A study on the changes in attractive force of magnetic attachments for overdenture

PURPOSE

Although magnetic attachment is used frequently for overdenture, it is reported that attractive force can be decreased by abrasion and corrosion. The purpose of this study was to establish the clinical basis about considerations and long term prognosis of overdenture using magnetic attachments by investigating the change in attractive force of magnetic attachment applied to the patients.

MATERIALS AND METHODS

Among the patients treated with overdenture using magnetic attachments in Dankook University Dental Hospital, attractive force records of 61 magnetic attachments of 20 subjects who re-visited from July 2013 to June 2014 were analyzed. Dental magnet tester (Aichi Micro Intelligent Co., Aichi, Japan) was used for measurement. The magnetic attachments used in this study were Magfit IP-B Flat, Magfit DX400, Magfit DX600 and Magfit DX800 (Aichi Steel Co., Aichi, Japan) filled with Neodymium (NdFeB), a rare-earth magnet.

RESULTS

Reduction ratio of attractive force had no significant correlation with conditional variables to which attachments were applied, and was higher when the maintenance period was longer (P<.05, r=.361). Reduction ratio of attractive force was significantly higher in the subject group in which attachments were used over 9 years than within 9 years (P<.05). Furthermore, 16.39% of total magnetic attachments showed detachment of keeper or assembly.

CONCLUSION

Attractive force of magnetic attachment is maintained regardless of conditional variables and reduction ratio increased as the maintenance period became longer. Further study on adhesive material, attachment method and design improvement to prevent detachment of magnetic attachment is needed.     

3种不同金属铸接式衔铁磁力差异的比较

目的:分别对金合金、镍铬合金及纯钛3种金属铸接式衔铁,进行磁力测试,比较3种金属衔铁磁力的差异。方法:采用金合金、镍铬合金、纯钛3种金属为材料,分为3组,每组4件样本,与Magdisc500成品衔铁包埋铸造,制作根面结构。通过拉伸实验测试附着体磁引力大小并进行方差分析。结果:金合金组磁引力均值为4.84N,镍铬合金组均值为4.61N,纯钛组均值为4.12N。方差分析显示:3组两两间均存在显著差异(P<0.01)。结论:采用3种金属,通过铸接法制作的衔铁,其磁力均有一定程度下降,金合金组磁力下降最小。     

衔铁与不同金属铸接前后金相结构的比较

目的:用铸接法制作磁性覆盖义齿根面结构,分别采用不同合金进行常规铸造,观察不同合金铸造温度对衔铁金属显微结构的影响。方法:分别采用金合金、镍铬合金、纯钛与Magdisc500成品衔铁包埋铸造、抛光、平整、清洁并制作金相试件。用金相显微镜对铸接前后的衔铁进行金相分析,以成品衔铁作为对照。结果:与铸造前相比,金合金组衔铁晶粒无明显变化。镍铬合金组、纯钛组衔铁晶粒变大、变粗,纯钛组更为粗大。结论:用不同合金铸接衔铁,会对衔铁的金相产生影响;合金铸造温度越高,晶粒越粗大。金合金组影响最小。     

Attractive force of castable iron-platinum magnetic alloys.

OBJECTIVE: The objective of this study was to examine the attractive force of cast Fe-Pt alloys of varying compositions to dental iron-neodymium-boron magnets. METHODS: Ingots of Fe-40 at%Pt, Fe-38 at%Pt, Fe-37 at%Pt and Fe-36 at%Pt alloys were cast in pattern molds for dental magnetic attachment keepers. The attractive forces of the cast Fe-Pt alloy keepers and magnetic stainless steel keepers to dental Fe(14)Nd(2)B magnets (MAGFIT and HICOREX) were measured and statistically evaluated. The saturation magnetization of each Fe-Pt alloy was determined by recording the hysteresis loop using a vibrating sample magnetometer under a magnetic field of 1.6 MA/m. RESULTS: Decreasing the Pt percentage increased the saturation magnetization value and resulted in an increase of the attractive force to each magnet. There was no statistical difference (p>0.05) in attractive force between the Fe-36 at%Pt alloy specimens and the stainless steel keepers for both magnets. A definite correlation between Pt percentage and the value of saturation magnetization was also found (r(2)=-1.000). SIGNIFICANCE: The Fe-Pt alloys with less than Fe-39.5 at%Pt produced high saturation magnetization values and great attractive force to the magnet, and thus, they have the potential to serve as magnetic attachment keepers. Of the Fe-Pt alloys tested, Fe-36 at%Pt seemed to be the best composition for making magnetic attachment keepers.     

