Congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava: Embryogenesis and MR features

This article describes the MR appearances of the six most common congenital anomalies of the inferior vena cava. As a basis for understanding those anomalies, it describes the embryology of the inferior vena cava, based on an actual study of embryos and fetuses. The article takes a fresh look at the original research in this area, discusses the possible embryogenesis of the relevant anomalies, and describes different opinions on that subject, where different opinions exist.     

下腔静脉过滤器的临床应用及进展

深静脉血栓形成是常见病,有较高的发病率和死亡率。下腔静脉过滤器可有效减少致命性肺栓塞的发生。本文综述下腔静脉过滤器的历史、适应证、在不同类型深静脉血栓治疗中的应用情况,展望了未来趋势。     

经皮穿刺下腔静脉滤器置入术

目的 评价下腔静脉滤器预防肺动脉血栓栓塞的作用。方法 ２８例下肢深静脉血栓形成患者实施了经皮穿刺下腔静脉小 置入术,２６例置入岛巢式滤器,２例置入Ｓｉｍｏｎ Ｎｉｔｉｎｏｌ滤器。结果 滤器全部置入肾静脉下方的下腔静脉内。２７例随访２￣３４个月,滤器无移位,１５例不伴有肺动脉血栓栓塞者无肺栓塞发生。结论下腔静脉滤器用于预防肺动脉血栓栓寒是一种安全有效的方法。     

下腔静脉滤过器的临床应用(附20例报告)

目的 评价置入下腔静脉滤过器预防各种因素所致静血栓脱落引起肺动脉栓塞的效果和安全性。方法：２０例下肢深静脉、盆腔静脉及下腔静脉血栓患者经布销骨下静脉或股静脉置入钛质Ｂｉｒｄ’ｓ ｎｅｓｔ ｆｉｌｔｅｒ（ＢＮＦ）２例,Ｖｅｎａ Ｔｅｃｈ－ＬＧＭ Ｆｉｌｔｅｒ（ＶＴＦ）１８例;滤器置于肾静脉开水平上方３例、下方１７例;术后立即摄腹部平处及血管造影,观察滤器位置、形态及血流情况,并积极进行局部或全身溶栓     

Horseshoe kidney associated with anomalous inferior vena cava

Horseshoe kidney associated with anomalous inferior vena cava is a rare congenital anomaly. Radiological demonstration of this combined anomaly is also uncommon, with only two cases of preisthmic inferior vena cava with horseshoe kidney in the imaging literature. We report a case of simultaneous horseshoe kidney and inferior vena cava lying anterior to the right renal moiety diagnosed by ultrasound and computed tomography. Received: 14 May 1998; Revision received: 24 July 1998; Accepted: 14 August 1998     

Repositioning and leaving in situ the central venous catheter during percutaneous treatment of associated superior vena cava syndrome: A report of eight cases

Purpose: To describe a combined procedure of repositioning and leaving in situ a central venous catheter followed by immediate percutaneous treatment of associated superior vena cava syndrome (SVCS). Methods: Eight patients are presented who have central venous catheter-associated SVCS (n = 6 Hickman catheters, n = 2 Port-a-cath) caused by central vein stenosis (n = 4) or concomitant thrombosis (n = 4). With the use of a vascular snare introduced via the transcubital or transjugular approach, the tip of the central venous catheter could be engaged, and repositioned after deployment of a stent in the innominate or superior vena cava. Results: In all patients it was technically feasible to reposition the central venous catheter and treat the SVCS at the same time. In one patient flipping of the Hickman catheter in its original position provoked dislocation of the released Palmaz stent, which could be positioned in the right common iliac vein. Conclusion: Repositioning of a central venous catheter just before and after stent deployment in SVCS is technically feasible and a better alternative than preprocedural removal of the vascular access.     

