医学院校大学生情绪智力和心理亚健康的调查与研究

目的了解医学院校大学生情绪智力与心理亚健康的现状及影响因素,为教育工作者制定政策提供参考依据。方法以Taksic编制的情绪智力量表和亚健康量表为工具,采用问卷调查,对天津医科大学及天津中医药大学300位学生进行调查。结果心理健康与亚健康大学生的情绪智力差异显著(t=3.19,P0.01);心理亚健康与情绪智力呈显著负相关(r=-0.132,P0.05);不同性别的大学生心理亚健康差异显著(t=2.18,P0.05);不同年级的大学生情绪表现差异显著(F=4.19,P0.01);不同家庭经济状况的大学生情绪智力差异显著(F=4.19,P0.01)。结论情绪智力影响心理亚健康,性别、年级、家庭经济状况对情绪智力有影响。     

高校H1N1流感期间大学生心态及行为调查分析

目的了解高校H1N1流感期间大学生心态和行为以及大学生面对应激事件时的焦虑、抑郁、恐惧等情绪反应。方法采用自编"H1N1流感期间大学生心态及行为调查"问卷,共30个项目,每个项目1～4级评分。在3类区域共发放710份问卷进行调查。结果对H1N1流感性质的认知,各类区域的学生之间没有显著差异;隔离区域大学生焦虑、抑郁、恐惧、敌对情绪因子的阳性检出率和均值都明显高于同校非隔离学生和周边院校学生。结论在面对甲型H1N1流感时,被隔离的学生产生的焦虑、抑郁、恐惧、敌对等情绪问题可能与隔离环境、人对未来的不可控性和不可预测性以及应对方式有关。     

生活事件、社会支持、应对方式对消极情感、社会抑制的影响——基于大学生样本的研究

目的探讨生活事件、社会支持、应对方式等有关因素与消极情感、社会抑制之间的关系。方法使用生活事件、社会支持、特质应对方式、心身反应量表和张勇、张亚林等修订的消极情感和社会抑制量表,调查了350名在校大学生。结果发现了工作学习事件是通过情绪反应的中介作用来影响个体消极情感、社会抑制,所构建的关系模型的各项拟合指标均可以接受,且不存在共同方法偏差。结论工作学习事件通过情绪反应的中介作用,影响个体消极情感、社会抑制;社会支持负向影响情绪反应,消极应对正向影响情绪反应,二者通过情绪反应作用于消极情感和社会抑制;积极应对负向影响消极情感和社会抑制,社会支持负向影响社会抑制。     

Expectation enhances event-related responses to affective stimuli

How the expectation of forthcoming emotional events influences individuals’ behaviors and brain responses to such events remains controversial. The present study addressed this issue using event-related potentials (ERPs) to overcome limitations in research techniques. In addition, a no cue condition was adopted as the unexpected condition to make the research paradigm closer to real life situations for ecological validity. Behavioral results showed that positive stimuli were experienced more pleasantly and negative ones were experienced more unpleasantly during the expected condition than the unexpected one. ERPs results also displayed larger P2, N2 and LPP amplitudes in the expected condition, regardless of stimulus valence. The finding that expected emotional events evoke enhanced behavioral and brain responses than the unexpected ones do provides a strong piece of evidence for the effect of expectation on emotion processing.     

Blunted HPA axis response to stress is related to a persistent Dysregulation Profile in youth

The Child Behavior Checklist Dysregulation Profile (DP) in youth has been shown to be a predictor of psychopathology later in life. We examined the activity of the hypothalamic pituitary adrenal (HPA) axis in youth with remitted, new, persistent, and no DP. Data from 489 youth (47% boys) participating in a Dutch longitudinal general population study were included (Wave 1 mean age = 11.5, Wave 2 = 14.2). Wave 2 diurnal cortisol patterns and levels in response to a laboratory stress paradigm were compared in youth with DP at Wave 1 only, Wave 2 only, both Waves, and neither Wave. Youth with the DP at Wave 2 only or at both time points showed blunted cortisol responses to stress relative to the other two groups. There were no group or sex differences in diurnal cortisol activity. More research is needed to determine how the association between DP symptoms and HPA axis functioning changes over time.     