热处理对磁性附着体固位力的影响

目的:研究热处理对磁性附着体固位力的影响。方法:磁性附着体Magfit EX 400W型、Magfit EX 600 W型和Magfit EX 800W型各10个试件,通过模具固定在万能力学试验机的测试台上,测试其固位力,然后将磁性附着体经过水浴热处理,再次进行固位力测试。采用SPSS11.0软件包对数据进行统计学分析。结果:磁性附着体Magfit EX400W型、Magfit EX 600W型和Magfit EX 800W型的初始固位力测量值分别为(1.64±0.11)N、(2.67±0.19)N和(3.02±0.25)N;经热处理后,其固位力测量值分别为(1.58±0.12)N、(2.65±0.14)N和(3.02±0.24)N。热处理前、后,其固位力无显著差异(P>0.05)。结论:磁性附着体的磁体部分可进行水浴热处理以减少单体,而其固位力无显著改变。     

A comparison of the abrasiveness of six ceramic surfaces and gold.

A type III gold alloy and six different ceramic surfaces were secured in an abrasion machine opposing extracted teeth to determine their relative abrasiveness and resistance to wear. The rankings of restorative materials from least abrasive to most abrasive were: gold alloy, polished; cast ceramic, polished; porcelain, polished; cast ceramic, polished and shaded; porcelain, polished and glazed; cast ceramic, cerammed skin shaded; and cast ceramic, cerammed skin unshaded. The ranking of materials from most wear-resistant to least wear-resistant was: gold alloy, cast ceramic cerammed, cast ceramic cerammed and shaded, porcelain polished, porcelain glazed, cast ceramic polished and shaded, and cast ceramic polished.     

Evaluation of two thione primers and composite luting agents used for bonding a silver-palladium-copper-gold alloy

The purpose of the current study was to evaluate the bond strength and durability of two metal adhesive systems bonded to a silver-palladium-copper-gold (Ag-Pd) alloy. Disk specimens were cast from an Ag-Pd alloy (Castwell M.C. 12), air-abraded with 50 micro m grain-sized alumina, and they were bonded with two primer-cement bonding systems (Alloy Primer and Panavia Fluoro Cement; Metaltite and Bistite II). For each cement, unprimed specimens were also prepared as experimental controls. Shear bond strengths were determined both before and after thermocycling (4-60 degrees C, 1 min each, 100 000 cycles). The average post-thermocycling bond strengths in MPa (n=8) were: 39.0 for the Metaltite-Bistite II system, 32.2 for the Alloy Primer-Panavia Fluoro Cement system, 23.1 for the Bistite II material and 21.0 for the Panavia Fluoro Cement material. The use of proprietary primers, both of which contain thione functional monomer, enhanced the post-thermocycling bond strengths of both cements (P < 0.05). After thermocycling, however, the difference in bond strength between the two cements was not significant regardless of the use of the primers (P > 0.05). It is concluded that the combined use of the thione primer and the luting agent is necessary for bonding the Ag-Pd alloy examined.     

Effect of Different Finishing and Polishing Agents on the Surface Roughness of Cast Pure Titanium

PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to evaluate the effect of finishing and polishing agents on surface roughness of cast commercially pure titanium using scanning electron microscope (SEM) analysis. MATERIALS AND METHODS: A standardized square steel die measuring 10 x 10 mm with a thickness of 2 mm was machine cut. An impression of this die was used to create wax patterns for casting. Sixty specimens were cast in commercially pure titanium. These were divided into three groups (A, B, and C) of 20 specimens each. Group A specimens were polished with black, brown, and green rubber discs followed by green polishing compound with buff. Group B specimens were polished with black, brown, and green rubber cones, buffed with yellow polishing cake designed for gold alloy. Group C specimens were polished with silicium carbide cones and buffed with orange polishing cake. Surface roughness of the test specimens was measured in microns with a perthometer. Data were analyzed with ANOVA and Tukey's honest significant difference (HSD) multiple comparison tests among the different groups. Qualitative analysis was done by SEM photomicrographs. RESULTS: Surface roughness values R(a) for Groups A, B, and C were 0.68 microm, 0.78 microm, and 0.27 microm, respectively. SEM photomicrographs and the statistical analysis revealed that the finishing and polishing were better with Group C test specimens with lower surface roughness values compared with groups A and B. Tests showed that Group C was statistically smoother (p< or = 0.01). CONCLUSION: Within the limitations of this study, surface roughness was less on cast CpTi specimens that were finished and polished from the cutters designed specifically for titanium.     

