离子色谱法测定饮用水中溴酸盐

目的：建立一种简单快速，采用直接进样，电导检测饮用水中溴酸盐的高效离子色谱法。方法：选用Metrohm A Supp 5250＋ASupp 1 Guard分离柱，碳酸钠-碳酸氢钠淋洗液；流速为0．7ml／min，进样体积为100μl，抑制型电导检测器。结果：本法相关性好（r=0．9999），精密度高（RSD〈1．0％），样品加标平均回收率在88．6％-128．6％之间。方法检出限为0．22μg／L。结论：该方法操作简单、快速、灵敏度高、重现性好。     

离子色谱法快速测定饮用水中3种卤乙酸含量研究

目的：建立简便快速梯度淋洗离子色谱法测定饮用水中-氯乙酸（MCAA）、二氯乙酸（DCAA）、三氯乙酸（TCAA）3种卤乙酸含量。方法：选用lonpacASll阴离子分析柱，0～15mmol／LKOH淋洗液，流速为1．0ml／min，电导检测器。样品经0．45μm滤膜过滤后直接进样。结果：本法相关性好（r=〉0．9991以上），精密度高（RSD％〈5．0），样品加标平均回收率为88．9％～103％，最低检出量0．020～0．025μg/ml。结论：该法操作简单、快速、准确、灵敏，适用于大批水样分析。     

离子色谱法测定面包中溴酸盐含量的研究

目的：本文应用梯度淋洗离子色谱法快速测定面包中溴酸盐含量。方法：选用lonpacAS11阴离子分析柱，0-15mmol／LKOH淋洗液，流速为1．0ml／min，电导检测器。用纯水萃取样品中溴酸盐，经高速离心、过C18柱、过滤膜后直接进样。结果：本法相关性好（r=0．9998），精密度高（RSD％〈5．0），样品加标平均回收率为87．5％-102％，最低检出量0．010μg／g。结论：该法操作简单、快速、准确、灵敏，适用于大批样分析。     

离子色谱法快速测定豆芽中4-氯苯氧乙酸残留量

目的：应用梯度淋洗离子色谱法快速测定豆芽中4-氯苯氧乙酸含量。方法：选用IonpacASI1阴离子分析柱，0-15mmol／LKOH淋洗液，流速为1．0ml／min，电导检测器。用纯水萃取样品，经高速离心、过C18柱、过滤膜后直接进样。结果：本法相关性好（r=0．9991），精密度高（RSD％〈5．0），样品加标平均回收率为88．9％～103％，最低检出量0．050μg／g。结论：该法操作简单、快速、准确、灵敏，适用于大批样分析。     

高氯水中5种阴离子的固相萃取-离子色谱分析法

目的：建立一种同时测定高氯水中5种阴离子固相萃取电导检测离子色谱检测方法。方法：水样经0．22μm过滤后，采用IC-Ag及IC-H固相萃取柱除去Cl^-的干扰，采用Metrosep A Supp 5-250阴离子交换柱，以3．2mmol／LNa2CO3／1．0mmol／LNaHCO3为淋洗液，化学抑制电导检测。结果：5种阴离子的固相萃取回收率高，均大于96％。方法相关性好（r〉0．9990），线性范围宽，相对标准偏差均小于2．5％（n=6），各阴离子的平均加标回收率均在94％～104％之间，检出限在2．4-43μg／L之间。结论：方法灵敏、准确，重现性好，适用于高氯水样的分析。     

离子色谱法测定血液透析浓缩液中K+、Na+、Ca2+、Mg2+

目的：本文应用离子色谱法测定血液透析浓缩液中K^＋、Na^＋、Ca^2＋、Mg^2＋ 含量。方法：选用CS12A阳离子分析柱，CG12A保护柱，20mmoL／L甲基磺酸淋洗液，流速为1．00mL／min，电导检测器。将样品溶液稀释后，经0.45μm滤膜过滤后直接进样测定。结果：本方法相关性好（r=0．9999），精密度高（R5D％〈6.00），样品加标平均回收率为96．5％～103.2％，各阳离子的最低检出限为Na^＋：0．01mg／L、K^＋：0．02mg／L、Mg^2＋：0.05mg／L、Ca^2＋：0．05mg／L。结论：该方法操作简便、准确、灵敏，应用范围广，具有较高的实用价值。     