情绪效价及强度对演绎推理的影响

目的:研究不同效价的情绪状态及积极情绪的不同强度对演绎推理任务绩效的影响。方法:以72名大学生为被试,采用生理心理实验法测量被试观看视频片段的主观体验和生理反应变化以及消极情绪和不同强度的积极情绪对演绎推理任务绩效的影响。结果:在推理测试上,消极组和高强度积极组的后测成绩都显著低于前测成绩,同时都显著低于控制组的后测成绩;低强度积极组的前后测成绩无显著差异,且后测成绩与控制组无显著差异。结论:消极情绪和高强度积极情绪都对演绎推理有负面影响;低强度积极情绪对演绎推理并无负面影响。     

大学生情绪预测倾向及对心理健康的影响

目的考察大学生情绪预测倾向及其与心理健康的关系。方法采用自编大学生情绪预测倾向问卷和症状自评量表(SCL-90)对424名大学生进行测查。结果在积极和消极情绪的强度和持续时间预测方面,性别(t=-3.70~-5.31,P0.001)和专业(F=12.55~29.93,P0.001)差异显著;积极情绪强度预测高估组心理健康水平好于低估组,消极情绪持续时间预测低估组心理健康水平好于高估组,预测的积极情绪强度(β=-0.28,P0.001)和消极情绪持续时间(β=0.279,P0.05)对大学生心理健康具有显著预测作用。结论女生、文科生和艺术生认为未来情绪体验会更强烈和持久;高估未来积极情绪强度、低估未来消极情绪持续时间的大学生,心理健康水平相对更优。     

情绪劳动研究的回顾与展望

随着服务型社会的到来,个体在工作中需要按照组织要求管理自己的情绪,这是情绪劳动。它可能是情绪耗竭有效的预测变量。文章介绍了情绪劳动的概念界定、维度建构和测量,并对情绪劳动与心理健康的关系以及整合性理论作出归纳,通过分析已有研究不足,提出今后的研究方向。     

7～11岁小学生对学习成功和失败的情绪反应与情绪归因研究

目的:研究7～11岁小学生成功和失败的学习结果的情绪反应和情绪归因特点.方法:采用结构式临床访谈法,访谈了90名7～11岁儿童对成功和失败的学习结果的情绪反应和情绪归因.结果:(1)成功学习情景下的情绪反应强度没有年龄和性别差异,失败的学习情景下的情绪反应强度存在年龄和性别差异.(2)成功和失败的学习情景下的情绪归因没有性别差异,但存在年龄差异.成功和失败的学习情景的情绪归因趋势不一致,成功情景下趋向他人归因,失败情景下倾向于自我归因.(3)成功和失败情景的成绩归因都是自我努力趋向,应对策略也是自我个人努力趋向.结论:儿童对成功和失败的学习结果的情绪反应和情绪归因具有不同的特点.     

情绪启动与情绪适应对大学生认知加工的影响

目的:探讨情绪启动和情绪适应现象,以及二者对大学生认知加工的影响。方法:随机选取大学生30名,采用2×2被试内设计,两个因素分别为:范式类型(启动、适应),情绪图片效价(积极、消极),以被试的反应偏向作为因变量。结果:在情绪启动条件下,积极图片与消极图片所产生的效应量之间差异显著(F=15.01,P=0.001),消极图片所带来的启动效应大于积极图片。当情绪图片为消极时,情绪启动与情绪适应之间差异显著(F=6.90,P=0.014)。结论:大学生易受负性情绪启动的影响,对负面情感的重视超过了正面情感。     

EIAV S2 enhances pro-inflammatory cytokine and chemokine response in infected macrophages