Magfit磁性附着体铸接式和焊接式衔铁口外磁性固位力的测定

目的　比较铸接和焊接对衔铁口外磁性固位力的影响,为临床应用提供实验依据。方法　制作Mag- fitMD800磁性附着体铸接式衔铁试件5个和焊接式衔铁试件6个,对照组为未经处理的成品衔铁,在万能测试机上对3组试件垂直向磁性固位力进行测定。结果　焊接式衔铁组和铸接式衔铁组的口外垂直向磁性固位力分别为 (4·223 3±0·217 0)N、(3·792 9±0·296 4)N。焊接式衔铁组口外垂直向磁性固位力明显大于铸接式衔铁组(P< 0·05)。结论　焊接对磁性附着体磁性固位力的影响较铸接小。     

Development of casting investment preventing blackening of noble metal alloys Part 2. Application of developed investment for type 4 gold alloy

The objective of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of the developed investment for the prevention of blackening of a cast Type 4 gold and to analyze the oxides on its surface in relation to the blackening of the alloy. The experimental investments were prepared using a gypsum-bonded investment in which boron (B) or aluminum (Al) was added as a reducing agent. A Type 4 gold alloy was cast into the mold made of the prepared investment. The effect of the additives was evaluated from the color difference (deltaE*) between the as-cast surface and the polished surface of the cast specimen. B and Al were effective to prevent the blackening of a Type 4 gold alloy and the color of the as-cast surface approached that of the polished surface with increasing B and Al content. The prevention of the blackening of the gold alloy can be achieved by restraining the formation of CuO.     

不同抛光方法对钴铬合金铸造义齿表面粗糙度及精度的影响

目的研究不同抛光方法对钴铬合金铸造义齿表面粗糙度及精度的影响。方法(1)制作30个30mm×10mm×1.5mm钴铬合金试件,选择1组作为对照组,其余各组分别用5种方法抛光光整技术、电解、打磨、打磨后再电解、打磨后再光整,测量其表面粗糙度;(2)铸造钴铬合金基托30个,选择1组作为对照组,其余各组用5种方法抛光,在相当于上颌第二磨牙远中部位切断义齿基托与标准模型,测量基托组织面与标准模型间5个部位的间隙。用SPSS13.0软件对数据进行方差分析。结果(1)抛光前,试件表面粗糙度值最大(Ra3.38μm),手工打磨后再光整组粗糙度值最小(Ra0.19μm)。除光整组、电解组试件之间的差别无统计学意义外(P>0.05),其余各组差别均有极显著统计学意义(P<0.01)。(2)各组试件的精度值在抛光前、后无统计学差异(P>0.05)。结论手工打磨后再进行光整的铸件表面粗糙度最低,光整抛光方法对上颌铸造基托的精度无影响。     

铸接式衔铁吸附面性状的实验研究

目的:用铸接法制作磁性覆盖义齿根面结构,分别采用不同合金行常规铸造,观察不同合金铸造温度对衔铁吸附面性状的影响。方法:采用金合金、镍铬合金、纯钛,分别与Magdisc500成品衔铁包埋铸造,制作根面结构。用扫描电镜和电子探针对打磨抛光前衔铁表面附着物进行形貌观察和成分分析。结果:金合金组及镍铬合金组衔铁表面无氧化物生成,纯钛组衔铁表面有氧化物生成,3组试件衔铁表面的附着物均有包埋料残余。结论:不同铸造温度的合金会对衔铁吸附面产生不同的影响,提示临床上应采用金合金或镍铬合金铸接衔铁。     

Effects of surface treatments and storage times on the tensile bond strength of adhesive cements to noble and base metal alloys

