ml). All first-step mutants examined had a single gyrA mutation (affecting either Ser83 or Asp87). Additional topoisomerase mutations affecting gyrA (Asp87), gyrB (Ser464), and parC (Gly78) were detected in second- and third-step mutants. Introducing into the respective mutants the corresponding plasmid-coded quinolone-susceptible allele of either gyrA, gyrB, or parC resulted in reduction of quinolone resistance, indicating a role for these mutations in quinolone resistance. In the presence of an inhibitor of RND-type efflux pumps, the susceptibilities to ciprofloxacin and chloramphenicol of second- and third-step mutants increased by two to four serial dilution steps, providing evidence that an efflux-mediated resistance mechanism contributes to the development of high-level fluoroquinolone resistance in salmonellae.