电导-紫外可见串联离子色谱法测定水样中痕量的IO3^-、CIO2^-、CIO3^-、BrO3^-、Br^-和NO2^-

目的：建立离子交换-电导-柱后衍生紫外可见串联离子色谱法同时测定样品中痕量的IO3^-、CIO2^-、CIO3^-、BrO3^-、Br^-和NO2^-。方法：采用高容量柱IonPac AS9-HC，以9．0mmol／L Na2CO3作淋洗液，外接水自动抑制，0．5g／L邻二甲氧基联苯胺盐酸盐＋5g／L溴化钾＋20％甲醇＋5．6％硝酸作衍生剂，反应温度60％，450nm波长检测。结果：方法的线性范围广、相关好（r〉0．999），相对标准偏差（RSD）0．84％～5．4％，样品平均加标回收率91．3％～107．7％，检出限0．023～2．0μg／L，电导检测法与柱后衍生法比较测定表明，后者灵敏度更高。样品的酸度、共存离子对测定无影响。结论：本方法准确、灵敏、适用性广，可满足μg／L级痕量组分的测定。     

离子色谱法测定饮用水中亚硝酸盐的应用研究

目的：探讨离子色谱法测定饮用水中亚硝酸盐的应用。方法：采用Metrosep A Supp5—250分析柱,抑制型电导检测器,进样体积为40μL,峰面积定量。结果：本方法回收率96．1％～103．1％,灵敏度高,最低检测质量浓度5．0μg／L。结论：离子色谱法测定饮用水中的亚硝酸盐等阴离子操作简便、快速高效、重现性好,符合实际检验要求。     

离子色谱法测定空气中的氨气

目的：建立一种以稀硫酸作为吸收液采样，用抑制电导离子色谱法测定空气中氨气的方法。方法：以稀硫酸作为吸收液采集空气中的氨，使氨在吸收液中转化为铵离子，选用抑制型电导检测器，Dionex IonPac CS10阳离子分析柱，以HCl作为淋洗液，进样体积50μl，通过测定吸收液中的铵离了来计算空气中氨的浓度。结果：对空气中氨气的采样效率大于98％，铵离了在1～100mg／L范围内具有良好的线性（r=0.9990），方法精密度高（RSD〈5％），对铵离子的检出限为0．1mg／L，最小采样体积为9．5L；与国家标准方法纳氏试剂分光光度法（GB／T14668）比较，测定结果一致。结论：该法操作简便，采样效率高，无干扰离子影响，可为大气和室内空气巾氨气的监测提供一种新的手段。     

离子色谱法同时测定矿泉水中的7种阳离子的研究

目的：采用离子色谱法同时测定矿泉水中Li^＋、Na^＋、NH^4＋、K^＋、Mg^2＋、Ca^2＋和Sr^2＋离子的方法研究。方法：选择20mmol／L甲烷磺酸为淋洗液，流速1．0ml／min。结果：测定方法相关性好（r〉0．9996），线性范围宽，精密度高（RSD〈1．84％），准确度好。结论：方法简便、快速，无干扰，灵敏度高，有较高的实用价值。     

Calcium intake in the elderly: validation of a dietary questionnaire

Epidemiological studies of calcium and osteoporosis have been hampered by the lack of a suitable tool for assessing calcium intake. This report describes a new frequency and amount questionnaire for measuring present and past calcium intake in the elderly. The validity of the questionnaire was tested against two commonly used standards of dietary assessment, five-day duplicate diets and seven-day weighed dietary inventories. The resulting correlation coefficients were, respectively, r = 0.76 and r = 0.69, while that for repeatability was r = 0.84. Furthermore, the questionnaire categorized subjects into thirds of the distribution of intake with almost no gross misclassification. It is suggested that the present findings may be extended to the majority of normal, healthy elderly subjects, implying wide application for the questionnaire in the assessment of calcium intake in the elderly.     