This work evaluated two resin cements and a glass-ionomer cement and their bond strength to gold-palladium (Au-Pd), silver-palladium (Ag-Pd), and nickel-chromium-beryllium (Ni-Cr-Be) alloys, utilizing three surface treatments over a period of six months. Eight hundred ten pieces were cast (in a button shape flat surfaces) in one of three alloys. Each alloy group was assigned to three other groups, based on the surface treatment utilized. Specimens were fabricated by bonding similar buttons in using one of three adhesive cements. The 405 pairs were thermocycled and stored in saline solution (0.9% NaCl) at 37 degrees C. The tensile bond strengths were measured in a universal testing machine after storage times of 2, 90, or 180 days. The highest mean bond strength value was obtained with the base metal alloy (10.9 +/- 8.6 MPa). In terms of surface treatment, oxidation resulted in the highest mean bond strength (13.7 +/- 7.3 MPa), followed by sandblasting (10.3 +/- 5.5 MPa) and polishing (3.0 +/- 6.4 MPa). Panavia Ex (13.2 +/- 9.3 MPa) showed significantly higher bond strengths than the other two cements, although the storage time reduced all bond strengths significantly.     

Silica nanoparticles to polish tooth surfaces for caries prevention

Although silica particles have been used for tooth polishing, polishing with nanosized particles has not been reported. Here we hypothesize that such polishing may protect tooth surfaces against the damage caused by cariogenic bacteria, because the bacteria can be easily removed from such polished surfaces. This was tested on human teeth ex vivo. The roughness of the polished surfaces was measured with atomic force microscopy (AFM). A considerably lower nanometer-scale roughness was obtained when silica nanoparticles were used to polish the tooth surfaces, as compared with conventional polishing pastes. Bacterial attachment to the dental surfaces was studied for Streptococcus mutans, the most abundant cariogenic bacteria. We demonstrated that it is easier to remove bacteria from areas polished with silica nanoparticles. The results demonstrate the advantage of using silica nanoparticles as abrasives for tooth polishing.     

Effect of texture of polishing particle on the surface roughness of a cobalt-chromium alloy using a centrifugal shooting type polishing machine

In a previous report, we investigated the influence of the shooting angle of polishing particle on the surface roughness of a cobalt-chromium (Co-Cr) alloy using a centrifugal shooting type polishing machine. In the present work, we examined the effects of the texture of polishing particle and polishing time on the surface roughness of Co-Cr alloy cast specimens. Nine different textures of polishing particle were investigated with respect to core material and particle abrasiveness: three different elastic body cores (core A, hard chloroprene rubber; core B, soft chloroprene rubber; core C, natural rubber) and three different green carborundum powders as abrasives (#800, #3000, and #6000). Polishing was performed under a fixed shooting angle of 30 degrees for six different polishing times (1, 2, 3, 5, 7, and 10 minutes). Surface roughness (Ra, Sm) and cutting depth on the polished surface were measured after each polishing stage. Surface roughness was significantly improved within three minutes, particularly using a polishing particle with rough carborundum powder (#800 or #3000) and a heavy core (core A or core B). Cutting depth increased in proportion to polishing time and roughness of carborundum powder, and was least with core C. These results suggested that a polishing particle composed of core B and #3000 carborundum paste was superior for the intermediate polishing of a Co-Cr alloy, and that polishing time should be limited to within three minutes.     

金属和碳纤维洁治器对3种全冠合金表面粗糙度的影响

目的：研究两种洁治器洁治前后镍铬、钯和银钯全冠合金表面形貌的变化。方法：用金属洁治器头和碳纤维洁治器头分别处理镍铬合金、钯合金和银钯合金后用肉眼、扫描电镜和表面形貌轮廓仪检测表面形貌的变化。结果与结论：金属洁治器在镍铬合金上的划痕比碳纤维洁治器明显。钯合金受碳纤维洁治器的影响比金属洁治器大。银钯合金经过两种器械洁治处理后有明显划痕,但是两种器械之间没有明显差别。     

两种低贵金属合金的腐蚀性能实验研究

目的　评价两种牙科低贵金属合金的腐蚀性能。方法　运用动电位极化技术评价了Au -Pd -Ag ,Ag -Pd ,两种低贵合金的腐蚀性能并与Co -Cr ,Ni-Cr,Cu -Al以及Au -Pt合金比较。试验介质为fusayama人工唾液 (37 C ,pH =5 ) ,采用电子能谱扫描分析腐蚀产物。结果　自腐蚀电位EocAu-Pd -Ag和EocAg -Pd分别为 - 2 6mv ,40mv远比Ni-Cr合金 (Eoc =- 2 2 3mv)、Co -Cr合金 (Eoc =- 16 5mv)为正 ,但低于传统Au -Pt合金。极化曲线表明电位一定时 (<6 0 0mv)Au -Pd -Ag合金 ,Ag -Pd合金的电流密度比Cu -Al合金与Ni-Cr合金低 ,与传统Au -Pd合金接近。ESCA腐蚀产物拟合结果表明Au -Pd -Ag合金、Ag -Pd合金腐蚀主要以Ag为主 ,而Au、Pd均无化合物形成。结论　两种低贵合金具有良好的耐腐蚀性能 ,低贵合金腐蚀主要以Ag相腐蚀为主     

