妊娠期糖尿病相关因素的Meta分析

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)与部分相关因素的关系。方法:通过中国期刊全文数据库、中国生物医学文献数据库、HighWire Press、Medline等数据库收集1995年至2011年国内外公开发表的关于GDM相关因素的文献,采用Meta分析综合定量分析最终纳入的文献。结果:糖尿病家族史(合并OR为2.84,95%CI为1.95～4.15),超重或肥胖(合并OR为2.23,95%CI为1.90～2.61),年龄(合并OR为2.97,95%CI为2.28～3.89),肿瘤坏死因子α基因启动子308位点(TNF-α-308)G/A基因多态性(GA+AA基因型合并OR为3.69,95%CI为2.52～5.36;携带A等位基因合并OR为3.40,95%CI为2.56～4.53),糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)含量(合并OR为84.43,95%CI为17.01～418.96),不良孕产史(合并OR为1.90,95%CI为1.55～2.34),吸烟(合并OR为2.23,95%CI为1.16～4.28),体育锻炼(合并OR为0.69,95%CI为0.49～0.96),种族差异(白色人种合并OR为0.62,95%CI为0.53～0.74,黄色人种合并OR为2.58,95%CI为1.90～3.50),上述因素均为GDM相关因素。文化程度和非洲裔美国人的合并结果无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论:糖尿病家族史、超重或肥胖、年龄(≥25岁)、TNF-α-308携带A等位基因、不良孕产史和吸烟均为GDM危险因素,体育锻炼为其保护因素;种族差异可能是造成对GDM敏感性不同的影响因素之一;作为判定血糖长期控制情况的良好指标,糖化血红蛋白为妊娠期糖尿病的筛查和诊断提供了新途径和新方法。     

青岛市城区妊娠期糖代谢异常相关因素的调查分析

目的:调查青岛市城区妊娠期糖代谢异常的发病情况,分析导致妊娠期糖代谢异常发病的相关因素。方法:对检查分娩的3 624例孕妇进行糖筛查,并对筛查出阳性结果的患者行口服葡萄糖耐量试验。临床资料中各种因素均由SPSS for windows10.0软件进行统计学分析。结果:(1)妊娠期孕妇糖筛查异常发病率为22.13%(802/3624);妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的发病率为2.21%;妊娠期糖耐量受损(GIGT)的发病率为2.87%;(2)单因素Logistic相关分析,发现孕次、产次、孕周、年龄(≥30岁)、孕前超重、孕期体重增长、糖尿病家族史、不良孕产史、反复白色念珠菌性阴道炎发作史、月经不规律、不合理膳食、高脂血症、高血红蛋白等因素与糖代谢异常的发生相关;(3)多因素Logistic相关分析,表明孕前超重、糖尿病家族史、年龄、不合理膳食、高脂血症、不良孕产史等6项进入主效应模型,且均与糖代谢异常呈正相关。结论:(1)青岛城区GDM的发病率与国内文献报告的相当,GIGT的发病率高于GDM的发病率;(2)超重、糖尿病家族史、年龄、不合理膳食、高脂血症、不良孕产史为影响糖代谢异常发生的高危因素,对有高危因素患者在初诊时行糖筛查是十分重要的。     

西藏林芝地区胎儿先天性心脏病的危险因素分析

目的:探究西藏林芝地区先天性心脏病(CHD)的发生情况及其相关危险因素的关系。方法:选择于2016年6月至2018年6月在林芝市人民医院产前检查和(或)分娩且为当地常住人口的2126例孕妇,孕中期常规进行胎儿CHD筛查及孕期危险因素的调查。经胎儿超声心动图诊断出胎儿心脏畸形病例纳入CHD组,将胎儿超声心动图检查结果正常的孕妇纳入对照组,所有胎儿出生后进一步检查以明确诊断。结果:CHD组纳入26例,产后均确诊为CHD;对照组纳入2100例,产后进行一般体检未见异常,心脏听诊未闻及杂音;CHD产前检出率1.22%。单因素分析结果显示,两组孕妇年龄、孕前体质量指数(BMI)、孕产史、孕前6个月至此次产前检查期间主动及被动吸烟史、孕早期补充叶酸及微量元素、孕期发热史及感染性疾病史、妊娠期合并糖尿病史比较,差异有统计学意义(P0.05)。多因素分析结果显示,孕前超重(OR=13.60,95%CI 5.04～36.66)及孕前肥胖(OR=67.33,95%CI 16.03～282.78)、孕前6个月至此次产前检查期间主动与被动吸烟史(OR=4.02,95%CI 1.59～10.17)、孕期发热史(OR=10.31,95%CI 1.56～68.29)、妊娠合并糖尿病史(OR=15.88,95%CI 3.90～64.63)是胎儿发生CHD的危险因素。结论:为降低先心病的发病及改善预后,应加强林芝地区孕妇的孕期保健知识宣教及孕期管理,及时进行有效产前检查。     

