rhGM-CSF作为成人乙肝疫苗无(弱)应答者免疫佐剂初探

目的 探讨重组人粒细胞.巨噬细胞集落刺激因子(rhGM-CSF)对提高成人乙肝疫苗无(弱)应答免疫的作用.方法 将两年内完成1～2个标准乙肝疫苗接种程序、复查HBV标志物均阴性的健康人群随机分为A、B两组.A组:33人,按标准免疫程序予10μg乙肝疫苗;B组:34人,先予rhGM-CSF 300μg皮下注射,次日始按A组方案予乙肝疫苗.接种首针后第1、2、8个月(T1、T2、T8)采血检测抗-HBs.结果 A、B组T8抗-HBs阳性率分别为39.39%和64.71%(P=0.038);A组三次抗体滴度检测结果 无显著性变化;B组升高明显,分别为(113.85±198.56)mIU/ml,(312.40±349.44)mIU/ml,(427.74±411.58)mIU/ml(P=0.001).A组和B组T8抗体水平差异有统计学意义(P=0.010).结论 rhGM-CSF联合乙肝疫苗复种对无(弱)应答者免疫效果优于单纯复种,GM-CSF具有提高机体对乙肝疫苗免疫应答的能力.     

不同剂量乙肝疫苗与HBIG联合免疫阻断HBV母婴传播的效果对比

目的 探讨10 μg和20 μg乙肝疫苗与HBIG联合免疫阻断HBV母婴传播的效果.方法 124例HBsAg阳性孕妇所生的婴儿随机分为两组,即10 μg乙肝疫苗组和20 μg乙肝疫苗组.婴儿于出生6h内及30 d分别注射200 IU HBIG,同时分别于出生24 h内、1个月及6个月注射3次10 μg或20 μg重组酵母乙肝疫苗.检测婴儿出生时以及1岁时血清HBV标志物.结果 两组新生儿血清HBsAg、HBeAg及抗-HBe阳性率与滴度之间差别均无统计学意义（P＞0.05）.所有新生儿血清HBV DNA水平均小于检测下限（500 U/ml）.出生12个月时,所有124例婴儿血清HBsAg和HBeAg检测结果均为阴性;血清HBV DNA水平均在检测下限以下;10 μg和20 μg乙肝疫苗组血清抗-HBs阳性率分别为90.3％和96.8％,差异无统计学意义（P＞0.05）;抗-HBs水平分别为325.5±342.2 mIU/ml和463.7±353.3 mIU/ml,后者显著高于前者（P=0.01）.而且,20 μg乙肝疫苗组产生高应答抗-HBs（＞ 100 mIU/ml）的比例显著高于10μg乙肝疫苗组（P =0.035）.结论 20 μg乙肝疫苗联合HBIG方案阻断HBV母婴传播的效果优于10 μg乙肝疫苗联合HBIG方案.     

乙型肝炎病毒母婴阻断长期效果的随访研究

目的观察乙型肝炎病毒母婴阻断长期效果,探讨HBsAg阳性孕妇生产儿童发生慢性HBV感染的相关影响因素。方法随访和收集于2004--2006年在北京地坛医院出生的HBsAg阳性母亲所生,并在出生时进行200单位乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）注射和经过乙肝疫苗10μg,0、1和6个月的完整免疫接种程序的儿童静脉血,采用Abbott微粒子化学发光法检测其HBsAg、抗-HBs抗体、抗-HBc抗体,分析母婴阻断和乙肝疫苗接种的长期效果及其影响因素。结果收集和调查306名儿童年龄3—6（4．84）岁,其母亲生产时HBeAg阳性198人,HBeAg阴性92人。10（3．27％）名儿童发生慢性HBV感染。除慢性HBV感染者外,其余296名儿童,20．27％抗-HBs〈10mlU／ml;44．26％抗-HBs≥10—100mlU／ml;27．03％抗-HBs≥100～1000mlU／ml和8．45％抗-HBs≥1000mlU／m,抗-HBs保护率为79．73％（236／296）。抗-HBc阳性率为7．43％（22／296）。10例感染儿童的母亲生产时HBeAg均为阳性,HBVDNA均在10。拷贝／ml以上,其中8例超过10^8拷贝／ml。结论在进行乙肝疫苗加HBIG注射的HBV母婴传播阻断措施下,HBV母婴阻断失败和慢性H13V感染发生在HBeAg阳性和高病毒载量产妇所生婴儿,在有效阻断后仍需进行抗HBs监测并加强免疫接种。     

