重症监护病房患者致病菌分布及耐药性临床分析

目的：总结探讨重症监护病房患者致病菌分布以及常用抗菌药物的耐药性情况,为临床提供合理使用抗菌药物提供依据。方法选择2011年12月~2012年12月我院收集的520份标本进行病原培养以及药敏学实验。结果520份标本一共培养出535株致病菌,535株菌株中革兰阴性菌348株(65.05%),革兰阳性菌113株(21.12%),真菌74株(13.83%)。革兰阴性菌主要是鲍曼不动杆菌、铜绿假单胞菌、肺炎克雷伯菌等；革兰阳性菌主要是金黄色葡萄球菌、屎肠球菌等；真菌主要是白色假丝酵母菌等。革兰阴性菌对头孢哌酮辕舒巴坦耐药性低；革兰阳性菌对吠喃妥因、替考拉宁以及万古霉素耐药性低；真菌对两性霉素月耐药性低。结论重症监护病房的临床医生需要积极进行致病菌的监测和耐药性实验分析,依据病原菌的特点和药敏学结果合理使用对应的抗生素。     

儿童真菌感染的病原学研究

目的探讨广州地区儿童真菌感染的病原分布特点及其耐药状况,为防治儿童真菌感染提供实验室依据。方法对患儿感染部位的真菌进行分离培养和鉴定：以ATB^TM FUNGUS3酵母样真菌药敏试验条进行常用抗真菌药物的敏感性分析。结果从患儿标本中分离出558株真菌,主要来自呼吸道有299株,占53．58％;其次是消化道、伤口（创口）、泌尿系统和血液等,分别占28．14％、6．27％、4．66％、3．76％。其中白色假丝酵母菌367株,占65．77％;其次为热带假丝酵母菌、光滑假丝酵母菌、近平滑假丝酵母菌、克柔假丝酵母菌、季也蒙假丝酵母菌等,分别占15．28％、5．02％、4．48％、3．41％、2．69％。从骨髓中检出5株马尔尼菲青霉,从脑脊液中检出3株新型隐球菌。真菌对两性霉素B、5-氟胞嘧啶、氟康唑、伊曲康唑、伏立康唑等总耐药率分别为8．78％、4．84％、10．54％、1．36％、0．85％。结论引起儿童真菌感染的主要病原菌是白色假丝酵母菌。对真菌感染应该有针对性地使用高效的抗真菌药物进行早期治疗。     

氟康唑对白色假丝酵母菌活性氧和线粒体膜电位的影响

近年来随着广谱抗生素、免疫抑制剂和细胞毒药物的广泛使用以及介入治疗、恶性肿瘤和器官移植的增加,深部真菌尤其是念珠菌的感染率迅速上升.氟康唑作为抗念珠菌属的常用药,随着临床使用率增高,白色假丝酵母菌对氟康唑的耐药率有增加的趋势.     

临床常见真菌的分布和药物敏感性分析

目的:了解真菌感染的临床分布、真菌种类及耐药情况,为临床诊治提供依据。方法:采用沙保弱平板或CHROMa-gar平板进行菌株分离、API Candida、API20CAUX菌株鉴定,用Rosco纸片扩散法测定药敏。结果:690份标本,分离出700株真菌,其中假丝酵母菌属占53.5%,白假丝酵母菌占25.6%;痰标本占24.3%;住院患者中以ICU和肾内科分离率高且以白假丝酵母菌为主,分别占59.3%和45.2%;门诊患者以皮肤科分离率高,以近平滑假丝酵母菌为主,占23.4%;酵母样真菌对伊曲康唑、氟康唑、两性霉素B、制霉菌素、酮康唑的敏感率分别为89.4%、83.9%、98.2%、95.9%、96.0%。结论:假丝酵母菌是真菌培养中分离率最高的真菌,分离的主要真菌种类因科室和患者而异。真菌的分离、鉴定和药敏试验对临床使用抗真菌药物具有指导意义,特别是对氟康唑天然耐药菌株的鉴定,有利于抗真菌药物选择。     