Equine infectious anemia virus (EIAV) infection is distinctive in that it causes a rapid onset of clinical disease relative to other retroviruses. In order to understand the interaction dynamics between EIAV and the host immune response, we explored the effects of EIAV and its S2 protein in the regulation of the cytokine and chemokine response in macrophages. EIAV infection markedly altered the expression pattern of a variety of pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines monitored in the study. Comparative studies in the cytokine response between EIAV₁₇ and EIAV_17ΔS2 infection revealed that S2 enhances the expression of IL-1α, IL-1β, IL-8, MCP-2, MIP-1β and IP-10. Moreover, S2 specifically induced the expression of the newly discovered cytokine, IL-34. Taken together, these results may help explain the effect of cytokine and chemokine dysregulation in EIAV pathogenesis and suggest a role of S2 in optimizing the host cell environment to promote viral dissemination and replication.     

Heart Beat Perception and Emotional Experience

The main assumption of the present study is that emotional experience is coupled to perception of bodily processes. From this it is deduced that individuals who show good perception of heart activity tend to exhibit higher levels of a momentarily experienced emotion (in this case anxiety) and to score higher on the personality trait “Emotional Lability.” The aspect of cardiac awareness considered here is perception of heart beats. Subjects were instructed to count heart beats (only by concentrating on their body but not by taking their pulse) during a signalled time interval and the reported number of beats was then compared to the actual number of beats as extracted from the EKG. Additionally, skin conductance and respiration were recorded. During the experimental task (i.e., counting heart beats) increases in heart rate, respiration rate and number of spontaneous fluctuations in skin conductance were recorded. Groups of good and poor perceivers were formed on the basis of accuracy on the perception task. The two groups did not differ in heart rate; however, in State Anxiety and Emotional Lability, the group of good perceivers had significantly higher scores. The importance of visceroception for emotional experience is pointed out and the relevance for clinical psychology is discussed.     

大学生情绪智力与情绪稳定性关系的探讨

目的探讨大学生情绪智力与情绪稳定性的关系。方法采用情绪智力量表(Emotional Skills and Competence Ques-tionnaire,ESCQ)和情绪稳定性诊断量表对大一至大四231名学生进行问卷调查。结果 1单因素分析结果显示,ESCQ的情绪认知(F=3.3,P0.05,4年级3年级)和情绪稳定性的焦虑(F=5.37,P0.01,4年级2年级)在年级差异上存在统计学意义,ESCQ的情绪调节(独生子女33.94±5.25,非独生子女35.81±4.86;t=2.79,P0.01)和情绪稳定性的自主性(独生子女17.24±3.85,非独生子女18.48±3.79;t=2.43,P0.05)在独生子女与否差异上存在统计学意义;2相关分析结果显示,ESCQ的各维度和总分与情绪稳定性的抑郁性(r=-0.18~-0.28,P0.05~P0.001)和焦虑(r=-0.20~-0.29,P0.01,P0.001)之间呈负相关,与自主性(r=0.37~0.44,均为P0.001)之间呈正相关;3多元回归分析结果显示,ESCQ的情绪认知对抑郁性有负向(β=-0.28,t=-4.43,P0.001)预测作用,ESCQ总分对焦虑有负向(β=-0.31,t=-5.02,P0.001)、ESCQ的情绪调节对自主性有正向(β=0.74,t=5.56,P0.001)预测作用。结论大学生情绪智力对形成情绪稳定有一定的影响作用。     

Emotional sensitization highlights the attentional bias in blood-injection-injury phobics: an ERP study

The presence of an attentional bias towards disorder-related stimuli has not been consistently demonstrated in blood phobics. The present study was aimed at investigating whether or not an attentional bias, as measured by event-related potentials (ERPs), could be highlighted in blood phobics by inducing cognitive-emotional sensitization through the repetitive presentation of different disorder-related pictures. The mean amplitudes of the N100, P200, P300 and late positive potentials to picture onset were assessed along with subjective ratings of valence and arousal in 13 blood phobics and 12 healthy controls. Blood phobics, but not controls, showed a linear increase of subjective arousal over time, suggesting that cognitive-emotional sensitization did occur. The analysis of cortical responses showed larger N100 and smaller late positive potentials in phobics than in controls in response to mutilations. These findings suggest that cognitive-emotional sensitization induced an attentional bias in blood phobics during picture viewing, involving early selective encoding and late cognitive avoidance of disorder-related stimuli depicting mutilations.     