中效价乙型肝炎免疫球蛋白与乙型肝炎疫苗合用阻断母婴传播的效果

用ＲＰＨＡ及ＥＩＡ法筛ＨＢｓＡｇ、ＨＢｅＡｇ双阳性孕妇，其新生儿分两组，以６０ＩＵ／ｍｌ１针免疫球蛋白（ＨＢＩｇ）加３针１０μｇ乙型肝炎疫苗为实验组，于出生２４小时内分别在左右上臂三角肌内接种１支ＨＢＩｇ和１支乙肝疫苗，１、６个月时各接种１支１０μｇ乙肝疫苗，用同剂量、同批号、同方法接种乙型肝炎疫苗３针为对照组。均于出生后１、６、９个月采静脉血进行血清学检测。结果显示，免后６、９个月对照组和实验组的ＨＢｓＡｇ阳转率分别为７．５％、５．３％。保护率为９０．４％和９３．２％，达到３０μｇ疫苗加２００ＩＵ／ｍｌＨＢＩｇ免疫局６个月的保护率（７６．５％～９２．２％）。两组ＨＢｓＡｇ阳转率、保护率、Ｓ／Ｎ值ＧＭＴ的差异非常显著，ｘ２＝７．５２，Ｐ＜０．０１。表明中效价ＨＢＩｇ与乙肝疫苗共同应用，对主动免疫应答无抑制现象。     

PEG—IFN α-2a治疗慢性丙型肝炎的临床分析

目的观察PEG-IFN α-2a小剂量长疗程治疗慢性丙型肝炎患者的病毒学应答。方法选择2004年9月至2006年9月住院的慢性丙型肝炎患者92例,根据对干扰素耐受情况将其分为A组（PEG—IFN α-2a 67．5μg／周）、B组（PEG—IFN α-2a 90μg／周）及C组（PEG-IFN α-2a 180μg／周）,同时联合利巴韦林（900～1200mg／d）。A组和B组中HCV基因1b型患者疗程延长至96周,2a型疗程48周;C组HCV基因1b型疗程48周,2a型疗程24周,均随访24周;分别观察各组患者的快速病毒学应答（RVR）、早期病毒学应答（EVR）及持续病毒学应答（SVR）率。结果三组RVR、EVR、SVR率之间无统计学差异（P〉0．05）,基因1b型患者的RVR、EVR和SVR率明显低于2a型（P〈0．05）,经logistic回归分析,HCV基因型为SVR独立预测因子（OR=12．78,95％CI=11．97—82．89,P=0．0075）。结论小剂量长疗程PEG—IFN α-2a联合利巴韦林与标准方案治疗慢性丙型肝炎病毒学应答状况相当;基因型是SVR的独立预测因素。     

右美托咪定对老年人直肠癌根治术后认知功能的影响

目的观察老年人直肠癌根治术中应用右美托咪啶（DEX）对术后认知功能的影响。方法将60例择期行直肠癌根治术的老年患者按数字表法随机分为2组：DEX组（n=30）和对照组（n=30）。均采用静脉麻醉,将DEX 2 ml（200μg）加入48ml生理盐水中,配成4mg／L的溶液。DEX组在气管插管成功后10min内泵入0．5μg／ks的DEX溶液,继续以0．5μg·kg^-1·h^-1持续泵入至手术结束前30min;对照组在气管插管成功后的10min内泵入0．125ml／kg生理盐水,继以0．125ml·kg^-1·h^-1持续泵入至关腹前。记录2组术前（T0）、术毕（T1）、拔管后5min（T2）、拔管后30min（T3）的收缩压（SBP）、舒张压（DBP）、心率（HR）,并记录停全麻药至自主呼吸恢复的时间、至拔管的时间,术前24h、术后24h采用简易精神状态量表（MMSE）评价两组患者认知功能。结果与T0比较,DEX组T1～T3的SBP及HR降低,而对照组T1-T3的SBP升高,差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0．05）;与对照组比较,DEX组T1-T3的SBP及HR减低,差异均有统计学意义（P值均〈0．01）。DEX组发生术后认知功能障碍（POCD）2例（6．7％）,对照组9例（30．0％）,两组POCD发生率差异有统计学意义（χ^2=5．46,P〈0．01）。结论DEX能改善老年直肠癌根治术患者的术后认知功能,且使血流动力学更稳定。     