多囊卵巢综合征对超重或肥胖孕妇围产结局的影响

目的探讨多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)对超重或肥胖孕妇围产结局的影响。方法对2008年5月至2010年7月在北京妇产医院产科门诊初次就诊孕妇进行PCOS史的筛查,将55例体重指数(BMI)≥24PCOS合并妊娠的单胎孕妇作为研究组,将对照组按年龄及孕前BMI和研究组进行2:1配对,即110例符合条件的非PCOS孕妇被纳入对照组,随访两组的妊娠结局到分娩。多胎妊娠、原有高血压、糖尿病、高血脂、甲状腺功能异常、心脏病、肾脏病等慢性疾病者未纳入本研究。结果 BMI≥24PCOS孕妇早产的发生率(20.0%)明显高于对照组(5.5%),两组差异有统计学意义,P<0.01。而妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)、妊娠期高血压、子痫前期、产后出血等妊娠并发症及新生儿并发症发生率两组比较差异无统计学意义(P>0.05)。结论 PCOS没有增加超重或肥胖孕妇GDM及妊娠期高血压疾病及其他不良围产结局发生的危险,但早产发生的危险显著增高。     

高龄、肥胖、早孕期体重增长、一级亲属糖尿病家族史单因素以及复合因素对妊娠期糖尿病发病的影响

目的:研究高龄、孕前体质量指数(Pre-BMI)、孕期体重增长、一级亲属即父母患糖尿病单因素以及复合因素对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)发病的影响,以达到控制某个可控因素来降低GDM发病风险。方法:对上海交通大学附属第一人民医院南院731例孕妇的年龄、孕前BMI、早孕期增重、糖尿病家族史进行logistic单因素回归分析并进行复合因素分析。结果:妊娠年龄(OR=1.071,95%CI=1.034~1.110,P=0.000),孕前BMI(OR=1.535,95%CI=1.087~2.170,P=0.015),早孕期体重增长(OR=1.132,95%CI=1.041~1.231,P=0.004),家族糖尿病史(OR=2.386,95%CI=1.393~4.086,P=0.002)。妊娠期合并1个高危因素孕妇患GDM的危险度是合并0个高危因素的1.966倍(95%CI=1.277~3.027,P=0.002),合并2个高危因素孕妇患GDM的危险度是合并0个高危因素的3.060倍(95%CI=1.912~4.898,P=0.000),合并≥3个高危因素孕妇患GDM的危险度是合并0个高危因素的8.444倍(95%CI=4.077~17.488,P=0.000)。结论:妊娠期间合并高危因素数越多,GDM发生危险度越高。对于合并高危因素的妇女,产科医师可在其备孕咨询时或初次产检时给予指导,降低可改变的1个或2个因素,达到很大程度降低GDM发病风险。     

月经不调--妊娠期糖尿病可能的危险因素

妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的高危因素包括：一级亲属患糖尿病、非白人种、巨大儿分娩史、不良孕产史、肥胖、高龄孕妇及PCOS等。目前一项研究表明：月经不调(常用作P—COS的代名词)也可能是GDM的高危因素之一。     

