超声内镜对上消化道黏膜下小病变的诊断价值

目的探讨超声内镜对上消化道直径〈3cm的黏膜下病变的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2002年1月～2010年8月我院收治的上消化道直径〈3em的黏膜下小病变患者的临床资料。纳入标准：患者经黏膜下肿块剜出术切除病灶,手术后有确切病理诊断;患者在术前曾行超声内镜检查。结果共纳入54例患者,病灶平均大小为（1．06±0．58）cm。黏膜下肿块剜出术的治愈率达82．9％。超声内镜对此类病灶的诊断准确率为74．1％（40／54）;共有14例病例误诊,其中异位胰腺最常见。结论超声内镜对上消化道直径〈3cm的黏膜下病灶具有较高的诊断价值,异位胰腺是最易误诊的病变,黏膜下肿块剜出术可能是治疗上消化道黏膜下小病变的一种有效且安全的方法。     

小探头超声内镜对早期胃癌浸润深度的评估价值

[目的]探讨小探头超声内镜(endoscopic ultrasonography,EUS)在早期胃癌浸润深度评估中的应用价值。[方法]回顾性分析接受诊治的35例早期胃癌患者的临床资料,所有患者于内镜或手术治疗前均接受小探头EUS扫查明确病变浸润深度,并与内镜或手术治疗后病理进行比较,评估小探头EUS对判断早期胃癌浸润深度的准确性。[结果]35例中超声扫查示病灶浸润黏膜层18例、黏膜下层15例、固有肌层2例,内镜黏膜下剥离术或手术治疗后病理提示累及黏膜层19例、黏膜下层16例。EUS对病灶浸润深度总体判断准确率74.3%、低估率8.6%、过判率17.1%;EUS对黏膜层病变的诊断准确率为83.3%,对黏膜下层病变的诊断准确率为73.3%,两者比较差异无统计学意义(P0.05)。[结论]小探头EUS对早期胃癌浸润层次判断的准确性高,可作为治疗方案选择的重要依据。     

小探头内镜超声在消化道隆起性病变中的诊断价值

目的探讨小探头内镜超声扫查消化道黏膜下病变在管壁的分布特点以及对消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的诊断价值。方法回顾性分析2017年1月—2018年10月在武汉协和医院行小探头内镜超声检查消化道隆起性病变316例,患者均行内镜下治疗切除,组织送病理检查,通过超声检查结果结合病理诊断明确病变的层次和性质。结果316例消化道隆起性病变中黏膜下病变198例,其中平滑肌瘤118例,间质瘤27例,脂肪瘤、囊肿各15例,乳头状瘤4例,神经内分泌瘤7例,异位胰腺9例,颗粒细胞瘤、神经鞘瘤和布氏腺瘤各1例。病变分布在整个消化道管壁,以起源于黏膜肌层最常见,有7例病变在小探头内镜超声下未明确层次。结论小探头内镜超声可以明确黏膜下病变在消化道中的分布,并对病变大小、层次起源提供高准确率的判断,对治疗方案的选择亦有重要指导意义。     

微探头超声指导内镜黏膜下剥离术治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的价值

背景：微探头超声（MPS）能对上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变进行较准确的定位,并初步定性诊断,内镜黏膜下剥离术（ESD）可完整切除病变,目前MPS指导ESD治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的研究少见。目的：评价MPS指导ESD治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的价值。方法：对胃镜检查发现的89例上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变行MPS检查,比较两者的诊断准确率。然后采用ESD切除病变,分析手术情况。结果：上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变以平滑肌瘤和间质瘤为主,MPS对上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变的总体诊断准确率显著高于胃镜（83．1％对51．7％,P〈0．05）。82例病变位于黏膜肌层或黏膜下层,平均直径为12．6mm,平均手术时间28．2min,ESD完整切除率100％;5例病变位于固有肌层,平均直径为13．8mm,平均手术时间48．5min,ESD完整切除率71．4％,其余2例固有肌层病变因难以控制的出血和黏连而行外科手术。所有患者术后随访无病变残留和复发。结论：MPS可对上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变作出较准确的判断,应作为内镜下治疗的术前常规检查。MPS引导ESD治疗上消化道黏膜下隆起性病变安全、有效。     