Long-term results of the Simon nitinol inferior vena cava filter

The aim of this study was to evaluate the clinical efficacy, mechanical stability, and safety of the Simon nitinol inferior vena cava filter (SNF). The SNF was inserted in 114 consecutive patients at two institutions for prophylaxis of pulmonary embolism (PE). Clinical follow-up data were obtained retrospectively on all patients, and 38 patients underwent a dedicated radiologic follow-up protocol consisting of abdominal radiography, Doppler sonography, and CT. There was no immediate complication following filter insertion. Fifty patients died, on average, 5.6 (1–23) months after filter insertion, and 64 patients were alive, on average, 27 (3–62) months after filter insertion. Recurrent pulmonary embolism was documented in 5 patients (4.4 %) but originated distal to the filter in 1 patient. Deep venous thrombosis (DVT) was documented in 5.3 %, thrombosis at the access site in 3.5 %, and thrombosis of the inferior vena cava in 3.5 %. The rate of thromboembolic complications was similar in patients who did receive long-term anticoagulation and in those who did not. Radiologic follow-up showed no filter migration after, on average, 32 (5–62) months. A CT examination showed that struts of the SNF had penetrated the vena cava in 95 %, and were in contact with adjacent organs in 76 %; however, there were no clinical symptoms attributable to the filter. Filters were in an eccentric position in 63 % and partial filter disruption was found in 16 %; however, this did not affect filter function. The rate of recurrent pulmonary embolism after insertion of the SNF is 2.4 % per patient per year. Regardless of long-term anticoagulation, the rate of caval thrombosis is acceptably low. Except for occasional access-site thrombosis, no other filter-related morbidity was observed. Received 12 May 1997; Revision received 12 August 1997; Accepted 13 August 1997     

Preaortic iliac venous confluence (“Marsupial Cava”): A rare anomaly of the inferior vena cava

A patient was shown by computed tomography (CT) to have a rare developmental anomaly of the inferior vena cava (IVC), in which the iliac venous confluence is located anterior (rather than posterior) to the right common iliac artery. Recognition of the anomaly is important prior to surgical intervention in that area, as well as to prevent misinterpretation of the anomaly as representing adenopathy.     

Demonstration of inferior vena cava patency by retrograde azygous venography

Gaining access for vena cavography may be difficult in patients with multiple venous occlusions. We report the use of selective azygous venography to demonstrate potency of the proximal inferior vena cava (IVC) when no alternative route was available and noninvasive techniques were not applicable. The proximal superior vena cava and the distal IVC were occluded.     

Incidental discovery of duplicated inferior vena cava in a septuagenarian: the radiologist's viewpoint

Duplication of the inferior vena cava is a rare malformation, normally without clinical impact, explained by abnormal development and regression of certain segments of the venous system during embryonic life. However, its presence and type should be systematically reported in the radiological report because of its potential implications for diagnostic and interventional procedures. This observation describes the case of a 77-year-old man with a complete asymmetric duplication of the inferior vena cava (type III IVC according to Natsis) that was incidentally discovered on CT-scan.     

Anomalous inferior vena cava associated with horseshoe kidneys

Two cases are presented in which anomalies of the inferior vena cava were associated with horseshoe kidneys. Radiological demonstration of such combined variation is rare, only one case of duplicated inferior vena cava with horseshoe kidney having been found in the literature. The embryological basis for these anomalies is reviewed. A possible explanation for their coexisting occurrence is also speculatively raised.     

自制下腔静脉滤器的体外实验

目的 评估自制的下腔静脉滤器(DDIVCF)捕获猪血栓子的效果及其定位稳定性.方法 ①将DDIVCF滤器和进口Antheor临时性下腔静脉滤器分别置入于直径为20和25 mm的下腔静脉(IVC)血液循环模型中,观察模型处于水平位时滤器对3 mm×20 mm,3 mm×30 mm,6 mm×20 mm,6 mm×30 mm 4种大小不同的猪血栓子的捕获效果,并计算其捕获率.②测量滤器捕获大量6 mm×30 mm栓子后相对位移的距离,观察滤器的定位稳定性.结果 ①DDIVCF滤器在直径20和25 mm的IVC模型中对4种猪血栓子的捕获率分别为34%,56%,82%,94%和26%,38%,56%,86%;Antheor的捕获率分别为54%,64%,86%,96%和38%,44%,68%,90%.对3 mm×30 mm,6 mm×20 mm,6 mm×30 mm猪血栓子的捕获率两者间差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).②在直径20和25 mm的IVC模型中DDIVCF滤器捕获猪血栓子后相对位移距离分别为(0.6±0.3)cm和(1.0±0.1)cm.Antheor的相对位移距离分别为(0.4±0.1)cm和(0.8±0.3)cm,两者差异无统计学意义(P＞0.05).结论 DDIVCF在体外模型实验中具有较高的血栓捕获率和定位稳定性,可与进口Antheor临时性下腔静脉滤器媲美,其体内应用情况尚需进一步动物实验研究.     