妊娠期糖尿病患者糖化血红蛋白及血糖指标异常与妊娠结局的相关性

目的:探讨妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者孕中期不同糖化血红蛋白(HbA1c)和不同血糖指标异常与妊娠结局的相关性。方法:回顾性选择2014年1月至2016年9月在广州市妇女儿童医疗中心进行产检和分娩的2224例诊断为GDM的孕妇为研究对象。根据HbA1c水平将其分为4组:A组为6.0%(1375例),B组为6.0%～6.5%(619例),C组为6.6%～7.0%(170例),D组为7.0%(60例);对75 g OGTT检测结果中仅其中1项时间点血糖异常为GDMⅠ组(1328例)、两项时间点血糖异常为GDMⅡ组(638例)、3项时间点血糖异常为GDMⅢ组(258例)。采用多因素Logistic回归分析不同HbA1c水平和血糖异常项数对妊娠结局的影响。结果:①C组和D组孕妇孕前体质量指数(BMI)为超重及以上和经产妇的占比明显高于A组,差异有统计学意义(P0.05);GDMⅢ组孕妇年龄在36～40岁和40岁、孕前BMI为超重及以上、经产妇、有不良孕产史、有糖尿病家族史以及HbA1c水平为6.6%～7.0%和7.0%的占比都高于GDMⅠ组,但孕妇孕期体质量增长低于GDMⅠ组,差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。②HbA1c水平在6.6%～7.0%和7.0%时是导致发生不良妊娠结局的危险因素,OR值分别为1.75(95%CI 1.12～2.75)和3.03(95%CI 1.45～6.32);3项血糖值均异常时是导致发生不良妊娠结局的危险因素,OR值为2.13(95%CI 1.40～3.22)。结论:糖化血红蛋白水平越高,血糖异常项数越多,不良妊娠结局的发生率也越高,临床上应对HbA1c6.6%和(或)OGTT 3项血糖值异常的孕妇给予高度关注,及时采取应对措施,减少不良妊娠结局的发生。     

妊娠期糖尿病OGTT结果与孕前体重指数的相关研究及危险因素分析

目的:初步探讨天津地区妊娠妇女孕前超重和肥胖的发生情况,并研究妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)OGTT不同血糖指标异常与孕前体重指数(BMI)的关系及其危险因素。方法:选取2018年8月至2019年5月在天津市中心妇产科医院行产前检查的孕妇共487例,收集其相关临床资料,按《中国成人超重和肥胖症预防控制指南》标准进行分组,分析天津地区妊娠妇女孕前超重和肥胖的发生情况,采用国际妊娠合并糖尿病研究组织(IADPSG)推荐的GDM诊断标准将487例孕妇分为GDM组和非GDM组,分析不同孕前BMI的GDM孕妇特点和GDM发生的危险因素。结果:487例孕妇的平均年龄为(30.1±4.58)岁,平均孕周为(25.98±1.33)周,平均孕前BMI为(21.87±2.95)kg/m~2,孕前超重和肥胖的孕妇比例分别占17.7%和4.3%。GDM组孕妇的年龄、孕前BMI、OGTT各点血糖水平和HbA1c均明显高于非GDM组,两组比较差异均有统计学意义(P0.05)。随着孕前BMI增加,GDM阳性检出率增加,OGTT各点血糖水平也增加(P0.05)。多因素非条件logistic回归分析结果显示,年龄(≥35岁)、超重或肥胖、HbA1c(≥5.5%)是GDM的独立危险因素(P0.05)。结论:孕前超重和肥胖参与GDM糖代谢过程,对于超重或肥胖、高龄、高HbA1c水平的孕妇应予重点关注和有效干预,预防GDM的发生。     

子宫颈机能不全行子宫颈环扎术患者发病的相关因素分析

目的:探讨行子宫颈环扎术患者的子宫颈机能不全(CI)发病的相关因素。方法:选择山西医科大学第一医院产科收治的单胎妊娠合并CI并实施经阴道子宫颈环扎术(CC)的患者209例为研究组(CI组),另随机按1∶2比例选择同期产科出院的非CI的患者348例为对照组。采用单因素及Logistic回归模型,分析影响CI的危险因素。根据Logistic回归模型计算出预测概率,产生新变量多指标联合,进行ROC曲线的绘制,判断预测能力。结果:(1)单因素分析示：CI组患者体质量、孕前体质量指数(BMI)均值、孕前肥胖及超重、早产史、自然流产史、既往多胎妊娠史、体外受精-胚胎移殖(IVF-ET)/促排卵、糖尿病[妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)和孕前糖尿病(PGDM)]、合并多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)的比例均高于非CI组((印)P(正)<0.05),而孕期增重及经产妇比例少于非CI组((印)P(正)<0.05)。(2)多因素分析示：既往有多胎妊娠史、IVF-ET/促排卵及合并GDM/PGDM、合并PCOS、子宫畸形均是CI发生的独立危险因素((印)OR(正)>1,(印)P(正)<0.05)。(3)ROC曲线下的面积(AUC)显示：多指标联合(AUC=0.728)>糖尿病(AUC=0.614)>IVF-ET/促排卵(AUC=0.586)>多囊卵巢综合征(AUC=0.539)>既往多胎妊娠史(AUC=0.548)>子宫畸形(AUC=0.510)。结论:既往多胎妊娠史、IVF-ET/促排卵受孕、糖尿病(GDM和PGDM)、子宫畸形、PCOS增加了CI发病的风险,多指标联合对于CI有一定的预测能力。     