811例酵母样真菌感染的临床分布及药敏分析

目的分析临床酵母样真菌感染的分布情况,结合真菌的鉴定及药敏,指导临床合理用药。方法回顾性分析真菌感染者的临床资料、检出的酵母样真菌的分布及对抗真菌药物的耐药特点。结果真菌感染以60岁以上老年人居多,占69.4%,感染部位主要为呼吸道、泌尿道及肠道;基本都有抗生素使用史,多有创伤性介入治疗。检出真菌主要为白色假丝酵母菌,共526例,另有热带假丝酵母菌117例,光滑假丝酵母菌86例,近平滑假丝酵母菌57例,其他酵母菌25例。10种抗真菌药物中,耐药性较高的为特比奈芬、制霉菌素和两性霉素B,比较敏感的为5-氟胞嘧啶和酮康唑。两性霉素B33.9%和氟康唑22.6%的耐药率,大大高于以往熟知的程度,这与临床大量常规使用其预防真菌感染有密切联系。结论应加强真菌检测,指导临床合理使用抗生素,减少多重耐药出现。     

老年晚期肺癌患者真菌性肺炎致病菌及临床特征

目的 总结老年晚期肺癌患者真菌性肺炎的致病菌及临床特征,为临床诊断及治疗提供参考。方法 纳入2017年1月至2020年12月于北京世纪坛医院住院的92例继发真菌性肺炎的老年晚期肺癌患者,收集临床资料和实验室检查结果进行分析。结果 纳入患者的痰标本分离假丝酵母菌属居多,其中白色假丝酵母菌71株,占比最多,达77.2%,对氟康唑的耐药率为8.5%,对伏立康唑耐药率为1.4%。不同致病菌在腺癌和鳞癌患者中分布差异无统计学意义。胸部X线或CT表现以斑片状阴影最多见,占81.5%。合并高血压、冠心病、糖尿病患者较多,分别占40.0%,31.6%和19.7%。所有患者均有不同程度的发热,并伴有咳嗽、咳痰症状。经抗真菌药物治疗后,治愈率为79.3%,病死率20.7%,多数患者死于呼吸衰竭。结论 老年晚期肺癌患者真菌性肺炎的致病菌多为白色假丝酵母菌,耐药率低,胸部影像不典型,多数表现为斑片状阴影。患者合并症多,多数死于呼吸衰竭,临床应综合分析病情,合理用药。     

医院内真菌感染的病原种类和耐药性分析

目的研究某教学医院侵袭性真菌感染的发病率、耐药性和病原分布特点,为临床医师合理用药提供科学依据。方法回顾分析2008-2010年住院患者真菌培养的检出率、标本来源、菌种分布及其对常见抗真菌药物的耐药性。结果医院内侵袭性真菌感染近3年的检出率19.32%,2008-2010年真菌检出率呈逐年上升的趋势,2008与2009年、2009与2010年差异有统计学意义（χ2=7.61、69.33,P〈0.05）;感染部位以呼吸道最多,其次为泌尿道;检出的真菌种类以假丝酵母菌属为主,约占99.78%,且白色假丝酵母菌居多,占49.04%。白假丝酵母菌和热带假丝酵母菌对三唑类药物敏感性仍较好,光滑假丝酵母菌及其他两种真菌则对三唑类药物耐药率较高,所有菌株对两性霉素B均较敏感。结论白色假丝酵母菌仍是医院内侵袭性真菌感染的主要病原菌,临床应根据药物敏感试验结果合理使用抗生素,防止侵袭性真菌的发生,延缓其耐药性的进一步发展。     

科玛嘉念珠菌显色培养基在诊断侵袭性真菌感染中的应用

目的探讨CHROMagar显色培养基检测侵袭性真菌感染的应用价值。方法将2007年7月至2008年6月湖南省肿瘤医院肿瘤病人的呼吸道标本采用CHROMagar显色培养基及沙保罗培养基进行真菌检测,CHROMagar显色培养基上生长的真菌根据菌落的颜色及形态进行鉴别,在沙保罗培养基上生长的真菌经VITEK2-Compact全自动细菌鉴定仪进行鉴定。结果660份标本在沙保罗培养基上分离出383株真菌,经鉴定其中白色假丝酵母菌为262株、热带假丝酵母菌为51株、克柔假丝酵母菌15株、光滑假丝酵母菌34株,其他真菌21株。CHROMagar显色培养基上检出360株真菌,检出率与前者的符合率为93．99％。结论科玛嘉显色培养基能作为临床快速鉴定酵母样真菌感染的方法,对侵袭性真菌感染的早期诊断有意义;但鉴定菌种有限,有一定的局限性。     