Influence of polishing on cast clasp properties

During the polishing of clasps, two possible changes that could affect their properties are thinning of the clasp and work hardening of the alloy. Two distinctly different clasp pattern forms were selected and 20 samples of each were cast. They were then divided into two groups, polished and unpolished, in an effort to determine the total influence of the polishing procedure on clasp behavior. The results indicate that polishing produces a slightly more flexible clasp. Any influence resulting from possible work hardening is offset by the reduction of clasp thickness. Effects of width/thickness ratios and magnitude of deflections on finishing and polishing techniques may also alter clasp flexibility in the polished clasp.     

An evaluation of wear when enamel is opposed by various ceramic materials and gold

STATEMENT OF PROBLEM: Ceramic restorations have been known to cause wear of opposing enamel. PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to evaluate enamel wear caused by 3 ceramic substrates in the glazed and polished conditions. MATERIAL AND METHODS: Sixty ceramic discs (10 x 2 mm)-20 each of Finesse, All-Ceram, and IPS-Empress-were prepared and glazed. Each group of 20 was divided into 2 groups of 10. The surfaces of one group were ground and polished using a porcelain polishing kit (Dialite). The remaining 10 were left as glazed. Ten specimens of a type III gold alloy were cast into rectangular shapes of 10 x 12 x 2 mm and polished. Seventy human cusps were prepared from sound, caries-free, extracted teeth and abraded against the substrates in a wear machine for a total of 10,000 cycles. The cusp height loss was traced before and after the wear test using a profile projector. Mean surface roughness (R(a)) values for the substrates were also recorded with a profilometer before testing. Differences in R(a) were evaluated using 1- and 2-way ANOVA and the Scheffe post hoc test (alpha = .05). RESULTS: One-way ANOVA indicated that enamel height loss was significantly different by material (P < .001) and surface condition (glazed and polished or glazed; P < .05). Gold, polished Finesse, and polished All-Ceram were the least abrasive, whereas glazed IPS-Empress was the most abrasive. There was no significant interaction effect between substrate type and surface condition. Significant differences were found when R(a) of the substrate condition was compared with enamel wear (P < .01). CONCLUSIONS: Gold, polished Finesse, and polished All-Ceram caused the least enamel wear, whereas IPS-Empress caused the most wear. Cast gold was significantly different than glazed IPS-Empress (P < .05), whereas other groups overlapped. There was significant correlation between R(a) and enamel wear (P < .01).     

Retention of prefabricated and individually cast root canal posts in vitro

OBJECTIVES: The aim of the study was to evaluate the retention of prefabricated root canal posts made of a variety of materials that have recently been introduced into dentistry. MATERIALS AND METHODS: The posts studied were CosmoPost, Composipost carbon fibres, Composipost Aestheti-Plus, Composipost Light-Post and Para Post Fiber White. The posts were luted in extracted human premolars and the cores were built up with the resin composites recommended by the manufacturers. The retention of individually cast gold alloy posts luted with zinc-phosphate cement were used as reference. A universal testing machine was used to determine the retention of each cemented post Data were compared using ANOVA supplemented with Fisher's PLSD at a significance level of p < 0.05. RESULTS: Only the CosmoPost system exhibited retention values that were significantly lower than for the conventionally cast gold alloy posts luted with zinc-phosphate cement The force necessary to loosen the CosmoPost specimens was significantly less than that needed to loosen the Composipost. Estheti-Plus (p < 0.05) and the Composipost Ught-Post systems (p < 0.001]. The force necessary to loosen the ParaPost Fiber White specimens was significantly less than for the Composipost Light-Post system (p < 0.01). Other combinations did not differ significantly (p > 0.05). CONCLUSIONS: When zirconium oxide ceramic posts are luted with resin composites the bonding between the ceramic and resin composite seems to be weak. Further studies are thus necessary to achieve improved retention of all-ceramic root canal posts.