乙肝疫苗联合乙肝免疫球蛋白对阻断母婴垂直传播乙型肝炎病毒的临床分析

目的探讨孕妇产前用乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）与乙型肝炎疫苗联合免疫阻断母婴传播的效果。方法将504例HBsAg（＋）孕妇分为A（预防组）,B（对照组）两组。A组：246名HBsAg阳性孕妇孕晚期每月分别注射基因重组型乙肝疫苗10μg、HBIG200IU（200IU/ml）,新生儿出生后采股静脉血,同时在出生后24h内注射HBIG200IU,然后在0、1、6月龄接种基因重组型乙肝疫苗,每次10μg。B组：258例产前未注射HBIG和基因重组型乙肝疫苗的HBsAg阳性孕妇,其所生新生儿在0、1、6（30μg、30μg、30μg）月龄只用基因重组型乙肝疫苗免疫。A、B两组婴儿都分别在0、3、6、9、12、24月龄静脉采血,用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测HBV标志物,同时随访。结果A组的宫内感染率为3.25%,B组为4.16%,差异无统计学意义（χ^2=1.43,P〉0.05）。A组没有发生慢性HBV感染的婴儿,而B组中有7例婴儿发生慢性HBV感染,B组婴儿发生慢性HBV的感染率显著高于A组（χ^2=4.41,P〈0.05）。结论产前用HBIG和新生儿HBIG联合免疫可降低慢性HBV感染率,阻断宫内感染的慢性化,提高产程感染的阻断效果。     

蒙古族原发性高血压人群与血管紧张素转换酶ACE I/D基因及血管紧张素原AGT M235T基因多态性的关系

目的研究血管紧张素转换酶（ACE）基因及血管紧张素原（AGT）基因多态性与蒙古族原发性高血压病的关系。方法应用PCR-RFLP技术检测96例原发性高血压患者与正常对照组108名健康受试者血管紧张素转换酶基因第16内含子I／D多态性及血管紧张素原基因第二外显子M235T多态性。结果①蒙古族人群ACE基因I／D位点II、ID、DD基因型频率在高血压组和正常血压组分别为0.44、0．38、0．18和0．42、0．32、0．26，差异无显著性（χ^2=1.693，P=0．192，OR=0．643，95％可信区间0．330-1．254）；②I、D等位基因的频率分别为0．63、0．37和0．58、0．42，差异无显著性（χ^2=0．808，P=0.363，OR=0．834，95％可信区间0．560-1．240）；③AGT M235T位点MM、MT、TT基因型的频率在高血压组和正常血压组分别为0．21、0.73、0．06和0．55、0．34、0．11，两组之间差异无显著性（χ^2=0．495，P=0．482，OR=0．681，95％可信区间0．233-1．993）。④M、T等位基因频率分别为0．58、0．42和0．72、0．28，差异无显著性（χ^2=0．051，P=0．821，OR=1．047，95％可信区间0．702-1．562）；⑤同时分析AGT基因M235T基因型与ACE基因I／D基因型时结果为它们在蒙古族人群患高血压方面无协同作用。各亚组比较高血压组与对照组均无统计学差异，P〉0．05。结论血管紧张素转换酶基因I／D基因型和血管紧张素原基因M235T基因型与蒙古族人群发生原发性高血压无关。     