流式细胞术快速检测假丝酵母菌药物敏感性方法的建立及应用北大核心CSCD

目的：建立基于流式细胞分析技术快速检测假丝酵母菌临床菌株药物敏感性或耐药性的方法。方法以碘化丙锭（ PI）为荧光染料,采用白假丝酵母菌ATCC90029株确定流式药敏试验门设置及最佳实验条件。采用所建立的真菌流式药敏试验检测110株假丝酵母菌临床菌株对氟康唑和伏立康唑的敏感性或耐药性并经典的M27-A3常量稀释法进行比较。结果调整电压可将白假丝酵母菌ATCC90029株活菌与死菌在流式细胞仪SS/log（ FL3）门中分为边界清晰的两群细胞,不同比例死菌与活菌混合液与流式药敏试验检测值之间有高度相关性（r＝0．999）。流式药敏试验30 min内可出结果,其最适菌液浓度为1．0×106/ml、药物与真菌最适孵育时间为3 h、最佳染色方法及时间为脱氧胆酸钠预处理后PI染色5 min。流式药敏试验与M27-A3常量稀释法对110株假丝酵母菌临床菌株对氟康唑和伏立康唑敏感或耐药总符合率分别为98．2％和87．3％。结论较之经典的常量稀释法,流式药敏试验用于检测真菌对药物的敏感性或耐药性具有快速、准确、敏感等优点,具有临床应用前景。     

947株尿培养病原菌分布及耐药特征分析

目的:探讨947株尿培养病原菌分布及耐药特征。方法:收集2017年1月至2019年5月我院中段尿标本,共检出947株菌株纳入研究。根据临床检验操作流程进行标本接种,观察菌株构成情况、病原菌分布情况及耐药特征分析。结果:在检出的947株非重复菌株中,革兰阴性杆菌584株,占61.67%;革兰阳性球菌275株,占29.04%;真菌88株,占9.29%。女性感染率高于男性(P0.05)。在检出的947株非重复菌株中,泌尿外科病原菌303株(32.00%),所占比例最高。革兰阴性杆菌在尿培养结果中较常见。其中,主要是大肠埃希菌、肺炎克雷伯菌、铜绿假单胞菌、奇异变形杆菌。革兰阳性球菌在尿培养结果中也占有一定比例。其中,主要是屎肠球菌、粪肠球菌。临床常见真菌为白假丝酵母菌、热带假丝酵母菌。对5-氟胞嘧啶和两性霉素敏感率均为100.00%。白假丝酵母菌对伊曲康唑、伏立康唑、氟康唑敏感率为97.18%、98.69%、96.79%。结论:947株尿培养病原菌主要是革兰阴性杆菌、革兰阳性球菌、真菌,女性感染率高于男性,泌尿外科病原菌检出比例最高,临床需根据病原菌分布情况及耐药特征进行用药治疗,而且要避免交叉感染。     

Candida tropicalis in a neonatal intensive care unit: epidemiologic and molecular analysis of an outbreak of infection with an uncommon neonatal pathogen

From June to July 1998, two episodes of Candida tropicalis fungemia occurred in the Aristotle University neonatal intensive care unit (ICU). To investigate this uncommon event, a prospective study of fungal colonization and infection was conducted. From December 1998 to December 1999, surveillance cultures of the oral cavities and perinea of the 593 of the 781 neonates admitted to the neonatal ICU who were expected to stay for >7 days were performed. Potential environmental reservoirs and possible risk factors for acquisition of C. tropicalis were searched for. Molecular epidemiologic studies by two methods of restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis and two methods of random amplified polymorphic DNA analysis were performed. Seventy-two neonates were colonized by yeasts (12.1%), of which 30 were colonized by Candida albicans, 17 were colonized by C. tropicalis, and 5 were colonized by Candida parapsilosis. From December 1998 to December 1999, 10 cases of fungemia occurred; 6 were due to C. parapsilosis, 2 were due to C. tropicalis, 1 was due to Candida glabrata, and 1 was due to Trichosporon asahii (12.8/1,000 admissions). Fungemia occurred more frequently in colonized than in noncolonized neonates (P < 0.0001). Genetic analysis of 11 colonization isolates and the two late blood isolates of C. tropicalis demonstrated two genotypes. One blood isolate and nine colonization isolates belonged to a single type. The fungemia/colonization ratio of C. parapsilosis (3/5) was greater than that of C. tropicalis (2/17, P = 0.05), other non-C. albicans Candida spp. (1/11, P = 0.02), or C. albicans (0/27, P = 0.05). Extensive environmental cultures revealed no common source of C. tropicalis or C. parapsilosis. There was neither prophylactic use of azoles nor other risk factors found for acquisition of C. tropicalis except for total parenteral nutrition. A substantial risk of colonization by non-C. albicans Candida spp. in the neonatal ICU may lead to a preponderance of C. tropicalis as a significant cause of neonatal fungemia.     

Epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of bloodstream fungal isolates in pediatric patients: a Spanish multicenter prospective survey

Data on fungemia epidemiology and antifungal susceptibility of isolates from children are scarce, leading frequently to pediatric empirical treatment based on available adult data. The present study was designed to update the epidemiological, mycological, and in vitro susceptibility data on fungal isolates from children with fungemia in Spain. All fungemia episodes were identified prospectively by blood culture over 13 months at 30 hospitals. Tests of susceptibility to amphotericin B, flucytosine, fluconazole, itraconazole, posaconazole, voriconazole, anidulafungin, caspofungin, and micafungin were performed at participant institutions by a microdilution colorimetric method. New species-specific clinical breakpoints for fluconazole, voriconazole, and echinocandins were also applied. A total of 203 episodes of fungemia in 200 children were identified. A higher proportion of fungal isolates was from general wards than intensive care units (ICU). Candida parapsilosis (46.8%), Candida albicans (36.5%), Candida tropicalis (5.9%), Candida glabrata (3.9%), and Candida guilliermondii (2.5%) were the leading species. C. parapsilosis was the predominant species except in neonates. C. albicans was the most frequent in neonatal ICU settings (51.9%). Intravascular catheter (79.3%), surgery (35%), prematurity (30%), and neutropenia (11%) were the most frequent predisposing factors. Most Candida isolates (95.1%) were susceptible to all antifungals. When the new species-specific clinical breakpoints were applied, all C. parapsilosis isolates were susceptible to echinocandins except one, which was micafungin resistant. This is the largest published series of fungemia episodes in the pediatric setting. C. parapsilosis is the most prevalent species in Spain, followed by C. albicans and C. tropicalis. Resistance to azole and echinocandin agents is extremely rare among Candida species. The fluconazole resistance rate in Spain has decreased in the last 10 years.     

Candidemia in neonatal intensive care unit

The present study was conducted over a period of 6 months to determine the Candida species causing candidemia in a neonatal intensive care unit and to analyse the risk factors associated with acquisition of significant fungemia. Speciation of the 19 isolated Candida spp was done by the standard techniques. Antimicrobial susceptibility of these isolates was determined by disc diffusion method against Amphotericin B, Fluconazole, Ketoconozole and 5-Flucytosine. Candida glabrata was the most common species involved (42.1%). Other species isolated were C. tropicalis (31.6%). Calbicans (21.1%) and C.parapsilosis (5.2%). All the isolates were sensitive to Amphotericin B. Resistance to other antigungal agents was seen only in C. globrata. Significant candidemia was seen in 14/19 (72.6%) of neonates. Risk factors found to be associated with significant candidemis in these neonates included intake of multiple broad-spectrum antibiotics (p<0.0001), use of total parenteral nutrition (p<0.045) and ventilators (p<0.0001).     

Nosocomial infection in newborns by Pichia anomala in a Brazilian intensive care unit.

Disseminated candidiasis is the most common nosocomial fungal infection, and Candida albicans has been reported to account for 50% to more than 70% of cases of invasive candidiasis. However, recent reports have also suggested the emergence of infections caused by non-albicans species. In addition, less-common pathogenic yeasts (Malassezia, Trichosporon, Rhodotorula, Debaryomyces and Pichia) have recently been reported, with increased frequency, as causes of nosocomial infections with high mortality. This article describes two cases of fungemia caused by Pichia anomala in newborns that occurred in an intensive care unit (ICU), in November 2004 at the Instituto da Crian?a (Pediatric Institute) of the Hospital das Clínicas of the School of Medicine, S?o Paulo University, Brazil. The principal factors related to virulence (proteinase and phospholipase) and the susceptibility of the isolated strains to antifungal agents were also evaluated, and the biotype of each strain was determined through the use of an epidemiological marker (killer biotype).     