可回收下腔静脉滤器取出术相关并发症探讨

目的探讨可回收下腔静脉滤器取出技巧及出现的相关并发症。方法收集2008年5月—2015年3月接受彩超检查发现下肢深静脉血栓形成并置入可回收滤器的72例病人,对其中的35例溶栓效果良好且无发生肺栓塞风险的病人行下腔静脉滤器取出术。结果 35例病人中下腔静脉滤器成功取出33例,取出率94%,其中有3例病人取出滤器后发现滤器内捕获血栓,2例滤器取出过程中及术后造影发现下腔静脉穿孔,1例发生顽固性心律失常,经积极对症处理后未发现症状性肺栓塞及猝死等严重情况。另外2例取出失败后转为永久留置。结论规范、熟练地操作下腔静脉滤器取出术既可以避免下腔静脉滤器长期留置的远期并发症,同时也减少下腔静脉滤器取出术操作中并发症的发生。     

下腔静脉可回收滤器置入预防肺栓塞

目的:评价可回收下腔静脉滤器在下肢深静脉血栓患者中预防肺栓塞效果和安全性。方法:34例下肢深静脉血栓患者全部行下腔静脉滤器置入术,其中12例采用永久性Trap Ease Filter(TEF),16例采用可回收性OptEaseTMFilter(TEF),6例采用可回收性Gunther Tulip Filter(GTF)滤器,滤器均置于肾静脉水平以下的下腔静脉中。结果:34例滤器均经股静脉穿刺置入,16例可回收性OptEaseTMFilter中12例2周后经股静脉取出。6例可回收性Gunther Tulip Filter(GTF)滤器两周后经右颈内静脉取出。手术成功率100%。随访30例(随访时间:2~28个月),12例永久滤器病人中有1例出现倾斜,但角度小于15℃,1例下腔静脉血栓形成,术中术后未出现滤器移位,穿破管壁和肺栓塞。结论:可回收性下腔静脉滤器是预防肺栓塞安全、有效的方法之一,且并发症少。     

Percutaneous translumbar inferior vena cava cannulation under computed tomography guidance

Percutaneous translumbar inferior vena cava (IVC) cannulation is an alternative approach for central venous catheterization, but there have been sporadic reports of puncture-related complications. To avoid complications during IVC puncture, percutaneous translumbar IVC cannulation was performed under computed tomography (CT) guidance in addition to fluoroscopy in two patients. To perform chemotherapy for recurrent breast cancer, we planned subcutaneous port catheter placement for central venous access. Under CT guidance, the direction and insertion distance of a long elastor needle were adjusted, and the IVC was punctured at the level of the third lumbar vertebra while taking care to avoid the right urinary tract. A guidewire was inserted through the long elastor needle, and a catheter was placed over the guidewire. It was possible to perform central venous catheterization by percutaneous translumbar inferior vena cava cannulation under CT guidance.     