柔嫩艾美耳球虫山西分离株的分离与致病性观察

运用单卵囊分离技术,从山西省某鸡场鸡球虫感染粪便样品中获得l株纯种球虫,鉴定为柔嫩艾美耳球虫并命名为Eimeria tenella SX010323,并对其致病性进行了研究。（1）该球虫卵囊寄生于盲肠、为宽卵圆形,卵囊壁光滑、褐色,无卵膜孔,有极粒,无内、外残体。孢子囊呈长卵圆形,有斯氏体。卵囊大小范围为（16．80～28．80）μm×（14．40～25．20）μm,平均大小为（21．54±0．24）μm×（17．85±0．24）μm,形状指数为1．21±0．05。子孢子,大小范围为（10．20～12．75）μm×（4．40—7．25）μm,平均大小为（11．54±0．24）μm×（6．27±0．43）μm。潜隐期为141h,最短孢子化时间为19h;（2）63只11日龄的海兰白公雏随机分为7组,分别口服感染此新鲜卵囊1×10^3、5×10^3、1×10^4、2×10^4、5×10^4、1．0×10^5个,并设立不感染对照组。结果表明：所有感染组增重均低于对照组（P〈O．05）,各感染组间随着感染剂量的增加,增重和增重率显著降低,血便率和盲肠病变记分增加（P〈0．05）;（3）将4℃分别保存17、13、10、4、1个月和新鲜孢子化的虫株卵囊,以1．5×10^4个／只的剂量感染11日龄雏鸡,每组10只。结果表明：保存1个月和4个月活力较高,保存10个月活力开始下降,保存13、17个月活力下降较大。     

肝细胞生长因子对重症急性胰腺炎小鼠肠黏膜屏障保护作用

目的探讨肝细胞生长因子（HGF）对重症急性胰腺炎（SAP）小鼠肠黏膜屏障功能障碍修复作用及机制,以及肠道干细胞在黏膜损伤修复中的作用。方法健康雄性昆明小鼠60只,按数字表法随机分成正常对照（NC）组10只、SAP组25只和HGF组25只。酶耦联紫外分光光度法检测血清D哥L酸水平,肠系膜淋巴结、胰腺、肝脏、脾脏及肺组织细菌培养,流式细胞仪检测肠上皮细胞增殖指数,免疫组化染色法检测小肠隐窝干细胞变化。结果SAP组血清D-乳酸值为（11．17±1．90）mg／L,较NC组（4．87±0．73）mg／L和HGF组（7．30±0．88）mg／L高,差异均有统计学意义（F=78．20,P值均〈0．01）。胰腺、肠系膜淋巴结、肝脏、脾脏、肺脏细菌培养器官移位率SAP组（50％,40／80）高与NC组（14％,7／50）和HGF组（29％,29／100）（χ^2=7．427,χ^2=4．112,P值均〈0．01）。肠黏膜上皮细胞增殖指数SAP组较NC组和HGF组明显下降（F=42．71,P值均〈0．05）,HGF组与NC组比较则明显升高（P〈0．01）。SAP组小肠隐窝干细胞数（1．26±0．87）个,低于NC组（2．16±0．90）个和HGF组（2．50±0．96）个,差异均有统计学意义（F=8．34,P值均〈0．01）。结论HGF可促进肠黏膜上皮细胞的增殖,降低肠道通透性及肠道细菌移位率,减轻急性胰腺炎小鼠肠黏膜的损伤。     

Accelerated schedule of hepatitis B vaccination in patients with hemophilia

Early development of immunity after hepatitis B vaccination is particularly important for patients such as hemophiliacs, at high risk for acquiring hepatitis B from potentially infectious plasmaderived concentrates. The purpose of this study was to evaluate whether or not protective antibody titers could be achieved quickly and maintained in hemophiliacs by an accelerated vaccination schedule. A yeast-recombinant hepatitis B vaccine (Engerix B, SKF Ritt) was given subcutaneously in the deltoid region and repeated 2 and 6 weeks later to 85 hemophiliacs negative for hepatitis B virus (HBV) markers. After the first 22 patients had been enrolled, a modification of the schedule involving a fourth booster dose 24 weeks after the first dose of vaccine was applied to the next 63 consecutive vaccinees. Fifty-three percent of vaccinees had antibody titers to hepatitis B surface antigen (anti-HBs≥ 10 mlU/ml) by week 6, even though the mean titers of anti-HBs were somewhat lower than those achieved historically in normal individuals. The protection rate had increased to 87% by week 10, one month after the third dose of vaccine, and to 93% by week 24. One year after starting vaccination, the rate for the vaccinees who did not receive the fourth booster dose was 71%, and 96% for those who did receive the fourth dose, with only 2 patients not responding despite the booster dose. It is concluded that even though the accelerated schedule of immunization produced rapidly high rates of protective antibody titers, a booster dose is required to obtain higher titers and provide more persistent immunity.     