83例上消化道病变的超声内镜检查分析

[目的]总结上消化道病变的超声表现,探讨超声内镜在上消化道疾病中的临床应用价值.[方法]应用超声内镜检查上消化道病变患者83例,并分析其检查结果.[结果]83例87种病变上消化道疾病中：①隆起型病变63例（72.4％）,常见的隆起型病变有：息肉36例（包括黏膜炎性增生）、黏膜下肿瘤20例、静脉球3例、壁外压3例、异位胰腺1例;②凹陷性病变13例（14.9％）;③临近脏器病变5例（5.7％）,包括胰腺及淋巴结恶性肿瘤转移4例、胰腺炎1例;④恶性肿瘤6例（6.8％）.取病理18例,诊断符合率100％.[结论]超声内镜可以初步诊断黏膜隆起型病变、黏膜下肿物、凹陷性病变、临近脏器病变的性质,为治疗方式的选择提供依据.     

超声内镜检查在儿童上消化道狭窄诊断与治疗中的应用价值

目的探讨超声内镜检查在儿童上消化道狭窄诊断与治疗中的应用价值。 方法回顾性分析2015年5月至2020年5月山东大学附属儿童医院收治的上消化道狭窄患儿48例,包括食管狭窄27例（其中食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄18例,化学腐蚀性食管狭窄3例,异物所致食管狭窄1例,病因不明食管狭窄5例）,贲门失弛缓症4例,胃输出端狭窄12例,十二指肠狭窄5例。所有患儿均在麻醉状态下行超声内镜检查进行术前评估,根据上消化道狭窄部位、狭窄口大小及超声内镜下改变,选择不同的治疗方案。 结果18例食管闭锁术后吻合口狭窄患儿超声内镜显示食管管壁层次分界不清,环狭窄口周围管壁厚度不均;3例腐蚀性食管损伤患儿超声内镜显示食管损伤程度不一;异物所致食管狭窄1例患儿超声内镜显示异物回声;病因不明食管狭窄5例患儿超声内镜示管壁层次分界不清。贲门失弛缓症4例患儿超声内镜显示贲门固有肌层厚度为0.9~4.0 mm。胃输出端狭窄12例患儿超声内镜显示狭窄部位层次不清、厚薄不均。十二指肠狭窄5例患儿中,4例为先天性发育异常,超声内镜显示狭窄部位局部组织呈均匀回声;1例为消化性溃疡所致十二指肠狭窄,超声内镜显示幽门黏膜隆起处管壁层次模糊。 结论超声内镜检查可以明确儿童上消化道狭窄病变的起源及层次,有助于诊断和术前风险的评估,并为治疗方案的选择提供重要依据。     

超声内镜对上消化道病变的诊断价值

上消化道病变的种类较多,内镜检查对其中的部分病灶有较好的诊断价值,但对源于上消化道粘膜和粘膜下组织的肿瘤,以及消化道管壁外的脏器和（或）肿瘤压迫所引起的隆起性病灶,应用内镜和Ｘ线检查进行诊断均较困难,而超声内镜（ｅｎｄｏｓｃｏｐｉｃｕｌｔｒａｓｏｎｏｇｒａｐｈｙ,ＥＵＳ）对此类病灶的诊断则有较突出的优越性。现将本院６７例上消化道病变的超声内镜检查结果报告如下。资料与方法一、病例选择我院自１９９７年５月至１９９９年３月应用超声内镜检查了内镜下发现的上消化道病灶６７例,其中男４１例,女２６例,年龄１…     