Relationship between down-regulation of HIC1 and PTEN genes and dysfunction of pancreatic islet cells in diabetic rats

The aim of the study was to investigate the protein expression of hypermethylated in cancer 1 (HIC1 ) and phosphatase and tensin homologue (PTEN) genes and to study their mRNA expressions in normal and diabetic pancreatic islet cells in rats in order to try and identify the functions of these genes in the development and advancement of diabetes. We further aimed to analyze the expression of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR), which is regulated by PTEN and to investigate the possible mechanism of PTEN affecting the function of diabetic islet cells. The expressions of HIC1, PTEN and mTOR genes were examined in the pancreatic islets of 20 normal male Wistar rats and 47 diabetic male Wistar rats by immunohistochemistry, Western blot, RT-PCR and real-time RT-PCR. Results showed that expressions of HIC1 and PTEN in protein and mRNA levels were lower in pancreatic islets of diabetic rats than in normal rats. Expressions of mTOR in protein and mRNA levels were higher in pancreatic islets of diabetic rats than in the normal rats. Marked apoptosis of pancreatic islet cells was observed in 29 cases (29/47, 61.7%) in diabetic rats, but not in the remaining 18 (18/47, 38.3%) diabetic rats. The down-regulation of HIC1 and PTEN and up-regulation of mTOR in protein and mRNA level are positively correlated with functional impairment of islet cells in diabetic rats. From this study we conclude that HIC1, PTEN and mTOR cannot be recognized as the key influencing factors promoting pancreatic islet cells apoptosis of diabetic rats; however, lower expressions of HIC1 and PTEN and higher expression of mTOR may affect the function of the pancreatic islet cells in diabetic rats.     

Interaction of facial expressions and familiarity: ERP evidence

There is mounting evidence that under some conditions the processing of facial identity and facial emotional expressions may not be independent; however, the nature of this interaction remains to be established. By using event-related brain potentials (ERP) we attempted to localize these interactions within the information processing system. During an expression discrimination task (Experiment 1) categorization was faster for portraits of personally familiar vs. unfamiliar persons displaying happiness. The peak latency of the P300 (trend) and the onset of the stimulus-locked LRP were shorter for familiar than unfamiliar faces. This implies a late perceptual but pre-motoric locus of the facilitating effect of familiarity on expression categorization. In Experiment 2 participants performed familiarity decisions about portraits expressing different emotions. Results revealed an advantage of happiness over disgust specifically for familiar faces. The facilitation was localized in the response selection stage as suggested by a shorter onset of the LRP. Both experiments indicate that familiarity and facial expression may not be independent processes. However, depending on the kind of decision different processing stages may be facilitated for happy familiar faces.     

A novel theory of experiential avoidance in generalized anxiety disorder: a review and synthesis of research supporting a contrast avoidance model of worry

An important emphasis of the literature on generalized anxiety disorder (GAD) has been to achieve a greater understanding of the function of emotion (e.g., avoidance, dysregulation) in the etiology and maintenance of this disorder. The purpose of the following paper is to propose a new way of conceptualizing emotional sequelae in GAD by detailing the Contrast Avoidance Model of Worry. In presenting this model, we review theory and data that led to our current position, which is that individuals with GAD are more sensitive to feeling emotionally vulnerable to unexpected negative events, and that worry (the key pathological feature of GAD) is employed to prolong and maintain a negative emotional state thereby avoiding an unexpected negative emotional shift, or contrast experience. We also discuss implications for treatment given the presence of a new target for emotional exposure techniques. Finally, we establish the Contrast Avoidance Model within the framework of extant theories and models of pathogenic processes of GAD.