妊娠期糖尿病危险因素的Logistic回归模型初探

目的:新诊断标准下,调查分析妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)的相关因素,建立临床评分体系,初步构建GDM危险因素Logistic回归模型。方法:按2010年国际妊娠合并糖尿病研究组织(IADPSG)推荐的GDM的新诊断标准,通过病例-对照研究分析GDM发生的影响因素,建立Logistic回归模型,采用接受者工作特征曲线(ROC)和Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验评价模型。结果:妊娠年龄、孕前体重指数(BMI)、孕期补铁、糖尿病(DM)家族史、多囊卵巢综合征(PCOS)史、孕期锻炼6项因素进入回归模型。当累积分值达到6.3分时,Youden指数最大,为0.640,此时灵敏度为83.4%,特异度为80.6%,阳性预测值为81.0%,阴性预测值为83.1%,诊断准确度为82.0%。ROC曲线下面积为0.875。Hosmer-Lemeshow拟合优度检验P=0.91。结论:妊娠年龄、孕前BMI、孕期补铁、糖尿病家族史、PCOS是GDM发生的危险因素,而孕期锻炼是GDM的保护因素,初步构建了一种简便易行且具有较高诊断效能的回归模型。     

Associations of physical activity and inactivity before and during pregnancy with glucose tolerance

OBJECTIVE: To investigate associations of physical activity and television viewing before and during pregnancy with risk of gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) and abnormal glucose tolerance, the combination of GDM with less severe impaired glucose tolerance. METHODS: We assessed duration and intensity of physical activity and time spent viewing television both before and during pregnancy among 1,805 women enrolled in Project Viva, a cohort study in eastern Massachusetts. We identified 1,493 (83%) women with normal glucose tolerance and 312 (17%) with abnormal glucose tolerance, including 91 (5%) with GDM based on clinical glucose tolerance test results. RESULTS: After adjustment for age, race or ethnicity, history of GDM, family history of diabetes, and prepregnancy body mass index, our data suggest that women who engaged in any vigorous physical activity in the year before pregnancy experienced a reduced risk of GDM (odds ratio [OR] 0.56, 95% confidence interval [CI] 0.33-0.95) and abnormal glucose tolerance (OR 0.76, 95% CI 0.57-1.00). Women who reported vigorous activity before pregnancy and light-to-moderate or vigorous activity during pregnancy appeared to have a lower risk of both GDM (OR 0.49, 95% CI 0.24-1.01) and abnormal glucose tolerance (OR 0.70, 95% CI 0.49-1.01) compared with women reporting these activities in neither time period. Walking and total physical activity provided modest benefits. We observed no association of television viewing before or during pregnancy with risk of GDM or abnormal glucose tolerance. CONCLUSION: Physical activity, especially vigorous activity before pregnancy and at least light-to-moderate activity during pregnancy, may reduce risk for abnormal glucose tolerance and GDM. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE: II-2.     

Prevalence and risk factors of gestational diabetes mellitus in Asia: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Background

Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) is a of the major public health issues in Asia. The present study aimed to determine the prevalence of, and risk factors for GDM in Asia via a systematic review and meta-analysis.

Methods

We systematically searched PubMed, Ovid, Scopus and ScienceDirect for observational studies in Asia from inception to August 2017. We selected cross sectional studies reporting the prevalence and risk factors for GDM. A random effects model was used to estimate the pooled prevalence of GDM and odds ratio (OR) with 95% confidence interval (CI).

Results

Eighty-four studies with STROBE score?≥?14 were included in our analysis. The pooled prevalence of GDM in Asia was 11.5% (95% CI 10.9–12.1). There was considerable heterogeneity (I² >?95%) in the prevalence of GDM in Asia, which is likely due to differences in diagnostic criteria, screening methods and study setting. Meta-analysis demonstrated that the risk factors of GDM include history of previous GDM (OR 8.42, 95% CI 5.35–13.23); macrosomia (OR 4.41, 95% CI 3.09–6.31); and congenital anomalies (OR 4.25, 95% CI 1.52–11.88). Other risk factors include a BMI ≥25?kg/m² (OR 3.27, 95% CI 2.81–3.80); pregnancy-induced hypertension (OR 3.20, 95% CI 2.19–4.68); family history of diabetes (OR 2.77, 2.22–3.47); history of stillbirth (OR 2.39, 95% CI 1.68–3.40); polycystic ovary syndrome (OR 2.33, 95% CI1.72–3.17); history of abortion (OR 2.25, 95% CI 1.54–3.29); age?≥?25 (OR 2.17, 95% CI 1.96–2.41); multiparity ≥2 (OR 1.37, 95% CI 1.24–1.52); and history of preterm delivery (OR 1.93, 95% CI 1.21–3.07).