超声内镜在上消化道隆起性病变诊断和治疗中的应用

目的探讨超声内镜对上消化道隆起性病变的诊断价值及指导内镜下微创治疗的临床效果。方法对56例普通内镜下诊断为上消化道隆起性病变的患者进行超声内镜检查,根据病变的起源层次及性质决定治疗方案,其中23例分别行内镜下高频电切除、黏膜切除术或鼠齿钳钳夹治疗,4例行外科治疗。结果 56例上消化道隆起性病变中,按隆起部位分为食管15例（26.79%）,胃34例（60.71%）,十二指肠7例（12.50%）。按病变类型分为平滑肌瘤11例,间质瘤8例,息肉7例,异位胰腺6例,囊肿6例,脂肪瘤2例,静脉曲张3例,外压10例,未发现病变3例。内镜下治疗仅黏膜切除术中少量渗血,用氩气或者钛夹即可止血,无其他并发症出现。对27例患者进行内镜下或外科手术治疗,术后病理诊断与超声内镜诊断符合率92.0%。结论超声内镜可显示消化道管壁的层次结构和壁外情况,有利于上消化道隆起性病变的诊断和鉴别诊断;为内镜微创治疗选择隆起性病变适应证提供良好的指导作用,部分病变内镜下可安全有效地切除。     

小探头超声内镜在上消化道粘膜下肿瘤诊断和治疗中的应用

目的探讨小探头超声内镜在上消化道枯腹下肿瘤诊断和治疗中价值。方法对117例常规内镜诊断为上消化道粘膜下肿瘤的病人，行小探头超声内镜险查，部分小探头超声内镜后行内镜下电切、氩气刀、手术切除等，并分析相关结果。结果117例常规内镜诊断为上消化道粘膜下肿瘤的病人行小探头超声检查诊断为壁外压迫22例（占18．8%），95例为消化管壁病变，其中平滑肌瘤58例（占61．1%），平滑肌肉瘤4例（占4．2％），脂肪瘤5例（占5．3％），异位胰腺6例（占6．3％），息肉12例（占12.6％），粗大粘膜皱襞4例（占4.2%），管壁囊肿3例（占3.2%），孤立静脉瘤3例（占3．2％）。其中32例经过高频电切、手术取得足够病理标本者，病检结果平滑肌瘤12例、平滑肌肉瘤4例、异位胰腺4例、息肉12例。结论小探头超声内镜能准确显示消化道各层结构，对判断壁外压迫和粘膜下肿瘤的起源、大小、性质具有很大的价值。EUS是粘膜下肿瘤进一步治疗方法选择的首批方法．但在判断肿瘤的良恶性仍有一定的局限性。     

食管黏膜下肿物的特性以及超声内镜的诊断和治疗意义

背景：食管病变内镜下或手术治疗的风险均较高,术前准确判断病变的层次和性质,对决定手术的方式十分重要。目的：探讨食管黏膜下肿物的特性以及超声内镜对食管黏膜下肿物的诊断、治疗意义。方法：由内镜检查发现的116例食管黏膜下肿物患者行超声内镜检查,并给予相应的切除治疗,总结超声内镜下食管黏膜下肿物的特性。结果：超声内镜下88例（75．9％）食管黏膜下肿物的直径〈1cm,104例（89．7％）病变起源于黏膜肌层,多数（85．3％）表现为低回声或混合偏低回声的声像图。80例接受切除治疗,其中67例（83．8％）行EMR治疗,肿物直径〈1cm者占89．6％,局限于黏膜肌层占97．0％。组织病理学分析表明食管黏膜下肿物以平滑肌瘤最为常见（86．3％）。超声内镜诊断与病理诊断的符合率约为82％。结论：大多数食管黏膜肌层起源的肿物行EMR治疗简便、安全,对于较大的病灶,或起源于固有肌层者ESD仍是一种安全有效的方法。超声内镜可判断食管黏膜下肿物起源并进行定性诊断,从而指导临床合理选择黏膜下肿物的治疗方法。     