Species distribution and anti-fungal susceptibility of Candidaemia at a multi super-specialty center in Southern India

Candidaemia is one of the leading causes of nosocomial bloodstream infections. There is a rise in the incidence of non-albicans candidaemia and emergence of anti-fungal resistance. We performed a retrospective laboratory-based study over a period of 2 years (January 2009 to December 2010) at our quaternary care multi super-specialty hospital in Southern India. There had been 68 Candida isolates detected from the bloodstream of 55 patients during the study period. Overall, 74% of cases were due to non-albicans Candida. C. tropicalis was most commonly isolated (39.7%), followed by C. albicans (26.4%). All Candida isolates remain susceptible to voriconazole, whereas highest degree of resistance was observed for fluconazole.     

Biofilm production by isolates of Candida species recovered from nonneutropenic patients: comparison of bloodstream isolates with isolates from other sources

Biofilm production has been implicated as a potential virulence factor of some Candida species responsible for catheter-related fungemia in patients receiving parenteral nutrition. We therefore compared clinical bloodstream isolates representing seven different Candida species to each other and to those from other anatomical sites for the capacity to form biofilms in glucose-containing medium. Potential associations between the capacity to form biofilms and the clinical characteristics of fungemia were also analyzed. Isolates included the following from nonneutropenic patients: 101 bloodstream isolates (35 C. parapsilosis, 30 C. albicans, 18 C. tropicalis, 8 C. glabrata, and 10 other Candida species isolates) and 259 clinical isolates from other body sites (116 C. albicans, 53 C. glabrata, 43 C. tropicalis, 17 C. parapsilosis, and 30 other Candida species isolates). Organisms were grown in Sabouraud dextrose broth (SDB) containing a final concentration of 8% glucose to induce biofilm formation, as published previously. Biofilm production was determined by both visual and spectrophotometric methods. In this medium, biofilm production by C. albicans isolates was significantly less frequent (8%) than that by non-C. albicans Candida species (61%; P < 0.0001). The overall proportion of non-C. albicans Candida species isolates from the blood that produced biofilms was significantly higher than that of non-C. albicans Candida isolates obtained from other sites (79% versus 52%; P = 0.0001). Bloodstream isolates of C. parapsilosis alone were significantly more likely to be biofilm positive than were C. parapsilosis isolates from other sites (86% versus 47%; P = 0.0032). Non-C. albicans Candida species, including C. parapsilosis, were more likely to be biofilm positive if isolates were derived from patients whose candidemia was central venous catheter (CVC) related (95%; P < 0.0001) and was associated with the use of total parenteral nutrition (TPN) (94%; P < 0.005). These data suggest that the capacity of Candida species isolates to produce biofilms in vitro in glucose-containing SDB may be a reflection of the pathogenic potential of these isolates to cause CVC-related fungemia in patients receiving TPN.     

Comparison of Isolator 1.5 and BACTEC NR660 aerobic 6A blood culture systems for detection of fungemia in children.

The Isolator 1.5 microbial system (ISO 1.5) (Wampole Laboratories, Cranbury, N.J.) was compared with the BACTEC NR660 aerobic NR6A bottle (NR6A) (Becton Dickinson Diagnostic Instrument Systems, Sparks, Md.) for the detection of fungemia in hospitalized pediatric patients. For 4,825 paired blood cultures evaluated retrospectively from April 1992 to December 1994, at least one blood culture system was positive for 89 clinically important fungal isolates involved in 36 episodes of fungemia in 34 patients. Sixty isolates (44 Candida albicans, 12 Candida parapsilosis, and 4 Candida tropicalis isolates) were recovered from both systems, 13 were recovered from NR6A bottles only (10 C. albicans, 1 C. parapsilosis, and 2 Cryptococcus neoformans isolates), and 16 were recovered from ISO 1.5 tubes only (8 C. albicans and 5 C. parapsilosis isolates and 1 C. tropicalis, 1 Candida lusitaniae, and 1 Rhodotorula glutinis isolate) (P > 0.05). For the 60 Candida isolates from both systems, the mean time to detection was the same in each system. Thirty-seven isolates were detected by both systems on the same day, 9 isolates were detected earlier by NR6A, and 14 isolates were detected earlier by ISO 1.5 (P > 0.05). Of the 36 clinically important episodes of fungemia, 22 were detected by both systems (13 C. albicans isolates and 9 other Candida isolates), 4 were detected by NR6A only (3 C. albicans isolates and 1 C. neoformans isolate), and 10 were detected by ISO 1.5 only (3 C. albicans isolates, 6 other Candida isolates, and 1 R. glutinis isolate) (P > 0.05). Of the 22 episodes in which cultures from both systems were positive at some point during the episode, 12 were detected on the same day by both systems, 8 were detected earlier by NR6A, and 2 were detected earlier by ISO 1.5. Thus, for our pediatric population, NR6A is comparable to ISO 1.5 in both yield and time to detection of yeasts in fungemic patients.     