Conclusion

We found a high prevalence of GDM among the Asian population. Asian women with common risk factors especially among those with history of previous GDM, congenital anomalies or macrosomia should receive additional attention from physician as high-risk cases for GDM in pregnancy.

Trial registration

PROSPERO (2017: CRD42017070104).

     

Maternal obesity and familial history of diabetes have opposing effects on infant birth weight in women with mild glucose intolerance in pregnancy.

OBJECTIVE: Pregnant women with an abnormal screening glucose challenge test (GCT) but without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on subsequent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) are at increased risk of delivering macrosomic and large for gestational age (LGA) neonates. We thus sought to evaluate the maternal constitutional and biochemical factors that determine infant birth weight in this patient population. METHODS: Women with an abnormal GCT were evaluated at the time of their OGTT in late pregnancy. This analysis was restricted to Caucasian women without GDM (N = 86). Maternal demographic and biochemical factors were evaluated in relation to infant birth weight and LGA. RESULTS: After adjustment for length of gestation, birth weight was positively associated with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.31, p = 0.0063) and negatively correlated with maternal serum levels of the insulin-sensitizing protein adiponectin (r = -0.30, p = 0.0084). On multiple linear regression analysis, pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain in pregnancy were positive independent determinants of infant birth weight, while family history of diabetes emerged as a negative independent correlate. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that pre-pregnancy BMI was a positive predictor of LGA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05-1.49), whereas family history of diabetes was again identified as a negative determinant (OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.02-0.59). In contrast, neither measures of glycemia nor insulin resistance/sensitivity were independently associated with birth weight or LGA. CONCLUSION: In pregnant women with an abnormal GCT but without GDM, pre-gravid maternal obesity predicts increased infant birth weight, whereas family history of diabetes is independently associated with decreased infant size.     

妊娠期糖尿病高危因素的研究进展

妊娠期糖尿病(gestational diabetes mellitus,GDM)是妊娠期常见的代谢并发症,严重危害母亲和婴儿健康,其患病率在过去的几十年里一直稳步上升,确切的病因和发病机制目前尚不完全清楚。通过妊娠前和妊娠早期预测GDM的高危因素并采取针对性预防措施,对控制GDM有重要意义。目前研究表明,GDM的发展涉及许多危险因素,较为公认的包括高龄、超重或肥胖等,同时越来越多的研究证明生活方式、多囊卵巢综合征史、血清维生素D水平、环境污染物以及遗传易感性与GDM发病密切相关。简要综述GDM高危因素的研究进展。     

Impaired glucose tolerance in pregnant women with polycystic ovary syndrome.

OBJECTIVE: To determine whether women with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) are more likely to develop gestational diabetes mellitus compared with age- and weight-matched controls. METHODS: This retrospective cohort study compared reproductive-age women with and without PCOS who received prenatal care at the University of North Carolina Hospitals between April 1989 and June 1998. We reviewed the medical charts of 22 women with PCOS diagnosis before pregnancy based on menstrual histories, elevated androgen levels, and LH-FSH ratios greater than 2. These women were compared with 66 women without PCOS matched for age and weight. Gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) was diagnosed in women if they had abnormal results on a 50-g glucose screening test and at least two abnormal plasma glucose values during a 100-g glucose tolerance test. Medical complications of pregnancy, pregnancy complications, and birth outcomes were compared between women with and without PCOS. RESULTS: Nine of 22 women with PCOS also had GDM diagnosis, compared with two of 66 controls (odds ratio [OR] 22.2; 95% confidence interval [CI] 3.8, 170.0), and these women exhibited increased plasma glucose values for all measurements except fasting. Five of 22 women with PCOS developed preeclampsia compared with one of 66 controls (OR 15.0; 95% CI 1.9, 121.5). CONCLUSION: Women with PCOS are at increased risk of glucose intolerance and preeclampsia during pregnancy.     