内镜超声检查在上消化道黏膜下肿瘤微创治疗中的价值研究

目的评价超声内镜检查对上消化道黏膜下肿瘤的诊断价值及指导内镜下微创治疗黏膜下肿瘤的疗效及安全性。方法经超声内镜诊断上消化道黏膜下肿瘤82例,根据黏膜下肿瘤的起源层次、大小及性质分别选择不同的内镜治疗方案,内镜治疗包括高频电凝电切术、内镜下黏膜切除术、皮圈套扎术等。标本行常规病理学及免疫组化检查。术后定期内镜随访。结果26例超声判断起源于黏膜肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行高频电凝电切术;17例起源于黏膜肌层的平坦型上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行内镜下黏膜切除术;38例起源于固有肌层和1例起源于黏膜肌层的上消化道黏膜下肿瘤行皮圈套扎术。内镜超声诊断与术后病理符合率为91．4％。术后1例出血,其余无严重并发症发生。79例术后随访3—24个月无复发。结论超声内镜能够对消化道黏膜下肿瘤进行起源和定性诊断,超声内镜为内镜微创治疗选择消化道黏膜下肿瘤适应证具有良好的指导作用,内镜治疗是消化道黏膜下肿瘤治疗的安全、有效的手段。     

超声内镜对消化道黏膜下肿物的诊断价值

目的评价超声内镜对消化道黏膜下肿物（SMT）的诊断价值。方法对378例胃肠镜检查过程中发现SMT的患者进一步行超声内镜检查,记录超声内镜下病变的形状、数量、起源层次,并对病变进行定性诊断。根据肿物切除术中实际所见统计超声内镜判断SMT形状、数量、起源层次的符合率,以切除标本病理学及免疫组织化学检查结果为金标准检验超声内镜定性诊断SMT的符合率。结果378例SMT中,平滑肌瘤（131例）最多见,多为低回声（87例）、回声均匀（119例）、起源于黏膜肌层（92例）;其次为胃肠道间质瘤（111例）,多为低回声（51例）或中低回声（51例）、回声均匀（78例）、起源于固有肌层（85例）;再次为类癌（50例）,内部回声均匀,多为低回声（36例）、起源于黏膜下层（27例）;还发现脂肪瘤45例,起源于黏膜下层,多为高回声（40例）、回声均匀（41例）;异位胰腺（19例）、神经鞘瘤（4例）、颗粒细胞瘤（4例）等相对少见。超声内镜对SMT的总体定性诊断符合率为78．6％（297／378）,瘤体的形状判断符合率为91．8％（347／378）,数量判断符合率为95．5％（361／378）,层次起源判断符合率为96．8％（366／378）。结论各种SMT在超声内镜下特点不一,虽然超声内镜检查可以显示肿物的回声、大小、起源以及与消化道管壁层次的关系,对于SMT的诊断、鉴别诊断及治疗方案的选择有重要的指导意义,但是仍有一定局限性。     

Diagnosis of submucosal tumor of the upper GI tract by endoscopic resection.

BACKGROUND: Submucosal tumors are frequent findings during endoscopy, although definitive diagnosis based on histologic confirmation presents some difficulties. The aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of endoscopic resection based on endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) findings to reach a definitive diagnosis of submucosal tumor. METHODS: Fifty-four submucosal tumors of the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract were included in this study. EUS was performed to determine the layer of origin and location of the lesion and to rule out malignancy. En bloc resection was attempted for lesions originating in the muscularis mucosa or submucosa. For tumors originating in the muscularis propria, we performed partial resection limited to the covering mucosa to expose the lesion and obtained a sample with standard biopsy forceps. RESULTS: Sufficient samples were obtained in all 54 cases. There was no perforation. Bleeding occurred in only 5 cases (9%) and was easily managed with endoscopic hemostatic methods. EUS and pathologic findings coincided in 74.1% of cases (40 of 54). Benign lesions (leiomyoma, aberrant pancreas, and others) were predominant (52 of 54), although 2 small lesions were confirmed at pathologic study to be malignant (leiomyosarcoma and leiomyoblastoma). CONCLUSIONS: Endoscopic resection based on EUS findings proved to be an effective and safe method to confirm the histologic diagnosis of submucosal tumor of the upper GI tract. Endoscopic resection should be considered a valuable choice for definitive management of benign submucosal tumors originating in the superficial layers.     