Incidence of bloodstream infections due to Candida species and in vitro susceptibilities of isolates collected from 1998 to 2000 in a population-based active surveillance program

To determine the incidence of Candida bloodstream infections (BSI) and antifungal drug resistance, population-based active laboratory surveillance was conducted from October 1998 through September 2000 in two areas of the United States (Baltimore, Md., and the state of Connecticut; combined population, 4.7 million). A total of 1,143 cases were detected, for an average adjusted annual incidence of 10 per 100,000 population or 1.5 per 10,000 hospital days. In 28% of patients, Candida BSI developed prior to or on the day of admission; only 36% of patients were in an intensive care unit at the time of diagnosis. No fewer than 78% of patients had a central catheter in place at the time of diagnosis, and 50% had undergone surgery within the previous 3 months. Candida albicans comprised 45% of the isolates, followed by C. glabrata (24%), C. parapsilosis (13%), and C. tropicalis (12%). Only 1.2% of C. albicans isolates were resistant to fluconazole (MIC, > or = 64 microg/ml), compared to 7% of C. glabrata isolates and 6% of C. tropicalis isolates. Only 0.9% of C. albicans isolates were resistant to itraconazole (MIC, > or = 1 micro g/ml), compared to 19.5% of C. glabrata isolates and 6% of C. tropicalis isolates. Only 4.3% of C. albicans isolates were resistant to flucytosine (MIC, > or = 32 microg/ml), compared to < 1% of C. parapsilosis and C. tropicalis isolates and no C. glabrata isolates. As determined by E-test, the MICs of amphotericin B were > or = 0.38 microg/ml for 10% of Candida isolates, > or =1 microg/ml for 1.7% of isolates, and > or = 2 microg/ml for 0.4% of isolates. Our findings highlight changes in the epidemiology of Candida BSI in the 1990s and provide a basis upon which to conduct further studies of selected high-risk subpopulations.     

Comparison of restriction enzyme analysis versus pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis as a typing system for Torulopsis glabrata and Candida species other than C. albicans.

Candida species have recently emerged as important nosocomial pathogens. Because of the lack of a reliable system for detecting differences within the same species, little is known about the epidemiology of infection with Candida species. We describe a typing system for Torulopsis glabrata and the non-C. albicans Candida species that uses contour-clamped homogeneous electric field electrophoresis (CHEF), a version of pulsed-field gradient gel electrophoresis, and compared it with restriction enzyme analysis (REA) of genomic DNA. One hundred seventeen clinical isolates from 40 patients were evaluated. CHEF and REA were performed on each of the isolates, and the results of the two procedures were compared. The REA procedure revealed 8 different types of Candida lusitaniae, 20 of Torulopsis glabrata, 5 of Candida tropicalis, 3 of Candida parapsilosis, and 7 of Candida kefyr, whereas the CHEF method revealed 14 different types of C. lusitaniae, 16 of T. glabrata, 10 of C. tropicalis, 10 of C. parapsilosis, and 7 of C. kefyr. The CHEF technique yielded unique patterns of electrophoretic karyotypes that could be used to distinguish intraspecies variations. When compared with REA, CHEF demonstrated greater sensitivity in recognizing subtle strain-to-strain variations in most isolates and will be a useful epidemiologic tool for studying non-C. albicans Candida species and T. glabrata.