The occurrence of antimicrobial substances in toilet,sink and shower drainpipes of clinical units: A neglected source of antibiotic residues

Antibiotics represent one of the most important drug groups used in the management of bacterial infections in humans and animals. Due to the increasing problem of antibiotic resistance, assurance of the antibacterial effectiveness of these substances has moved into the focus of public health. The reduction in antibiotic residues in wastewater and the environment may play a decisive role in the development of increasing rates of antibiotic resistance. The present study examines the wastewater of 31 patient rooms of various German clinics for possible residues of antibiotics, as well as the wastewater of five private households as a reference.To the best of our knowledge, this study shows for the first time that in hospitals with high antibiotic consumption rates, residues of these drugs can be regularly detected in toilets, sink siphons and shower drains at concentrations ranging from 0.02?μg·L^?1 to a maximum of 79?mg·L^?1. After complete flushing of the wastewater siphons, antibiotics are no longer detectable, but after temporal stagnation, the concentration of the active substances in the water phases of respective siphons increases again, suggesting that antibiotics persist through the washing process in biofilms. This study demonstrates that clinical wastewater systems offer further possibilities for the optimization of antibiotic resistance surveillance.     

Self-reported health problems among Swedish miners one year after unemployment

Unemployment is considered to be a public health concern sincedeterioration in the health of the unemployed is often anticipated.However, for some groups, such as miners, unemployment mightimprove health due to a cessation of potentially harmful occupationalexposures. This study evaluates the health of 79 miners in oneSwedish iron-ore mine, and 226 age-matched controls from thegeneral population, during one year after the closure of themine. The participants received a questionnaire regarding medicalhistory and subjective symptoms at the beginning of the studyperiod, and after one year. Statistically significant negativeeffects on self-reported health attributable to unemploymentwere not found, although neuropsychiatric symptoms were morecommon among the unemployed miners. The miners reported a statisticallysignificant improvement in grip force (p=0.031). They had asignificantly higher prevalence of symptoms associated withmining related exposures when compared with the population controls;pain in the upper extremities [relative risk (RR)=2.27, 95%confidence interval (Cl)=1.44–3.59), back pain (RR=1.84;Cl=1.237–2.75), vasospastic disease of the fingers (RR=2.05;Cl=1.18–3.57) and obstructive respiratory symptoms (attacksof dyspnea and wheezing: RR=3.67; Cl=1.167–11.6).     

Excès de cas humains et animaux de tularémie en France au cours de l’hiver 2007–2008 : émergence ou phénomène isolé ?

Context

Tularemia is a zoonosis affecting humans and hares in France. We describe the results of surveillance in both species, in 2007 and 2008.

Methods

Human tularemia cases are mandatorily notifiable in France since 2003. In hares, surveillance relies on volunteer hunter associations in all districts of the country. Data from mandatory reports and volunteer surveillance in 2007/2008 were analyzed and compared with previous results.

Results

In 2007/2008, 144 cases were reported in humans and 117 cases in hares. This was a 100% increase compared to previous years. Human cases differed from those of previous years only by the frequency of contact with breeding animals. Human cases without any documented risk exposure were also more frequent.

Conclusion

An increase of tularemia cases occurred in 2007/2008 in both species. Complementary studies are needed to identify the species reservoir in France to understand the causes of this peak of cases.     