Opinion: How to manage subepithelial lesions of the upper gastrointestinal tract?

Subepithelial lesions (SELs) in the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract are relatively frequent findings in patients undergoing an upper GI endoscopy. These tumors, which are located below the epithelium and out of reach of conventional biopsy forceps, may pose a diagnostic challenge for the gastroenterologist, especially when SELs are indeterminate after endoscopy and endoscopic ultrasound (EUS). The decision to proceed with further investigation should take into consideration the size, location in the GI tract, and EUS features of SELs. Gastrointestinal stromal tumor (GIST) is an example of an SEL that has a well-recognized malignant potential. Unfortunately, EUS is not able to absolutely differentiate GISTs from other benign hypoechoic lesions from the fourth layer, such as leiomyomas. Therefore, EUS-guided fine needle aspiration (EUS-FNA) is an important tool for correct diagnosis of SELs. However, small lesions (size < 2 cm) have a poor diagnostic yield with EUS-FNA. Moreover, studies with EUS-core biopsy needles did not report higher rates of histologic and diagnostic yields when compared with EUS-FNA. The limited diagnostic yield of EUS-FNA and EUS-core biopsies of SELs has led to the development of more invasive endoscopic techniques for tissue acquisition. There are initial studies showing good results for tissue biopsy or resection of SELs with endoscopic submucosal dissection, suck-ligate-unroof-biopsy, and submucosal tunneling endoscopic resection.     

超声内镜与CT仿真内镜对上消化道隆起样病变的诊断价值

目的 研究超声内镜(EUS)与CT仿真内镜(CTVE)对上消化道隆起样病变的诊断价值。方法 48例经胃镜检查发现有上消化道隆起样病变的患者(食管癌、胃癌、息肉等病例除外)，行CTVE和EUS检查，除9例检查发现为正常脏器外压、2例食管静脉瘤而密切随访观察外，其余均经手术或活检获取病理确诊。将以上三种方法诊断结果与病理结果进行比较。结果 胃镜、EUS、CTVE对上消化道隆起样病变的诊断准确率分别为16．7％、89．6％、66．7％，EUS、CTVE与胃镜检查结果差异有显著性(P＜0．001)；EUS、CTVE两者之间比较差异有显著性(P＜0．05)，EUS优于CTVE；EUS、CTVE对上述疾病的诊断的敏感性、特异性分别为89．7％、88．9％和66．7％、66.7％。结论 EUS和CTVE作为新兴的检查手段在对上消化道隆起样病变的诊断中有较高的临床实用价值，且两者有较强的互补性，可作为胃镜较难诊断的上消化道隆起样病变的确诊方法之一。     

Factors affecting the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA) for upper gastrointestinal submucosal or extraluminal solid mass lesions