Trial of hepatitis B prophylaxis in children born to mothers carrying HBs antigen in New Caledonia

A prophylaxis trial of hepatitis B at birth was carried out in New Caledonia. Ninety-nine newborns from women carrying hepatitis B antigen during pregnancy were immunized. The prophylaxis protocol was as follows: anti-HBs immunoglobulin and the first dose of vaccine at birth if the mother was HBe Ag+ or HBe Ag- without anti-HBe, only vaccination if the mother showed anti-HBe antibodies. 73.8% had anti-HBs antibodies when checked at 6 months; at the age of one year, this figure was 60.4%. Four months after the booster injection, 68.3% were anti-HBs positive. Among all these children, three of them were born to HBe Ag+ mothers became HBs Ag/HBe Ag positive. The control group studied showed that mother-infant vertical transmission was not the only route of contamination in children in New Caledonia.     

韶关市1～5岁儿童乙型肝炎血清学调查结果分析

目的了解乙肝疫苗纳入免疫规划后,韶关市1～5岁儿童乙肝病毒携带率与乙肝免疫水平,评价现阶段儿童乙肝的预防控制效果。方法从全市10个县（市、区）中采取分层整群随机抽样方法,选取2008年在幼儿园（托儿所）1～5岁儿童作为调查对象,收集血清样本采用酶联免疫吸附试验（ELISA）检测乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）和表面抗体（抗-HBs）。结果共采集1～5岁儿童血清1485份,HBsAg阳性率为0.88%,随年龄增长有增高的趋势,男性0.93%、女性0.82%,经检验两者间差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.0586,P〉0.05）,地区间最高的是南雄市（0.97%）,最低的武江区（0.80%）,经检验两者间差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.0808,P〉0.05）;抗-HBs阳性率为65.86%,随年龄增长有下降趋势,男性65.01%、女性66.80%,经检验两者间差异无统计学意义（χ2=1.5424,P〉0.05）,地区间最高的武江区（66.27%）,最低的是乳源县（65.47%）,经检验两者间差异无统计学意义（χ2=0.0688,P〉0.05）。结论韶关市乙肝疫苗免疫规划实施后,5岁以下儿童HBsAg携带率明显降低,预防效果显著;抗-HBs阳性率偏低,加大新生儿乙肝疫苗接种剂量。     

Hepatitis B vaccine in infants from an endemic area: long-term anti-HBs persistence and revaccination

Persistence of anti-HBs in 156 Senegalese infants immunized with hepatitis B vaccine was studied for periods ranging from 2 to 6 years after booster dose administration. Six years after the booster dose, 90.4% of the infants had detectable anti-HBs antibodies, with 78.1% having titers higher than 10 mIU/ml. The geometric mean titer was 60 mIU/ml. Females showed higher anti-HBs values than males. In a group of 11 infants who received no booster dose, anti-HBs antibodies were detectable 7 years after the first dose. However, the geometric mean titer was lower (26 mIU/ml). Revaccination (56 infants) led to an increase of the geometric mean titer to 469 mIU/ml 2 months later. These results show that a booster injection every 5-6 years should provide adequate protective anti-HBs levels in infants.     

Hepatitis B vaccine: immunogenicity and follow-up including two year booster doses in high-risk health care personnel in a London teaching hospital

One hundred forty-four adult health care personnel (aged 18-62 years, median 33 years) considered at high risk of future HBV infection were vaccinated with a plasma-derived hepatitis B vaccine (20 micrograms HBVax at 0, 1, and 6 months) and followed-up for 2 years. Anti-HBs was present in only 6.9% prior to vaccination, and prescreening to detect this group would not have been cost-effective. At 9 months, 8.3% were nonresponders and a further 9% had anti-HBs levels less than 50 mIU/ml. Multivariate analysis showed that age was the single most important determinant of a poor response. In 47 of 52 individuals retested 2 years later, anti-HBs levels had fallen by 80% or more, and in four it had become undetectable. Response to a booster dose at this stage was excellent, with anti-HBs levels 3 months later much higher than at the end of the initial course. Additional booster doses of vaccine in two of the initial nonresponders at 14 and 22 months, respectively, also led to seroconversion. Although a significant proportion of health care workers in this study did not make a satisfactory response to the hepatitis B vaccine, later booster doses were very effective in subsequently increasing anti-HBs levels.     