Sonographic measurement of the inferior vena cava as a predictor of shock in trauma patients

Detecting and monitoring blood loss is always a challenging dilemma in emergency settings. The diameter of the inferior vena cava (IVC) in trauma patients may be useful in this way. This has been classically done with computed tomography (CT); however, doing it with ultrasound as a bedside easily available modality is a relatively novel approach. Between January 2006 and March 2006, 88 injured patients referred to our center were investigated. The patients were divided in to two groups: a shock group (n = 11, 12.5%) and a control group (n = 77, 87.5%) who were trauma patients with normal blood pressure. The maximum anteroposteroir diameter of IVC was measured ultrasonographically both in inspiration (i) and expiration (e) by M-mode in the subxyphoid area. The difference between the diameters of IVCe and IVCi was regarded as collapsibility, and collapsibility index was defined as IVCe - IVCi/IVCe. Statistical analysis included Mann-Whitney U test and correlation analysis. The average diameters of IVCe and IVCi in the shock group at arrival were significantly smaller than in the control group (5.6 +/- 0.8 mm, 4.0 +/- 0.7 mm versus 11.9 +/- 2.2 mm, 9.6 +/- 2.0 mm; P < 0.0001). The maximum diameter of IVC in the shock group was in a 30-year-old male patient with an IVCe and IVCi of 7.0 and 5.3 mm, respectively. Correlation analysis revealed a negative correlation between the diameter of IVCe (r = 0.72) and IVCi (r = 0.73) and the presence of shock. Regarding the collapsibility index, the mean collapsibility index of IVC was significantly higher in the shock group compared to patients in the control group (27% versus 20%; P < 0.001). The diameter of IVC was found to correlate with shock in trauma patients. The measurement of the IVC may be an important addition to the ultrasonographic evaluation of trauma and other potentially volume-depleted patients and can be added to the focused assessment with sonography for trauma (FAST) of the trauma patient with minimum additional time.     

The portal vein as collateral in inferior vena cava obstruction

In five patients with obstruction of the inferior vena cava, collateral flow to the portal vein was demonstrated. Although there are many reports on caval occlusion, only 21 cases with this collateral circulation pattern have been reported. The reasons for this are most likely technical: To demonstrate this circulation, a large volume of contrast medium must be used and, because of the low flow velocity in the numerous wide collaterals, delayed films are also necessary.     

下腔静脉隔膜阻塞型布-加综合征的病理学及病因学研究

目的研究下腔静脉隔膜阻塞型布-加综合征(BCS)的解剖位置和隔膜病理特点,以探讨病因及发病机制。方法分析100例非BCS死亡成人解剖资料,进行下腔静脉膈肌以上至右心房的大体观察。常规显微镜病理检查70例下腔静脉隔膜阻塞型患者的隔膜活检材料及20例BCS患者根治术后切除的完整隔膜。结果大体观察发现1例(1%)在位于平膈肌水平距下腔静脉入右心房28mm处、肝静脉开口上方的左外侧壁,存在一瓣膜;47%成人位于下腔静脉近右心房口存在Eustachian瓣。镜检显示,上述全部隔膜符合血管瓣膜样结构。其中30%(21/70)样本附有机化血栓。9%(6/70)样本内有少量炎细胞浸润。全部完整隔膜病理检查与血管壁相延续。结论首次报道在位于下腔静脉平膈肌水平有一瓣膜,这一瓣膜的发现,可能与下腔静脉隔膜阻塞型BCS的发生高度相关。     

Assessment of snared-loop technique when standard retrieval of inferior vena cava filters fails

Purpose To identify the success and complications related to a variant technique used to retrieve inferior vena cava filters when simple snare approach has failed. Methods A retrospective review of all Cook Günther Tulip filters and Cook Celect filters retrieved between July 2006 and February 2008 was performed. During this period, 130 filter retrievals were attempted. In 33 cases, the standard retrieval technique failed. Retrieval was subsequently attempted with our modified retrieval technique. Results The retrieval was successful in 23 cases (mean dwell time, 171.84 days; range, 5–505 days) and unsuccessful in 10 cases (mean dwell time, 162.2 days; range, 94–360 days). Our filter retrievability rates increased from 74.6% with the standard retrieval method to 92.3% when the snared-loop technique was used. Unsuccessful retrieval was due to significant endothelialization (n = 9) and caval penetration by the filter (n = 1). A single complication occurred in the group, in a patient developing pulmonary emboli after attempted retrieval. Conclusion The technique we describe increased the retrievability of the two filters studied. Hook endothelialization is the main factor resulting in failed retrieval and continues to be a limitation with these filters.