Aim: A number of potential variables are associated with the diagnostic accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography‐guided fine‐needle aspiration (EUS‐FNA). The aim of this study was to evaluate factors affecting the diagnostic accuracy of EUS‐FNA for upper gastrointestinal submucosal or extraluminal solid lesions. Methods: Patients with such lesions who underwent EUS‐FNA between January 2009 and December 2010 were studied retrospectively. Needles of 22, 25 and 19 gauge were used. The associations between the EUS‐FNA results and factors such as mass location, mass size, needle size, number of needle passes, combined histologic‐cytologic analysis and final diagnosis were analyzed. Results: A total of 170 EUS‐FNA procedures were performed in 158 patients with upper gastrointestinal submucosal or extraluminal solid lesions. The overall accuracy of EUS‐FNA was 86.5% (147/170). The diagnostic accuracy with three or more needle passes was higher than with less than 3.0 needle passes (90.0%, 108/120 vs 78.0%, 39/50; P < 0.05). Mass location, mass size, and final diagnosis were not associated with EUS‐FNA accuracy. Combined cytologic‐histologic analysis had significantly higher diagnostic accuracy than either cytologic or histologic analysis alone (P < 0.001). In a subgroup of 90 patients, both 22 and 25 gauge needles were used for EUS‐FNA. The overall diagnostic accuracy was similar for 25 gauge needles and 22 gauge needles (80.0% vs 78.9% P = 1.000) in this subgroup. Conclusion: Overall, 25 and 22 gauge needles have a similar diagnostic accuracy. Our results suggest that 3.0 or more needle passes and combined cytologic‐histologic analysis enhance the diagnostic accuracy of EUS‐FNA.     

线阵式超声内镜引导下细针穿刺活检对粘膜下病变的诊断价值

目的 通过内镜超声检查(EUS)结合细针穿刺活检来确定粘膜下病变的起源和性质,并评价这种方法对粘膜下病变诊断的意义。方法 经胃镜发现28例食管胃实质性粘膜下病变的患,对他们进行超声内镜检查,以明确其来源的层次、病变的位置,观察有无淋巴结转移。排除腔外正常组织压迫,在超声内镜导引下对病变行细胞针穿刺活检。结果 28例患中,2例经EUS证实为腔外正常组织压迫,余26例患均行EUS导此下的细针穿刺活组织检查。3例患穿刺取材失败。23例患经细胞学分析显示4例恶性肿瘤(淋巴瘤2例,平滑肌肉瘤2例)及19例良性病变(平滑肌瘤18例,脂肪瘤1例)。全部病例20例经手术、1例经内镜电切及7例经临床随访验证。结论 EUS结合细针穿刺活检是诊断粘膜下病变安全、有效的方法。     

Accuracy of endoscopic ultrasonography in upper gastrointestinal submucosal lesions: a prospective multicenter study

BACKGROUND: Endoscopic ultrasonography (EUS) is commonly agreed to be the best imaging method for diagnosing and differentiating between submucosal lesions in the gastrointestinal tract. However, most of the current evidence for this derives from retrospective multicenter studies. A prospective multicenter analysis of the performance of EUS in diagnosing submucosal lesions in everyday practice was therefore conducted. METHODS: Over a 2-year period, this study included 150 patients (52% men, mean age 59.8 years) from 23 centers who had a presumptive diagnosis of a submucosal lesion on upper gastrointestinal endoscopy. The patients' symptoms and EUS results were recorded. Endoscopic and endosonographic findings regarding lesion size, layer of origin, and the presumptive diagnosis (benign or malignant) were recorded. The reference methods used were surgery, biopsy, other imaging tests, and a follow-up period of 6 months. RESULTS: Of the 150 patients, 102 had an intramural lesion (84 tumors, 18 other lesions such as cysts, aberrant pancreas, etc.), and 48 had an extraluminal compression--in most cases (n = 35) by normal organs or structures. For differentiating between a submucosal and an extraluminal compression, the sensitivity and specificity of endoscopy were 87% and 29%, whereas those of EUS were 92% and 100%. However, the sensitivity and specificity of EUS for differentiating between malignant and benign submucosal tumors were only 64% and 80%, respectively. CONCLUSIONS: The accuracy of EUS in differentiating between submucosal tumors and extraluminal compressions is substantially superior to that of endoscopy, but EUS is still inadequate for differential diagnosis between benign and malignant submucosal tumors. However, EUS is still the best method of visualizing submucosal lesions precisely. The influence of EUS on the further management in these patients remains to be examined in subsequent studies.