不同剂量HBIG对母婴乙型肝炎病毒抗原抗体宫内传播的影响

目的探讨不同剂量乙肝免疫球蛋白（HBIG）对乙型肝炎病毒（HBV）抗原抗体宫内传播的影响。方法将母亲乙肝表面抗原（HBsAg）阳性的婴儿作为500例观察对象,根据出生前母亲是否用HBIG分为：观察1组：产前母亲孕末期28w、32w、36w各用200IU（蓉生）HBIG 200例;观察2组：产前母亲孕末期28w、32w、36w各用400IU（蓉生）HBIG 100例;对照1组：产前母亲孕末期不用HBIG 200例。观察生后12h内新生儿静脉血乙肝五项：HBsAg、乙型肝炎表面抗体（HBsAb）、乙型肝炎e抗原（HBeAg）、乙型肝炎e抗体（HBeAb）、乙型肝炎核心抗体（HBcAb）。结果观察1组200例新生儿HBsAg阳性1例,阳性率为0.5%,HBeAg阳性3例,（其中1例HBsAg同时阳性）阳性率为1.5%。对照组HBsAg阳性2例,阳性率为1%,HBeAg阳性8例,（其中2例HBsAg同时阳性）阳性率为4%。经统计学处理（HBsAg）χ2=0.336,P=0.562;（HBeAg）,χ2=2.337,P=0.126。观察1组与对照组生后24h内HBV抗原检测比较无显著差异。观察1组、观察2组与对照组HBsAb检测比较：观察1组新生儿HBsAb阳性率1%,观察2组新生儿HBsAb阳性率2%,对照组HBsAb阳性率1%,各组HBeAb和HBcAb检测比较,结果HBeAb和HBcAb检测母婴符合率均在97%-97.5%之间。结论孕妇HBV携带者产前孕末期用HBIG 200IU隔4w连用3次的方法对阻断乙肝病毒的宫内感染效果不显著。加大HBIG的用量400IU可基本阻断HBV垂直传播胎儿。但鉴于对照组宫内感染率仅4%,加大用量不适用所有HBV携带者孕妇,尤其是HBsAg单阳性孕妇。     

Immunogenic effect of hepatitis B vaccine in children: comparison of two- and three-dose protocols

The immunogenic effect of hepatitis B vaccine was evaluated in 183 seronegative infants from Senegal. Seventy-two seronegative infants received two 5-micrograms doses of vaccine at a two-month interval and 111 seronegative infants received three 5-micrograms doses at one-month intervals. All the children had a booster dose one year after the first injection of vaccine. No difference between the two groups was observed in the seroconversion rate (93.1% and 94.6%, respectively); in the proportion of high anti-HBs titer; or in the anti-HBs geometric mean titer (82 and 92 mIU/ml, respectively). These results demonstrate that two doses of 5 micrograms of hepatitis B vaccine are sufficient in infants to obtain a high immunogenic effect.     

Hepatitis B Virus Antibody Levels 7 to 9 Years after Booster Vaccination in Alaska Native Persons

Hepatitis B antibody persistence was assessed in individuals who had previously received a vaccine booster. We measured hepatitis B surface antigen antibody (anti-HBs) levels 7 to 9 years post-hepatitis B booster in individuals with primary vaccination at birth. While 95 (91.3%) of 104 participants had detectable anti-HBs (minimum, 0.1 mIU/ml; maximum, 1,029 mIU/ml), only 43 (41%) had protective levels of ≥10 mIU/ml. Pre- and week 4 postbooster anti-HBs levels were significant predictors of hepatitis B immunity at follow-up (P < 0.001). Almost all participants had detectable anti-HBs 7 to 9 years after the hepatitis B vaccine booster, but less than half had levels ≥10 mIU/ml.