Occupational health hazards in mining: an overview

This review article outlines the physical, chemical, biological, ergonomic and psychosocial occupational health hazards of mining and associated metallurgical processes. Mining remains an important industrial sector in many parts of the world and although substantial progress has been made in the control of occupational health hazards, there remains room for further risk reduction. This applies particularly to traumatic injury hazards, ergonomic hazards and noise. Vigilance is also required to ensure exposures to coal dust and crystalline silica remain effectively controlled.     

Manufacture and use of nanomaterials: current status in the UK and global trends

This paper provides an overview of the production and use of nanomaterials (NMs), particularly in the UK. Currently, relatively few companies in the UK are identifiable as NM manufacturers, the main emphasis being the bulk markets in metals and metal oxides, and some niche markets such as carbon nanotubes and quantum dots. NM manufacturing in the UK does not reflect the global emphasis on fullerenes, nanotubes and fibres. Some assumptions have been made about the types of NM that are likely to be imported into the UK, which currently include fullerenes, modified fullerenes and other carbon-based NMs including nanotubes. Many university departments, spin-offs and private companies have developed processes for the manufacture of NMs but may only be producing small quantities for research and development (R&D) purposes. However, some have the potential to scale up to produce large quantities. The nanotechnology industry in the UK has strong R&D backup from universities and related institutions. This review has covered R&D trends at such institutions, and appropriate information has been added to a searchable database. While several companies are including NMs in their products, only a few (e.g. manufacturers of paints, coatings, cosmetics, catalysts, polymer composites) are using nanoparticles (NPs) in any significant quantities. However, this situation is likely to change rapidly. There is a need to collect more information about exposure to NPs in both manufacturing and user scenarios. As the market grows, and as manufacturers switch from the micro- to the nanoscale, the potential for exposure will increase. More research is required to quantify any risks to workers and consumers.     

深圳公立医院管理体制改革制度设计

深圳公立医院管理体制改革实行政事分开、管办分开,在理事会架构下按法定机构模式组建市医管中心,落实公立医院运营管理自主权.作者从当前公立医院管理体制的弊端入手,介绍了深圳市进行公立医院管理体制改革的基本思路及改革方案设计的主要举措,深入剖析了的改革方案的特点,并对改革效果进行了预测.     

Effects of nitrogen dioxide on red blood cells of rats: Changes in components of red cell membranes during in vivo exposure to NO2

Red cell membranes, prepared from red blood cells of rats exposed to 4, 10, or 20 ppm nitrogen dioxide (NO₂) for 1 to 10 days, were examined for evidence of changes in membrane components. Appreciable changes were not found in contents of phospholipid and cholesterol during exposure to 10 ppm NO₂. By contrast, protein content altered with the time of exposure. Moreover, changes in protein composition were observed by employing sodium dodecyl sulfate — polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Twenty-four-hour exposure to NO₂ at the concentration above 10 ppm resulted in a marked increase in the percentage of lysophosphatidylethanolamine (LysoPE) to the total phospholipids. The prolonged exposure to 10 ppm NO₂ gave rise to a further increase in LysoPE, whereas the percentage of phosphatidylethanolamine (PE) showed a gradual decrease. A 1-day exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂ also caused an increase in sialic acid content and decreases in those of PE and hexose. In addition to contents of these components the percentage of LysoPE increased 5 days after exposure and the elevated values were maintained up to the end of exposure period. These results demonstrate that red blood cells in circulation exhibit different membrane properties in terms of lipid and carbohydrate composition during 10 days of exposure to 4.0 ppm NO₂.     

Investigating clusters in the workplace and beyond

Clusters of disease are common and occur in the workplace and in the general community. They often arouse considerable concern among the population. Investigations have sometimes lead to exciting new knowledge, but in general the investigation of clusters is difficult and often unrewarding, especially for community clusters. In the workplace, investigations are more likely to find associations and even new causes, but still many clusters remain enigmatic. Despite this, there are many reasons for investigating clusters, including allaying community concern and identifying uncontrolled exposures. A structure for investigating clusters in the workplace is suggested.