妊娠中期妇女血25-羟维生素D3与妊娠期糖尿病的关系

目的：探讨妊娠13～16周妇女血25-羟维生素D3水平和妊娠期糖尿病发病的关系。方法：选择2011年9月在同济医科大学附属第一妇婴保健院产科产检并分娩的妊娠期糖尿病患者44例,正常妊娠妇女88例,除外双胎妊娠、经产妇、子痫前期和妊娠前糖尿病等。测定妊娠13～16周妇女血25-羟维生素D3水平。按百分位数法进行分析,分别计算25-羟维生素D3值在不同百分位时妊娠期糖尿病发生率、敏感度、特异度、约登（Youden’s）指数、阴性预测值（PPV）、阳性预测值（NPV）、OR值（95% CI）。结果：①妊娠期糖尿病妇女血25-羟维生素D3水平低于对照组[（49.8±22.0） nmol/L vs. （63.1±22.4） nmol/L,P＜0.01]。②血25-羟维生素D3处于P35时（25-羟维生素D3值45.201 0 nmol/L）,Youden’s指数最高（22.73）,OR值0.375（95% CI： 0.176～0.797）。③妊娠期糖尿病组中,糖耐量试验1 h血糖异常的妇女25-羟维生素D3值低于糖耐量试验1 h血糖正常者[（42.56±17.04） nmol/L vs.（55.32±23.93） nmol/L,P＜0.05]。结论：妊娠13～16周血25-羟维生素D3水平低下的妇女发生糖尿病的风险增加,25-羟维生素D3水平低下与糖耐量试验后1 h血糖升高有明显的相关性。     

妊娠期糖尿病产后糖代谢异常的危险因素

目的通过对妊娠期糖尿病(GDM)患者进行产后随访,回顾性分析影响GDM患者产后糖代谢变化的高危因素。方法收集2009年1月至2011年6月在河北省沧州市中心医院门诊产前检查并分娩的GDM患者236例,产后42d回访者158例,记录其孕前和孕期信息,包括:孕期年龄、身高、孕前体重、有否糖尿病家族史、孕期使用胰岛素情况、孕期并发症及合并症情况、新生儿出生时情况;并按OGTT试验结果分为研究组和对照组,进行高危因素筛查。结果研究组为60例糖耐量异常者,包括39例IGT/IFG患者和21例DM患者;对照组为98例糖耐量正常者,比较两组患者孕前、孕期和妊娠结局情况,结果可见高龄、糖尿病家族史、孕期应用胰岛素、合并子痫前期、早产是产后发生糖代谢异常的高危因素,差异有统计学意义(P<0.05)。结论存在高危因素的GDM患者产后糖代谢异常发生率较高,应针对性地对GDM患者进行产后临床筛查和随访。     

Acknowledgement of Reviewers

Objective. Pregnant women with an abnormal screening glucose challenge test (GCT) but without gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) on subsequent oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) are at increased risk of delivering macrosomic and large for gestational age (LGA) neonates. We thus sought to evaluate the maternal constitutional and biochemical factors that determine infant birth weight in this patient population.

Methods. Women with an abnormal GCT were evaluated at the time of their OGTT in late pregnancy. This analysis was restricted to Caucasian women without GDM (N = 86). Maternal demographic and biochemical factors were evaluated in relation to infant birth weight and LGA.

Results. After adjustment for length of gestation, birth weight was positively associated with pre-pregnancy body mass index (BMI) (r = 0.31, p = 0.0063) and negatively correlated with maternal serum levels of the insulin-sensitizing protein adiponectin (r = ?0.30, p = 0.0084). On multiple linear regression analysis, pre-pregnancy BMI and weight gain in pregnancy were positive independent determinants of infant birth weight, while family history of diabetes emerged as a negative independent correlate. Logistic regression analysis confirmed that pre-pregnancy BMI was a positive predictor of LGA (odds ratio (OR) = 1.25, 95% confidence interval (CI) 1.05–1.49), whereas family history of diabetes was again identified as a negative determinant (OR = 0.10, 95% CI 0.02–0.59). In contrast, neither measures of glycemia nor insulin resistance/sensitivity were independently associated with birth weight or LGA.

Conclusion. In pregnant women with an abnormal GCT but without GDM, pre-gravid maternal obesity predicts increased infant birth weight, whereas family history of diabetes is independently associated with decreased infant size.